CN114609888B - Interlocking type photo-generated microwave source of atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system - Google Patents
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- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical group [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F5/00—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards
- G04F5/14—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards using atomic clocks
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Abstract
The invention discloses an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source, which is particularly based on the high-efficiency opto-mechanical oscillation, the photoelastic effect and the all-optical link characteristic of a cavity opto-mechanical system, utilizes a cavity opto-mechanical oscillator to replace an MEMS oscillator in a CSAC (chip on chip) architecture, has ultrahigh stability, can effectively make up the defects of the CSAC architecture, reduces the dependence on electronic circuits and devices, further improves the short-time stability of the CSAC, and reduces the power consumption of the CSAC; meanwhile, by utilizing the ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal output of cesium/rubidium atoms in a CSAC framework, the technical problem of poor stability of output signals of the opto-mechanical oscillator can be effectively solved, and the ultra-high-stability radio frequency signal output device has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, simple system and ultrahigh stability of output signals.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photo-generated microwaves, and particularly relates to an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source of an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system.
Background
The microwave source, especially the low-phase noise and multi-harmonic chip microwave source realized based on the cavity optical mechanical oscillator, has important application value in the military and civil fields, and can be used in the fields of high-precision time service, navigation and positioning, communication, radar detection and the like.
The only proposed and implemented Chip-Scale microwave source at present is a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) architecture proposed in the united states, which realizes the preparation of the Chip-Scale Atomic Clock based on the fact that an interaction (coherent population trapping, CPT) is generated when the transition frequency of the hyperfine splitting Atomic level of cesium/rubidium atoms and the difference frequency of incident double-dispersion laser are close to each other and microwave signals generated by an MEMS oscillator are utilized, but the scheme still has the problems of large power consumption, complex system, low reliability and the like.
The Cavity optomechanical (Cavity optomechanical) system is a novel microcavity system which has an optical Cavity mode and a mechanical oscillation mode on a micro-nano scale at the same time and has a strong coupling interaction effect between the two modes. Based on the light-substance interaction effect in the micro-nano cavity optical mechanical system, unique physical phenomena such as quantum ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator, quantum entanglement of a multi-cavity optical mechanical system, optical electromagnetic induction transparency and slow light propagation can be realized, and the method has great scientific significance in the basic research fields such as classical physics and quantum physics and has wide application prospect in the technical fields such as precision measurement. Meanwhile, the cavity opto-mechanical system has extremely rich nonlinear dynamics characteristics, can generate parameter opto-mechanical oscillation under the action of laser with certain power, and can realize multi-mode/multi-resonance interaction and form phenomena of chaos, frequency synchronization and the like, so that a stable mechanical oscillation signal is output, and a brand-new technical solution is provided for designing and realizing a chip-level low-power-consumption high-performance radio frequency signal source.
The microwave source is realized mainly by two implementation modes of injection frequency locking and feedback frequency locking based on a cavity optical mechanical system. The low-frequency phase noise characteristic and the frequency stability of the output signal in the injection frequency locking mode can be greatly improved (-87 dBc/Hz @ 100Hz); and the frequency of the output signal is subjected to frequency offset along with an external reference signal source, the range of the frequency offset (namely, the frequency locking range) is enlarged along with the increase of the modulation intensity of the external reference signal source, and simultaneously, when the basic mode of the opto-mechanical signal is locked, the high-order harmonic mode can be locked, and a plurality of stable harmonic signal spectrums can be output.
The feedback frequency locking technology can greatly improve the frequency stability (-95 dBc/Hz @ 100Hz) of the optical-mechanical oscillation signal, and the purpose of stabilizing the optical-mechanical oscillation signal is achieved. The phase noise characteristic of the opto-mechanical oscillation signal can be improved to a great extent by adopting both injection frequency locking and feedback frequency locking technologies, but the conventional external electrical reference signal source equipment is huge and is difficult to realize chip-level integration. The miniaturized quartz crystal oscillator, voltage-controlled oscillator, etc. have the same or worse stability with the output signal of the opto-mechanical oscillation, and the frequency locking technology based on the external reference signal cannot essentially improve the frequency stability of the opto-mechanical oscillation radio frequency signal.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the key technical problems of complex processing technology, large size, poor reliability, low frequency stability and the like in the conventional chip-level microwave source, the invention provides an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source of an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source specifically comprises: the cavity opto-mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein,
the cavity opto-mechanical system comprises: the device comprises a laser source, an electro-optical modulator, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a polarization controller (FPC), an isolator, a lens, a polarizer and a cavity opto-mechanical chip which are connected in sequence;
the atomic clock system comprises: the system comprises a beam splitter, a 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater, a temperature control circuit and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence;
the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI 2 A controller;
the feedback frequency locking system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity opto-mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through a PI 2 And the control circuit controls the electro-optical modulator and the temperature control circuit to finally output the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
Further, the cavity opto-mechanical chip specifically is: nanometer cantilever beam arm microcavity, photonic crystal microcavity, microdisk, micro-ring or microspheric cavity optomechanical system chip.
