CN114621311A - 一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法 - Google Patents
一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法,以DPKO类载体替代固相树脂,在偶联脱水剂的作用下与Boc保护酪氨酸的C‑端连接;分离纯化后脱除N‑端Boc;再依次与N‑端Boc保护和侧链保护的各种氨酸进行偶联和脱Boc反应,制备环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的前体Fmoc‑DAA7‑AA6‑DAA5‑DAA4‑DAA3‑AA2‑DAA1‑DPKO;脱Fmoc同时首尾环合并剪除DPKO辅助基团,侧链脱保护经萃取分离,得到环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的固体。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物有机化学领域中多肽的合成技术领域,具体涉及一种二苯基膦酰氧基二苯酮肟(DPKO)载体辅助合成抗疟活性环七肽Mortiamides其类似物的方法。
背景技术
一、关于环肽的概述
环肽是重要的生物活性分子,具有广泛的生物学特性。与线性肽相比,环肽更耐蛋白酶水解,因此代谢更稳定。[1]此外,环的空间结构限制了环肽的构象,增加了它们与受体和蛋白质目标的结合亲和力和特异性。[2]迄今为止,化学“从头设计”生物“体外进化”是环肽合成的两种重要途径,但制备产率较低。此外,值得注意的是,随着环尺寸的减小,化学环化的难度增加。[1a]
环化是环肽形成中最重要的过程。传统的策略是通过SPP或LPP制备线性肽,并利用偶联剂使线性肽环化。[3]到目前为止,科学家仍然坚持改进和开发肽环化的新策略。[4]
钦传光等人报道的树脂上从头到尾环化/裂解策略使树脂的环化和裂解在同一化学反应中进行,并适用于环肽库的高通量合成。(方案1A)[5]此外,还有一些其他树脂上的自环化策略应用于环肽的合成。[6-9]此外,还启发和提出了一些其他肽环化策略,[10]包括形成碳-碳键的闭环复分解(RCM)[11]和“点击”的应用通过N端叠氮化物和C端乙炔形成非天然环肽的化学。[12]它还包括合成环肽的O-to-N迁移策略,[13]合成环肽的丝氨酸/苏氨酸连接(STL)策略泰索巴汀和达托霉素。[14]
在21世纪,环肽合成仍是一个正在发展的研究领域。环肽主要由海洋生物和陆地生物产生,海洋生物和植物是具有独特结构和生物活性的环肽的丰富来源。谭宁华教授率先在国内系统开展植物环肽的研究[15,16],有力地带动了该领域发展。环肽在合成化学、生物学方向提供了新的研究领域,特别是其独特的结构为开发新型环肽合成方法和反应催化剂等带来了一定的挑战。由于制备液相色谱、核磁共振、高分辨质谱等结构确定方法的不断进步,具有独特的化学结构及优良生物活性的环肽类天然产物的数量也正在不断的增加。因此,环肽也一直受到合成化学家和生物学家的关注。
环肽根据环合方式可分为首尾相连环肽(Head-to-tail),侧链与侧链相连环肽(Side chain-to-sidechain),侧链和首或尾成环环肽(Head-to-sidechain、Sidechain-to-tail)等。按照成环的键型又可划分为酰胺键成环环肽、二硫键氧化成环环肽,以及酯键成环所形成的酯酰环肽。
与对应的线性肽相比,环肽对酶蛋白的水解作用更具有抵抗力,从而在代谢上也更稳定。环状结构会预先地构筑并限制环肽的构象,从而降低了环肽在与受体结合过程中的熵成本[17,18]。环肽的上述特征使得它们对受体和蛋白质靶的结合亲和力和特异性增加,因此环肽适用于探测以及干扰蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)研究,这也是使用小分子进行常规药物开发中的“无成药性”目标[19]。通过适当的设计,环肽可以模拟蛋白质二级结构,例如α-螺旋和β-发夹,这些蛋白都是受体识别中的关键基序[65]。环肽作为重要的生物活性化合物,将其氨基酸残基的内在特性与大环的构象偏差结合在一起[20,21],从而更容易靶向传统小分子药物不易接近的蛋白质表面[22,23]。天然环肽已在医学上用作抗菌剂、抗癌剂、免疫抑制剂以及酶和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的抑制剂。在这些领域合成的环肽和拟肽也证明了[24-27]环肽在疫苗接种[28]、分子和离子识别以及催化[29]等其他领域同样起到关键作用,所有这些有利的药理学特性使环肽有望成为潜在的候选药物。从2006年到2015年,已经有9种新的环肽药物获得了美国食品药品管理局(FDA)和欧洲药品管理局(EMA)的全面批准。随着许多候选环肽药物还处于临床试验的后期,预计在不久的将来会有更多的“de novo”从头测序环肽药物进入市场[30,31]。
二、环肽合成的环化策略
环化是环肽合成中最关键的步骤,常规的环肽环化策略是将线性肽链前体使用传统的多肽偶联试剂(如:PyBOP)进行环化。在研究多肽合成方法的同时,研究者们也在不断开发用于多肽环合的最新技术。值得注意的是,有许多环肽环化的新合成方法都是从自然界中汲取灵感的。如今人们普遍认为,在设计蛋白质配体或蛋白质二级结构模拟的中、短肽中(如即,β-发夹[32],β-链[33]和α-螺旋[34-36]),对不同的变体的环化是引入构象约束的最有效方法。除了通常的大环内酰胺化环肽以外,合成化学家还开发了更广泛的多肽环合方法,例如可以通过对肽末端或侧链进行环化来改变构像。
对于侧链环肽的环化,一种特殊的多肽环化方法即所谓的多肽钉合,也就是说沿着序列分开的两个氨基酸残基的侧链之间进行链接。最初的术语肽装订是通过环合复分解(Ring-closing metathesis:RCM)来合成全烃桥连的α-螺旋肽[37,38]。然而,通过引入侧链的内酰胺桥来稳定螺旋肽序列也已经被更早地证明。两种环肽装订技术都为多种螺旋肽的合成提供了重要的生物学和医学应用,其中一些已作用于细胞内的靶标。因此,多肽装订化学合成已发生了极大的变化,其中包括“点击”(Click)CuI催化的炔-叠氮化物环加成(CuAAC)、Cys芳基化和烷基化,以及Pd催化的CH活化等。
