CN114609888A - Atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source, which is particularly based on the high-efficiency optical mechanical oscillation, the photoelastic effect and the all-optical link characteristic of a cavity optical mechanical system, utilizes a cavity optical mechanical oscillator to replace an MEMS oscillator in a CSAC framework, has ultrahigh stability, can effectively make up for the defects of the CSAC framework, reduces the dependence on electronic circuits and devices, further improves the short-time stability of the CSAC, and reduces the power consumption of the CSAC; meanwhile, by utilizing the ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal output of cesium/rubidium atoms in a CSAC framework, the technical problem of poor stability of the output signal of the opto-mechanical oscillator can be effectively solved, and the CSAC framework has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, simple system and ultrahigh stability of the output signal.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photo-generated microwaves, and particularly relates to an interlocking photo-generated microwave source of an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system.
Background
The microwave source, especially the low-phase noise and multi-harmonic chip microwave source realized based on the cavity optical mechanical oscillator, has important application value in the military and civil fields, and can be used in the fields of high-precision time service, navigation and positioning, communication, radar detection and the like.
The only Chip-Scale microwave source proposed and implemented at present is a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) architecture proposed in the united states, and the architecture realizes the preparation of the Chip-Scale Atomic Clock based on the fact that an interaction (coherent population trapping, CPT) is generated when a microwave signal generated by an MEMS oscillator and the transition frequency of an hyperfine splitting Atomic level of cesium/rubidium atoms are close to the difference frequency of incident double-dispersion laser, but the scheme still has the problems of large power consumption, complex system, low reliability and the like.
A Cavity photomechanics (Cavity photomechanics) system is a novel microcavity system which has an optical Cavity mode and a mechanical oscillation mode on a micro-nano scale at the same time, and a strong coupling interaction effect is formed between the two modes. Based on the light-substance interaction effect in the micro-nano cavity opto-mechanical system, unique physical phenomena such as quantum ground state cooling of a mechanical oscillator, quantum entanglement of a multi-cavity opto-mechanical system, optical electromagnetic induction transparency and slow light propagation can be realized, the method has great scientific significance in the basic research fields such as classical physics and quantum physics, and has wide application prospect in the technical fields such as precision measurement. Meanwhile, the cavity opto-mechanical system has extremely rich nonlinear dynamics characteristics, can generate parameter opto-mechanical oscillation under the action of laser with certain power, and can realize multi-mode/multi-resonance interaction and form phenomena of chaos, frequency synchronization and the like, so that a stable mechanical oscillation signal is output, and a brand-new technical solution is provided for designing and realizing a chip-level low-power-consumption high-performance radio frequency signal source.
The microwave source is realized mainly by two implementation modes of injection frequency locking and feedback frequency locking based on a cavity optical mechanical system. The low-frequency phase noise characteristic and the frequency stability of the output signal in the injection frequency locking mode can be greatly improved (-87dBc/Hz @100 Hz); and the frequency of the output signal will follow the external reference signal source to generate frequency deviation, the range of the frequency deviation (i.e. frequency locking range) is enlarged along with the increase of the modulation intensity of the external reference signal source, and simultaneously, when the basic mode of the opto-mechanical signal is locked, the high-order harmonic mode can be locked, and a plurality of stable harmonic signal spectrums can be output.