Further, the atomic gas chamber is filled with gas which is rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the photoproduction microwave source is based on efficient optical mechanical oscillation, photoelastic effect and all-optical link characteristics of a cavity optical mechanical system, utilizes the cavity optical mechanical oscillator to replace an MEMS oscillator in a CSAC framework, has ultrahigh stability, can effectively make up for the defects of the CSAC framework, reduces dependence on electronic circuits and devices, further improves the short-time stability of the CSAC, and reduces the power consumption of the CSAC; meanwhile, by utilizing the ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal output of cesium/rubidium atoms in a CSAC framework, the technical problem of poor stability of output signals of the opto-mechanical oscillator can be effectively solved, and the ultra-high-stability radio frequency signal output device has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, simple system and ultrahigh stability of output signals.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system provided by the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a resonant cavity part of an interlocking type optical-generated microwave source cavity opto-mechanical system based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a cavity optical mechanical structure of an interlocking type optical microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an optical resonance mode of an interlocking type optical microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 6 is a horizontal mechanical resonance mode diagram of the mechanical vibrator of the interlocking type photo-generated microwave source cavity opto-mechanical structure based on the atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and it will be understood that they are described herein for the purpose of illustration and explanation and not limitation.
The invention provides an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system, which has the overall structure shown in figure 1, and specifically comprises the following components: the cavity opto-mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein, the chamber optomechanical system includes: the device comprises a laser source, an electro-optical modulator, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a polarization controller (fpc), an isolator, a lens, a polarizer and a cavity optical mechanical chip which are connected in sequence; the atomic clock system comprises: the system comprises a beam splitter, a 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence; the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI 2 A controller; the feedback frequency locking systemThe system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity optical mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through PI 2 And the D control circuit controls the electro-optical modulator and the temperature control circuit, and finally outputs the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
The cavity opto-mechanical chip here is specifically: nano cantilever beam micro-cavity, photonic crystal micro-cavity, micro-disk, micro-ring or micro-sphere cavity opto-mechanical system chip.
The atomic gas cell filling gas described herein is specifically rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the working principle of an interlocking ultra-high stability photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system.
Maxwell's equations can be converted to iterative forms of finite difference method equations in time domain:
wherein, E x 、E y Electric field strength in x and y directions of the TE mode photonic crystal, H z Mu (r) is a Bloch function, and epsilon (r) is dielectric functions i and j are the node numbers in the x direction and the y direction in the grid respectively.
Similar equations for Hx, hy, and Ez can also be derived for TM mode. The time evolution law of the electromagnetic field can be obtained according to the discrete FDTD time discrete step formulas (1), (2) and (3). In order to ensure that iterative convergence obtains a stable solution, the selection of the minimum step size Δ x in the x direction, the minimum step size Δ y in the y direction, and the minimum time interval Δ t must satisfy the Courant condition:
the optical resonance mode of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal resonant cavity can be calculated by combining the formula and FDTD simulation software, and the optical resonance wavelength of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal resonant cavity can be controlled by adjusting the structure so as to be the same as the absorption peak wavelength of rubidium atoms.
From the basic theory of cavity optomechanics, the joint equation of two systems of optical resonance and mechanical oscillation in the cavity of optomechanics
Where a (t) is the optical field in the microcavity, Δ = ω l -ω 0 The optical detuning ratio is the difference between the input laser frequency and the cavity resonant frequency, g o Is the optomechanical coupling ratio, kappa is the optical resonance mode attenuation ratio, eta c ＝τ 0 /(τ 0 -τ ex ) Is the coupling ratio between the pumping light transmission medium and the cavity, kappa ex ＝κ-κ in Is the external attenuation ratio, s in (t) excitation laser intensity; x (t) is the mechanical displacement, Γ m Is the mechanical resonance damping rate, omega m Is the mechanical resonance frequency, m x Effective mass of mechanical vibrator, F o (t) and F T (t) optical power and thermal noise power, respectively.