2.1环合复分解(RCM)侧链环化合成环肽
Grubbs等人[39,40]首次应用环合复分解(RCM:Ring-closing metathesis)侧链环化策略进行侧链环肽的合成,进而完成了氨基酸和环肽链结构的构象构筑和硬化。烯烃在形成碳-碳双键过程中出现的环合转化反应,在多肽的侧链环化领域得到了极其广泛的应用。Grubbs等人开发的高官能团耐受性钌基催化剂,极大地促进了这一有机化学领域向多肽和相关生物系统的过渡。
2.2侧链Ugi环化策略合成环肽
Ugi反应是一种由醛、酸、胺和异腈参与的四组分的反应。Ugi反应具有多种官能团耐受性,且反应温和高效,已经被广泛的应用于有机化学、药物化学及生命科学[41]。Rivera、Wessjohann等人[42,43]基于强大的Ugi反应引入了可替代的多肽侧链装订环合的方法,这极大地丰富了多肽环合装订方法及工具库存的多样性。该策略最初始方法是含侧链多肽与多聚甲醛和异氰酸酯反应,通过多组分反应对Lys和Asp/Glu的侧链进行封环。该法是以传统的内酰胺化为基础的多肽环合钉接的过程,交联的氨基酸残基被彼此分离出3或4个的氨基酸,因此根据氨基酸组合序列的不同,所形成的环肽可能倾向于310或α-螺旋。
2.3CuI催化“点击化学”合成环肽
铜催化叠氮化物-炔烃的环加成反应是迄今为止最好的“点击化学”反应之一。VanMaarsevee等人[44,45]通过“点击化学”CuI催化的N端叠氮化物和C端炔的环加成反应,可以进行非天然的环肽合成。使用1,3-偶极叠氮化物-炔烃环加成反应的串联二聚化-大环化方法,用于具有三唑E2-氨基酸作为二肽替代物的C2对称环状肽支架的简便和会聚溶液相合成中。
2.4O-N酰基转移反应法合成环肽
Sheppard等人开发了一种由酰基捕获活化氨基酸,然后与基于2-羟基苄基的助剂进行O-N酰基转移的环化策略,该策略是实现受阻肽的酰胺主链取代非常有效的方法。该方法通过使用水杨醛衍生的助剂对连接至肽链的N-末端进行还原胺化,而碳末端的活化初步导致环化以形成更易接近的内酯,这使氮端非常接近碳端,并促进了O到N的酰基转移形成环肽[46,47]。
Van Maarseveen等人开发了一种困难的大内酰胺化辅助策略。在他们的方法中,同样是将水杨醛衍生的助剂掺入线性肽的主链中,以形成“灵活的系链”或“铰链”,进而实现从头到尾的大内酰胺化,而随后进行的跨环收缩涉及O-N酰基化转移反应。该策略已成功地应用于难以合成的几种高二酮哌嗪的合成[48,49]。
2.5丝氨酸/苏氨酸连接(STL)法合成环肽
香港大学李学臣教授等人[50,51]成功地开发了丝氨酸/苏氨酸连接(STL:Serine/Threonine Ligation)多肽合成技术,作为与自然然化学连接(NCL)互补的不依赖硫醇的化学选择性连接。丝氨酸/苏氨酸连接(STL)技术为具有定点和结构定义的修饰以及环肽天然产物均质蛋白的化学合成提供了另一种工具,为化学生物学和医学研究中具有生物学活性和治疗潜力的分子的合成奠定了基础。该方法也成功地应用到了大环环肽的合成中。随后,李学臣等人通过N-to-C丝氨酸/苏氨酸连接技术成功完成了具有明显生理活性的天然环肽抗生物Teixobactin和达托霉素的固相全合成[52,53]。
2.6硫酯活化氨解法合成环肽
Houghten等人[54-56]开发出了一种利用硫酯在咪唑条件下直接氨解进行环肽合成的新方法。首先,通过利用仿生合成对多肽的碳末端羧基进行硫酯活化,然后在咪唑存在的条件下通过肽硫酯的直接氨解从头到尾合成环状多肽。该环化是在乙腈和咪唑的水溶液混合体系中进行的,且整个环化过程没有观察到低聚物的产生。通过对氮端残基和碳端残基的研究表明,碳端残基的选择性比氮端残基的选择性对首尾环化成功率的影响更加显著。
2.7自然化学连接(NCL)法合成环肽
自然化学连接(NCL:Nature Chemical Ligation)策略也成功地应用于氮端Cys残基和碳端硫酯的无保护肽的分子内环化[57-60]。Hironobu Hojo等人报道了一种新的含半胱氨酸(Cys)环肽的合成方法,通过利用碳端含有N-乙基半胱氨酸(EtCys)的肽与硫酯中间体的分子内自然化学链接(NCL)的串联反应合成含Cys的环肽,而在整个过程中无需添加硫醇辅助因子即可形成含Cys的环肽[58]。
2.8树脂上的自环化/裂解法合成环肽
树脂上的自环化/裂解多肽环合策略是指多肽合成树脂上多肽链的环化过程和多肽从树脂载体上裂解过程在同一反应过程进行。该策略环化和裂解在相同的化学反应中进行(称为环裂解)。由于裂解开链时生成的低聚的副产物仍然附着在固体载体上,所以很容易通过洗涤树脂而去除,而环肽单体和环低聚物则在溶液中释放出来。Jorg Rademann等人[61]通过设计了无金属、区域选择性的1,3-偶极环加成反应成功地合成了1,5-二取代1,2,3-三唑的环四肽类似物。该方法可以通过简便易得的氨基酸构建制备出三唑基肽,并通过自裂解反应和偶极环加成反应获得高纯度的环肽。
Normand Voyer等人在酮肟树脂上通过新型的醋酸催化头-侧链(头-尾)自环合/裂解反应合成了一系列的环七肽[62]。这些环七肽的特征是含有L-和D-支链和芳香氨基酸的21元肽环。由于序列中没有β转角诱导的脯氨酸(Pro)和柔性的甘氨酸(Gly)残基,环化反应中避免齐聚副反应则更加具有挑战性,而通过此类树脂上的醋酸催化头-侧链(头-尾)自环合/裂解方法成功地克服了上述的困难,并高效迅速的合成了目标的环肽。随后,Voyer等人同样利用该策略进行了羧基端与侧链所形成的生物活性环肽Schizopeptin 791和Anabaenopeptin Bz 825的合成[63]。
Makoto Tamaki等人通过仿生合成策略,在酮肟类树脂载体上研究了短杆菌肽S的五肽前体的二聚和环化,并成功地合成了具有显著生理功能的环十肽短杆菌肽S。研究表明,H-DPhe-Pro-Val-Orn-Leu-酮肟(0.62mmol/g)前驱体在溶剂1,4二氧六环中发生二聚环化,并能够以50%产率得到短杆菌肽S。这种在酮肟树脂载体上发生的二聚化环化模式与酶上的短杆菌肽S生物合成模式极为相似,因此该策略成功地构建了一种在树脂上的仿生环肽合成的新方法[64]。
三、抗疟活性环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物
Mortiamide A是从加拿大北部海洋沉积物中获得的新物种Mortierella sp.中分离鉴定出的首-尾环合的环状七肽[65]。通过对其结构进行分析,环七肽Mortiamide A的特征在于其是含有L-和D-构型的支链和芳香族氨基酸的21元首尾环合环肽。如图1所示,且该序列中不存在诱导β-转角的脯氨酸(Pro)和柔性甘氨酸(Gly),这使得在传统的环化反应中避免发生低聚副反应更具有挑战性。此外,Mortiamide A环七肽在位置1、3、4、5和7上含有5个D-构型的氨基酸,其中有3个缬氨酸(D-Val)是连续的。其位置1至4包含具有交替构型的氨基酸,而位置2和6包含L-构型的氨基酸。Mortiamide A的主要序列包含七个疏水的氨基酸,通过传统的固相多肽合成(SPPS)方法合成时,不仅会使肽链粘在树脂珠上,进而导致产生复杂的副产物,增加最终纯化目标肽的难度。另外,高分子树脂载体上的线性前体很容易形成延伸的强聚集肽链,并局部地停止肽链的延伸,从而降低了发生环化的可能性。
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发明内容
本发明的目的在于解决现有技术所存在的不足之处,而提供了一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法。
本发明的构思:
在任何大环化过程中,避免任何不希望的低聚和差向异构化副反应始终是一项挑战。在传统的液相多肽合成(LPPS)过程中,富含缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)和异亮氨酸(Ile)的肽链在延长的过程中,在反应介质中很容易导致凝胶化,这可能是导致传统LPPS中的溶解度下降,进而导致线性肽链的偶联产率骤降的主要原因。因此,富含以上氨基酸(Leu,Ile,Val)的肽链合成对于常规LPPS和SPPS仍然具有挑战性。
本申请选择富含芳香苯环体系的“双(二苯膦酰氧基)二苯甲酮肟”及其衍生物DPKO作为辅助基团,一方面通过增加苯环系统降低DPKO附载肽链系统的极性,增加其在反应媒介如氯仿、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃中溶解性。另一方面,通过引入两组二苯基次膦酰氧基组(OPOPh2)改善DPKO载体附载肽链系统在特定溶剂中的沉淀性能,能够显著地提高线性肽链的偶联产率,同时提供更大的空间位阻避免载体附载多肽链分子间的聚集环化。
鉴于此,选择在DPK=N-OH(与DPKO含义相同,属于不同的表达方式)载体上偶联装载D-构型氨基酸的羧基端(位点7),目的是通过在位置6和2位插入L-构型的氨基酸来促进环肽的折叠。因为线性初级序列引起的转角诱导作用,这对于提高肽环化的产率具有很大的优势。
为实现上述目的,本发明所提供的技术解决方案是:
一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法,其特殊之处在于,包括以下步骤:
1)辅助基团与Boc-氨基酸的偶联
所述辅助基团为双(二苯膦酰氧基)二苯甲酮肟或其衍生物DPKO;
所述Boc-氨基酸采用叔丁甲氧羰基Boc保护的第一个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA1-OH;
以辅助基团替代固相多肽合成中的树脂,在脱水偶联剂的作用下与氨基酸进行反应,使氨基酸Boc-DAA1-OH的C-端与辅助基团连接,得到化合物A,Boc-DAA1-DPKO;
2)分离纯化
向步骤1)得到的化合物A中加入极性小的烷烃或醚类溶剂,将化合物A与其他杂质分离,随后对分离后的化合物A进行纯化;纯化的方式可以为过滤和洗涤或重结晶;
3)脱除N-端Boc
采用脱Boc试剂处理步骤2)纯化后的化合物A,搅拌反应得到化合物B,H2N-DAA1-DPKO;
向化合物B加入极性小的烷烃或醚类溶剂,将化合物B与杂质分离;随后对分离后的化合物B进行过滤和洗涤或重结晶得到纯化的化合物B;
4)多肽偶联
以步骤3)纯化后的化合物B作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第二个L-型氨基酸Boc-AA2-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物C,H2N-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物C作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第三个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA3-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物D,H2N-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物D作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第四个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA4-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物E,H2N-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物E作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第五个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA5-