The opto-mechanical coupling rate characteristic of the opto-mechanical structure of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity is obtained by adopting the perturbation theory, the quasi-static approximation method and the like:
wherein,
is an outside boundary normal unit vector, E || Component of electric field parallel to the interface, D ⊥ For electric displacement field components perpendicular to the interface, Δ ε = ε LN -ε 0 Is the difference of dielectric constants of lithium niobate medium and air medium, chi zpf Is the zero point fluctuation amplitude of the mechanical vibrator.
The mechanical resonance frequency and the optical-mechanical coupling ratio of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical structure, the variation characteristics of the optical-mechanical coupling ratio in different mechanical modes and optical modes and the performance variation rule of the optical-mechanical coupling ratio changing along with the optical resonant cavity structure can be calculated by utilizing COMSOL and FDTD simulation software for simulation.
Deriving the optical field characteristics in the cavity opto-mechanical structure according to the obtained key parameters of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical structure and the combination formula (6):
and a simplified theoretical relationship of the optical elastic effect:
the mechanical oscillation frequency (omega ') can be theoretically calculated' m ) Opto-mechanical coupling ratio (g) with cavity opto-mechanical structure om ) The laser-cavity detuning rate, the optical resonance Q value and the energy in the cavity, so that the whole lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical structure is reversely guided and optimally designed, and the effective control of the mechanical oscillation frequency is realized.
The mechanical oscillator can generate parametric photomechanical oscillation under the excitation of laser, and the harmonic wave of the mechanical eigenfrequency and rubidium (A) and rubidium (B) can be obtained by adjusting the structural parameters 87 Rb) atoms with similar transition frequencies of hyperfine fission energy levels, i.e. phases can be generatedThe method comprises the steps of carrying out dry layout trapping to output ultra-stable radio frequency signals, then carrying out frequency mixing on the signals and harmonic signals of mechanical oscillation to obtain difference frequency fault-tolerant signals, and enabling the difference frequency fault-tolerant signals to pass through PI 2 And the D controller is used for controlling the amplitude of the electro-optical modulator and the temperature of the rubidium atom air chamber at the same time, and finally parameter optical mechanical oscillation signals with ultrahigh stability are output.
As shown in figure 3, the structure of the photonic crystal resonant cavity and the schematic diagram of the graded waveguide are that photonic crystal holes are regularly arranged on lithium niobate, the spacing of the photonic crystals is 335nm, the diameter of the photonic crystal holes is 105nm, the thickness of a photonic crystal flat plate is 184nm, the width of a middle line defect is 696nm, the width of a middle air groove is 80nm, and meanwhile, the photonic crystal holes on two sides of the middle of the air groove are respectively shifted by 5nm, 10nm and 15nm to form the photonic crystal resonant cavity which has a very high optical resonance Q value.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the optical-mechanical structure of a photonic crystal cavity, in which photonic crystal holes are regularly arranged on lithium niobate, and the center of the photonic crystal cavity is the photonic crystal resonant cavity and the air slot shown in fig. 2. The length of the photonic crystal flat plate is 10.48um, the width is 7.98um, and the length of the rectangular defect at the upper part and the lower part is 2um, and the width is 1.75um.
FIG. 5 shows the optical resonance mode and corresponding resonance frequency of the photonic crystal resonator obtained by simulation with COMSOL software, where the optical resonance frequency is ω c ＝377.09THz。
FIG. 6 shows the horizontal resonance mode and corresponding resonance frequency of the mechanical vibrator obtained by simulation with COMSOL software, wherein the resonance frequency of the horizontal mode is ω m ＝170MHz。
The photo-generated microwave source takes a two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical system as a reference signal source, is combined with a rubidium/cesium atom gas chamber, and finally outputs a microwave signal with ultrahigh stability by using a feedback frequency locking technology to form the microwave source.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited embodiments and examples. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific changes and combinations based on the teachings of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and combinations are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. An atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source specifically comprises: the cavity opto-mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein,
the cavity opto-mechanical system comprises: the laser source, the electro-optical modulator, the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, the polarization controller, the isolator, the lens, the polarizer and the cavity opto-mechanical chip are connected in sequence;
the atomic clock system comprises: the system comprises a beam splitter, a 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater, a temperature control circuit and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence;
the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI 2 A controller;
the feedback frequency locking system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity opto-mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through a PI 2 And the D control circuit controls the electro-optical modulator and the temperature control circuit, and finally outputs the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
2. The atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system interlocking type photogenerated microwave source of claim 1, wherein the cavity photomechanical chip is specifically: nanometer cantilever beam arm microcavity, photonic crystal microcavity, microdisk, micro-ring or microspheric cavity optomechanical system chip.
3. The atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system interlocking type photogenerated microwave source of claim 1, wherein the atomic gas chamber is filled with gas specifically rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
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