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物F,H2N-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物F作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第六个L-型氨基酸Boc-AA6-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物G,H2N-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物G作为原料,再与芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)保护的第七个D-型氨基酸Fmoc-DAA7-OH进行偶联反应,得到Mortiamides的前体化合物H,Fmoc-DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
5)脱Fmoc同时首尾环合并剪除辅助基团
以二乙胺的甲醇溶液为脱Fmoc试剂,脱除Mortiamides的前体化合物HN-端上的Fmoc保护基团的同时,发生肽链的首尾环合反应,实现了肽链的首尾环合,并协同剪除DPKO辅助基团;
6)环七肽的分离纯化
步骤5)反应完毕后,旋蒸,回收二乙胺的甲醇溶液,残留物用乙酸乙酯萃取分离,合并有机相回收辅助基团;析出的沉淀,经过滤、洗涤、干燥等操作(即分离纯化),即得到环七肽Mortiamides或其类似物的固体,其氨基酸序列通式cyclo(DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1),其包括但不仅限于文献报道已确定的Mortiamides的这一类环七肽。
进一步地,步骤1)中,在0~50℃下搅拌反应1~3小时;所述Boc-氨基酸与辅助基团的摩尔比为1~3︰1;所述脱水偶联剂为1︰1摩尔比的脱水偶联活化剂和碱性物质;其中,脱水偶联活化剂如DCC、DIC、EDCI等,碱性物质如DBU、DIEA、DMAP、NMP等;
步骤3)中,在10~50℃下搅拌反应0.5~2小时;
步骤5)中,脱保护的反应条件为5~30℃下,搅拌1~3小时;
所述二乙胺的甲醇溶液中的组分比例为:DEA/MeOH=10-50%(v/v)。
上述基团辅助的环七肽Mortiamide A-E及其类似物液相合成中DPKO辅助基团的回收再利用的方法,其特殊之处在于:将步骤6)中合并所得的乙酸乙酯萃取溶液旋蒸浓缩至原体积的1/3~1/4,加入极性小的烷烃或醚类溶剂,借助DPKO在不同溶剂系统中易结晶沉淀的特性,可将DPKO与其他杂质分离;对分离后的DPKO进行过滤和洗涤或重结晶操作得到纯化的DPKO,回收后可以直接作为辅助基团再利用。
上述极性小的烷烃溶剂如正己烷、环己烷和石油醚等;醚类溶剂如乙醚、甲基叔丁基醚等。
除此之外,本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物A,其特殊之处在于:Boc-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物B,其特殊之处在于:H2N-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物C,其特殊之处在于:H2N-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物D,其特殊之处在于:H2N-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物E,其特殊之处在于:H2N-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物F,其特殊之处在于:H2N-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的化合物G,其特殊之处在于:H2N-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种上述所述方法制备过程中得到的Mortiamides的前体化合物H,其特殊之处在于:Fmoc-DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明还提供了一种采用上述所述方法制备得到环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物,其特殊之处在于:cyclo(DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1)的分子结构通式为:
其中,AA是氨基酸,R为氨基酸残基,D-和L-分别为氨基酸构型。
本发明的优点是:
本发明提供一种二苯基膦酰氧基二苯酮肟(DPKO)载体辅助合成抗疟活性环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的液相合成方法,以DPKO类载体替代固相树脂,在偶联脱水剂的作用下与Boc保护酪氨酸的C-端连接;分离纯化后脱除N-端Boc;再依次与N-端Boc保护和侧链保护的各种氨酸进行偶联和脱Boc反应,制备环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的前体Fmoc-DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;脱Fmoc同时首尾环合并剪除DPKO辅助基团,侧链脱保护经萃取分离,得到环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的固体。与目前已有的合成方法相比,本发明兼备了液相和固相合成法的优点,可以更加简便、快捷、节约、高效地大规模合成制备环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物,而且DPKO辅助基团可以回收并直接再利用,降低原材料浪费,减少废弃物污染,节约成本,利于环保。
本发明主要基于单个反应位点的二苯基膦酰氧基二苯酮肟载体在首尾环肽合成中的应用,具体为利用设计合成的对酸稳定、对碱不稳定的二苯酮肟载体DPK=N-OH进行Boc策略的多肽合成,并根据肟酯键对碱性环境的不稳定性开发了一种在脱Fmoc保护过程中DPKO载体附载肽链发生载体上的首尾环合/自剪切形成环肽的新方法。该方法为磷酸酯小分子载体介导的液相载体上首尾环合/自剪切的反应,反应的中间过程可以通过TLC进行监测。DPKO载体附载的肽链脱Fmoc保护结束后环合即结束,极大缩短了环合的时间。
本发明利用DPK=N-OH小分子载体介导的载体上的自裂解/首尾环合方法合成了富含缬氨酸(Val)的在SPPS和LPPS中具有挑战性的抗疟生物活性的天然环七肽产物Mortiamide A Cyclo(DVal-Leu-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe)和Mortiamide B Cyclo(DVal-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),以及Mortiamide A的类似物Cyclo(DVal-Ile-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe)、Cyclo(DVal-Val-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe)、Cyclo(DVal-Pro-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),充分验证了二苯基膦酰氧基二苯酮肟DPK=N-OH类小分子载体在辅助首尾环合/自剪切环肽合成的可行性、适用性。
附图说明
图1为Mortiamide A和Mortiamide B以及Mortiamide环肽的类似物的结构;
图2为本发明Mortiamide A,Mortiamide B以及Mortiamide类似物的载体上首尾环合/自剪切合成路线;
图3为本发明脱Fmoc同时首尾环合并剪除辅助基团路线示意图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明的内容作进一步的详细描述:
首先,通过偶联试剂系统EDC·HCl/DMAP将D-构型的Boc-DPhe-OH作为羧基端的第一个氨基酸与酮肟载体DPK=N-OH进行偶联,并且通过特定比例的乙酸乙酯/石油醚试剂体系进行偶联产物Boc-DPhe-O-N=DPKO的沉淀及纯化,产率为99%。随后,使用脱Boc保护试剂系统25%TFA/DCM(v/v,1:3,0℃,TFA:99.9%)进行氨基端Boc保护基团的脱除,脱除Boc保护基团后的产物H-DPhe-O-N=DPKO以三氟乙酸盐的形式存在,并能直接进行下一个氨基酸的偶联备用。然后,使用偶联试剂系统EDC·HCl/HOBt/DIEA进行第二个L-构型的氨基酸Boc-Phe-OH的偶联。值得注意的是,由于H-DPhe-O-N=DPKO以三氟乙酸盐的形式存在,因此在加入偶联试剂系统过程中DIEA的量要是H-DPhe-O-N=DPKO的2倍当量以中和形成的三氟乙酸盐,在此条件下获得Boc-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,产率为95%。参照上述偶联条件继续进行连续3个D-构型的缬氨酸(Boc-DVal-OH)的偶联。当偶联至第三个氨基酸得到Boc-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO产物时,DPKO载体附载的三肽链在反应媒介DCM中的溶解度减小,使用三氯甲烷媒介替代DCM,能够明显改善其溶解度。此时,通过特定比例的乙酸乙酯/乙腈沉淀体系代替乙酸乙酯/石油醚体系能够很好的对中间肽产物进行沉淀纯化,以获得较高的沉淀产率。最后,继续进行多肽链的延伸,在延长至第七个D-构型的氨基酸残基(DVal-OH)时,使用Fmoc-DVal-OH替代原有的Boc策略所使用的Boc-DVal-OH氨基酸,成功地得到如下DPKO附载的线性七肽肽链:
Fmoc-DVal-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,其偶联总产率约为41%;
Fmoc-DVal-Leu-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,其偶联总产率约为42%;
Fmoc-DVal-IIe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,其偶联总产率约为40%;
Fmoc-DVal-Val-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,其偶联总产率约为43%;
Fmoc-DVal-Pro-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO,其偶联总产率约为41%。
上述DPKO附载的肽链在乙酸乙酯/乙腈沉淀体系中能够很好的对产物进行沉淀及纯化,且在三氯甲烷,四氢呋喃等媒介中具有一定的溶解度。
在得到以上五条DPKO附载的七肽单体之后,需要对线性肽链上的第七个氨基酸进行脱Fmoc保护,脱Fmoc保护条件采用10%的DEA/MECN(v/v,1:3)。为了避免发生DPKO附载肽链分子间的聚集形成二聚体及多聚体反应,脱保护试剂系统需要维持在极稀的浓度(10-3M~10-2M)。在此二乙胺碱性环境存在下,裸露的氨基(NH2)端直接在DPK=N-OH载体上进攻并裂解肽链的羧基端所形成的酮肟酯键,形成分子内的酰胺键,进而形成首-尾环合的环肽,当脱除Fmoc完成时,肽链的首尾环合也基本完成,具体的合成及裂解路线如图2所示。
相对于传统的偶联试剂环合或者树脂上的自环合需要12~16小时才能完成环合而言,DPKO载体上首尾环合/自剪切方法只需1~2小时就能环合完全,极大地节省了环合所用的时间。整个环合是均相的反应,可通过简单的TLC直接检测环合程度,而裂解后的DPK=N-OH载体残基则直接游离出来,通过使用冷乙醚进行超声沉淀可轻松实现DPK=N-OH载体与目标环肽的固液分离。与环肽分离后的乙醚相经过收集和回收后得到的DPK=N-OH载体可以直接循环进行多肽的偶联。
通过上述方法成功得到首尾环合的环七肽Mortiamide A及其类似物目标产物:
Cyclo(DVal-Leu-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),其中目标环肽环合产率约为92%;Cyclo(DVal-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),其中目标环肽环合产率约为91%;Cyclo(DVal-Ile-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),其中目标环肽环合产率约为89%;Cyclo(DVal-Val-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),其中目标环肽环合产率约为85%;Cyclo(DVal-Pro-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe),其中目标环肽环合产率约为92%。详细结果如表1所示。
表1载体上首尾环合/自剪切环肽合成的结果
实际操作步骤
本发明实施例包括以下步骤:
1)载体偶联:采用磷酸酯类载体(双(二苯膦酰氧基)二苯甲酮肟或其衍生物DPKO)替代固相树脂,在偶联脱水剂的作用下与N-端和侧链保护的D-苯丙氨酸Boc-DPhe-OH的C-端连接;
2)分离纯化:反应完成后,借助磷酸酯类载体在不同溶剂系统中易结晶沉淀的特性,可将化合物A与其他杂质分离,经简单地过滤和洗涤或重结晶操作就可以得到纯化的A,Boc-DPhe-DPKO。
3)脱除N-端Boc:将化合物A用脱Boc试剂处理后,再借助磷酸酯类载体在不同溶剂系统中易结晶沉淀的特性,可将化合物B与其他杂质分离,经简单地过滤和洗涤或重结晶操作就可以得到纯化的化合物B,Boc-DPhe-DPKO。
4)多肽偶联:重复以上步骤1)、2)、3),依次与N-端保护的苯丙氨酸Boc-Phe-OH、D-缬氨酸Boc-DVal-OH、D-缬氨酸Boc-DVal-OH、D-缬氨酸Boc-DVal-OH、第六个氨基酸(按照Mortiamides的氨基酸序列分别是Boc-Leu-OH、Boc-Phe-OH、Boc-Ile-OH、Boc-Val-OH、Boc-Pro-OH)进行偶联和脱Boc反应。再与第七个氨基酸Fmoc-DVal-OH进行偶联反应,制备环七肽Mortiamides的前体化合物[Fmoc-DVal-Xaa-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-DPKO;
5)脱Fmoc同时环合:采用脱Fmoc试剂二乙胺的甲醇溶液处理步骤4)所得Mortiamides的前体化合物,脱除Fmoc的同时,发生七肽首尾化合反应。反应完毕后,旋蒸,回收二乙胺的甲醇溶液,残留物用乙酸乙酯萃取分离,合并有机相回收载体;析出的沉淀,经过滤、洗涤、干燥等操作,即得到环七肽Mortiamides的固体。
也可采用上述方法对不同的氨基酸进行环合,得到环七肽Mortiamides的类似物。
本发明中一些常用的缩写具有以下含义:
Anti-SARS:抗非典型性肺炎
Boc:叔丁氧羰基
DCM:二氯甲烷CH2Cl2
DCC:二环己基碳二亚胺
DEA:二乙胺
DMAP:4-二甲氨基吡啶
DMF:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺
EDC-HCl:1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐
Fmoc:芴甲氧羰基
GPS:绿色多肽合成载体
HATU:2-(7-氧化苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸盐
HOBT:1-羟基苯并三唑
HBTU:O-苯并三氮唑-四甲基脲六氟磷酸盐
NMM:N-甲基吗啉
NMP:N-甲基吡咯烷酮
PyBop:六氟磷酸苯并三唑-1-基-氧基三吡咯烷基磷
tBu:叔丁基
TDPBP:三(4-二苯基膦酰氧基苯甲酰基苯基)磷酸酯
TFA:三氟乙酸
THF:四氢呋喃
结果分析
1.二苯基膦酰氧基二苯酮肟载体附载肽链中间体化合物结构表征
Boc-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(4.38g,产率99%),白色固体,Rf=0.42(CH2Cl2:MeOH=60:1).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ7.93-7.85(m,8H),7.56-7.45(m,12H),7.39-7.37(d,J=8.0Hz,2H),7.22-7.18(m,7H),7.04-7.01(m,2H),6.95-6.93(d,J=8.0Hz,2H),4.99-4.97(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),4.49-4.46(t,J=12.0Hz,1H),2.97-2.85(m,2H),1.38(s,9H)ppm;31PNMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.74ppm;13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3),δ169.5,163.9,154.9,153.3,152.0,135.5,132.7,131.7,131.2,130.8,129.8,129.3,128.8,127.8,127.1,120.5,80.0,53.7,38.6,28.3ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C51H47N2O8P2 +(M+H)+877.28022,found877.28094.
Boc-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(4.65g,产率95%),白色固体,Rf=0.40(CH2Cl2:MeOH=50:1).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ7.94-7.84(m,8H),7.56-7.43(m,12H),7.37-7.35(d,J=8.0Hz,2H),7.24-7.11(m,12H),7.02-6.89(m,4H),6.71(m,1H),5.25-5.21(m,1H),4.73-4.70(m,1H),4.35(m,1H),3.08-3.00(m,2H),2.91-2.82(m,2H),1.35(s,9H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.49ppm;13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3),δ171.1,168.8,163.9,153.4,151.9,136.7,135.3,132.8,131.7,130.8,129.3,128.7,127.9,127.2,126.9,120.8,120.7,120.6,80.1,52.5,38.1,28.3ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C60H56N3O9P2 +(M+H)+1024.34863,found 1024.34961.
Boc-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(4.69g,产率82%),白色固体,Rf=0.42(CH2Cl2:MeOH=30:1).HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C65H64N4O10P2Na+(M+Na)+1145.39899,found1145.39978.
Boc-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(5.35g,产率88%),白色固体,Rf=0.35(CH2Cl2:MeOH=30:1).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ7.93-7.85(m,8H),7.59-7.44(m,12H),7.42-7.39(m,2H),7.28(m,1H),7.23-7.13(m,15H),6.89-6.64(m,3H),5.16-5.14(m,1H),4.72-4.62(m,1H),4.40-4.32(m,2H),4.26-4.23(m,1H),3.08-2.89(m,4H),2.11-1.91(m,2H),1.37(s,9H),0.82-0.69(dd,J=8.0Hz,12H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.41ppm;13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3),δ171.6,171.0,170.7,168.7,164.1,153.4,152.0,136.6,132.7,131.8,131.2,130.8,129.8,129.3,128.6,128.2,126.9,120.7,80.3,58.7,56.7,54.5,37.6,30.7,29.7,28.3,19.2,18.8,17.8,17.5ppm;
Boc-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(4.38g,产率83%),白色固体,Rf=0.40(CH2Cl2:MeOH=20:1).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ9.21(m,1H),7.90-7.85(m,8H),7.54-7.36(m,12H),7.28-7.06(m,18H),5.14-4.12(m,5H),2.96(m,4H),2.03-1.94(m,2H),1.44(s,9H),0.90-0.70(dd,J=8.0Hz,18H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.47ppm;
Boc-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(4.90g,产率87%),白色固体,Rf=0.35(CH2Cl2:MeOH=20:1).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ9.33(m,3H),7.92-7.79(m,8H),7.56-7.40(m,12H),7.22-6.95(m,23H),5.34-4.21(m,6H),3.45-2.85(m,6H),2.29-1.94(m,3H),1.26(s,9H),0.90-0.68(dd,J=8.0Hz,18H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.39ppm;
Fmoc-DVal-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(1.45g,产率85%),白色固体,Rf=0.45(CH2Cl2:MeOH=10:1).1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ8.65-8.60(m,1H),8.26-8.24(m,6H),7.93-7.83(m,11H),7.73-7.53(m,15H),7.43-7.04(m,25H),4.60-3.91(m,10H),3.01-2.76(m,6H),1.94-1.89(m,3H),1.75-1.72(m,1H),0.82-0.75(dd,J=8.0Hz,18H),0.53-0.51(m,6H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.00ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd forC99H103N8O14P2 +(M+H)+1689.70635,found 1689.70520.
Fmoc-DVal-Leu-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(1.46g,产率87%),白色固体,Rf=0.42(CH2Cl2:MeOH=10:1).1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ9.16-8.59(m,4H),8.32-7.07(m,46H),4.59-3.89(m,10H),3.20-2.76(m,4H),2.11-1.45(m,10H),0.81-0.74(dd,J=8.0Hz,24H),0.53-0.50(m,6H)ppm;31P NMR(162MHz,CDCl3),δ30.03ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/zcalcd for C96H104N8O14P2Na+(M+Na)+1677.70394,found 1677.70410.
Fmoc-DVal-Ile-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(730mg,产率84%),白色固体,Rf=0.42(CH2Cl2:MeOH=10:1).HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C96H104N8O14P2Na+(M+Na)+1677.70394,found 1677.70581.
Fmoc-DVal-Val-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(548mg,产率88%),白色固体,Rf=0.40(CH2Cl2:MeOH=10:1).HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C95H102N8O14P2Na+(M+Na)+1663.68829,found 1663.68982.
Fmoc-DVal-Pro-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe-O-N=DPKO.(710mg,产率86%),白色固体,Rf=0.50(CH2Cl2:MeOH=10:1).HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C95H100N8O14P2Na2 2+(M+2Na)2+831.33996,found 831.33923.
2.环七肽Mortiamide A及其类似物化合物的结构表征
Cyclo(DVal-Leu-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe).(253mg,产率92%),白色固体,1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ8.14-7.55(m,7H),7.21-7.07(m,10H),4.57-3.68(m,7H),2.88-2.50(m,4H),2.15-1.92(m,4H),1.71-1.44(m,3H),0.86-0.44(dd,J=8.0Hz,30H)ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C44H65N7O7Na+(M+Na)+826.48377,found 826.48425.
Cyclo(DVal-Phe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe).(190mg,产率91%),白色固体,1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ8.70-7.65(m,4H),7.24-7.13(m,15H),4.99-4.12(m,4H),3.58-2.70(m,10H),1.93-1.72(m,4H),1.09(s,1H),0.79-0.44(dd,J=8.0Hz,24H)ppm;13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6),δ173.2,171.3,170.7,168.0,138.3,138.0,137.8,129.8,129.6,128.6,128.3,126.9,126.6,58.6,57.9,57.6,54.1,53.9,31.5,31.0,30.3,30.1,19.7,19.4,19.0,18.7,18.2,17.9,16.9ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C47H64N7O7 +(M+H)+838.48617,found 838.48602.
Cyclo(DVal-IIe-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe).(178mg,产率89%),白色固体,1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ8.64-8.08(m,1H),7.93-7.53(m,5H),7.43-7.39(m,1H),7.34-7.08(m,10H),4.94-3.98(m,7H),3.08-2.67(m,4H),2.15-1.92(m,4H),1.94-1.68(m,5H),1.36-1.27(m,2H),1.17-0.50(m,30H)ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C44H65N7O7Na+(M+Na)+826.48377,found 826.48535.
Cyclo(DVal-Val-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe).(170mg,产率85%),白色固体,HRMS(ESI)m/z calcd for C43H63N7O7Na+(M+Na)+812.46812,found 812.46765.
Cyclo(DVal-Pro-DVal-DVal-DVal-Phe-DPhe).(240mg,产率92%),白色固体,1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6),δ8.18-7.53(m,3H),7.20-7.14(m,10H),4.56-4.13(m,7H),3.10-2.86(m,6H),1.95-1.70(m,10H),0.87-0.47(dd,J=8Hz,24H)ppm;HRMS(ESI)m/z calcdfor C43H61N7O7Na+(M+Na)+810.45247,found 810.45270.
以上所述,仅为本发明的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明公开的技术范围内,可轻易想到各种等效的修改或替换,这些修改或替换都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种DPKO载体辅助合成环七肽Mortiamides及其类似物的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)辅助基团与Boc-氨基酸的偶联
所述辅助基团为双(二苯膦酰氧基)二苯甲酮肟或其衍生物DPKO;
所述Boc-氨基酸采用叔丁甲氧羰基Boc保护的第一个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA1-OH;
以辅助基团替代固相多肽合成中的树脂,在脱水偶联剂的作用下与氨基酸进行反应,使氨基酸Boc-DAA1-OH的C-端与辅助基团连接,得到化合物A,Boc-DAA1-DPKO;
2)分离纯化
向步骤1)得到的化合物A中加入极性小的烷烃或醚类溶剂,将化合物A与杂质分离,随后对分离后的化合物A进行纯化;
3)脱除N-端Boc
采用脱Boc试剂处理步骤2)纯化后的化合物A,搅拌反应得到化合物B,H2N-DAA1-DPKO;
向化合物B加入极性小的烷烃或醚类溶剂,将化合物B与杂质分离,随后对分离后的化合物B进行纯化;
4)多肽偶联得到Mortiamides的前体化合物
以步骤3)纯化后的化合物B作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第二个L-型氨基酸Boc-AA2-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物C,H2N-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物C作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第三个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA3-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物D,H2N-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物D作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第四个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA4-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物E,H2N-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物E作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第五个D-型氨基酸Boc-DAA5-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物F,H2N-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物F作为原料,再与叔丁甲氧羰基(Boc)保护的第六个L-型氨基酸Boc-AA6-OH进行偶联反应,分离纯化和脱除N-端Boc后,得到化合物G,H2N-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
以化合物G作为原料,再与芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)保护的第七个D-型氨基酸Fmoc-DAA7-OH进行偶联反应,得到Mortiamides的前体化合物H,Fmoc-DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1-DPKO;
5)脱Fmoc同时首尾环合并剪除辅助基团
以二乙胺的甲醇溶液为脱Fmoc试剂,脱除Mortiamides的前体化合物HN-端上的Fmoc保护基团的同时,发生肽链的首尾环合反应,并协同剪除DPKO辅助基团;
6)环七肽的分离纯化
步骤5)反应完毕后,旋蒸,回收二乙胺的甲醇溶液,残留物用乙酸乙酯萃取分离,合并有机相回收辅助基团;析出的沉淀,经过滤、洗涤、干燥,即得到环七肽Mortiamides或其类似物的固体,氨基酸序列为cyclo(DAA7-AA6-DAA5-DAA4-DAA3-AA2-DAA1)。
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