The feedback frequency locking technology can greatly improve the frequency stability (-95dBc/Hz @100Hz) of the opto-mechanical oscillation signal, and the purpose of stabilizing the opto-mechanical oscillation signal is achieved. The phase noise characteristic of the opto-mechanical oscillation signal can be improved to a great extent by adopting both injection frequency locking and feedback frequency locking technologies, but the conventional external electrical reference signal source equipment is huge and is difficult to realize chip-level integration. The miniaturized quartz crystal oscillator, voltage-controlled oscillator, etc. have the same or worse stability with the output signal of the opto-mechanical oscillation, and the frequency locking technology based on the external reference signal cannot essentially improve the frequency stability of the opto-mechanical oscillation radio frequency signal.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the key technical problems of complex processing technology, large size, poor reliability, low frequency stability and the like in the conventional chip-level microwave source, the invention provides an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source of an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source specifically comprises: the cavity opto-mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the cavity opto-mechanical system comprises: the device comprises a laser source, an electro-optical modulator, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a polarization controller (FPC), an isolator, a lens, a polarizer and a cavity opto-mechanical chip which are connected in sequence;
the atomic clock system comprises: the device comprises a beam splitter, an 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater, a temperature control circuit and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence;
the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI2A controller;
the feedback frequency locking system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity opto-mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through a PI2D control circuit rear controlAnd (4) manufacturing an electro-optic modulator and a temperature control circuit, and finally outputting the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
Further, the cavity opto-mechanical chip specifically is: nanometer cantilever beam arm microcavity, photonic crystal microcavity, microdisk, micro-ring or microspheric cavity optomechanical system chip.
Further, the atomic gas chamber is filled with gas which is rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the optical-generated microwave source is based on the efficient optical-mechanical oscillation, the photoelastic effect and the all-optical link characteristic of the cavity optical-mechanical system, utilizes the cavity optical-mechanical oscillator to replace an MEMS oscillator in a CSAC (controlled optical system) architecture, has ultrahigh stability, can effectively make up the defects of the CSAC architecture, reduces the dependence on electronic circuits and devices, further improves the short-time stability of the CSAC, and reduces the power consumption of the CSAC; meanwhile, by utilizing the ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal output of cesium/rubidium atoms in a CSAC framework, the technical problem of poor stability of output signals of the opto-mechanical oscillator can be effectively solved, and the ultra-high-stability radio frequency signal output device has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, simple system and ultrahigh stability of output signals.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a resonant cavity part of an interlocking type optical-generated microwave source cavity opto-mechanical system based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a cavity optical mechanical structure of an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an optical resonance mode of an interlocking type optical microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention;
FIG. 6 is a horizontal mechanical resonance mode diagram of the mechanical vibrator of the interlocking type photo-generated microwave source cavity opto-mechanical structure based on the atomic clock-cavity opto-mechanical system provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and it will be understood that they are described herein for the purpose of illustration and explanation and not limitation.
The invention provides an interlocking type photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system, which has the overall structure shown in figure 1, and specifically comprises the following components: the cavity optical mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein, the chamber optical mechanical system include: the laser source, the electro-optical modulator, the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), the polarization controller (fpc), the isolator, the lens, the polarizer and the cavity opto-mechanical chip are connected in sequence; the atomic clock system comprises: the device comprises a beam splitter, an 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence; the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI2A controller; the feedback frequency locking system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity opto-mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through a PI2And the D control circuit controls the electro-optical modulator and the temperature control circuit, and finally outputs the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
The cavity opto-mechanical chip here is specifically: nanometer cantilever beam arm microcavity, photonic crystal microcavity, microdisk, micro-ring or microspheric cavity optomechanical system chip. .
The atomic gas cell filling gas described herein is specifically rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the working principle of an interlocking ultra-high stability photo-generated microwave source based on an atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system.
Maxwell's equations can be converted into an iterative form of finite difference method equations in the time domain:
wherein E isx、EyElectric field strength in x and y directions of the TE mode photonic crystal, HzMu (r) is a Bloch function, and epsilon (r) is dielectric functions i and j are the number of nodes in the x direction and the y direction in the grid respectively.
Similar equations for Hx, Hy, and Ez can also be derived for TM mode. The time evolution law of the electromagnetic field can be obtained according to the discrete FDTD time discrete step formulas (1), (2) and (3). In order to ensure that iterative convergence obtains a stable solution, the selection of the minimum step size Δ x in the x direction, the minimum step size Δ y in the y direction, and the minimum time interval Δ t must satisfy the Courant condition:
the optical resonance mode of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal resonant cavity can be calculated by combining the formula and FDTD simulation software, and the optical resonance wavelength of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal resonant cavity can be controlled by adjusting the structure so as to be the same as the absorption peak wavelength of rubidium atoms.
From the basic theory of cavity optomechanics, the joint equation of two systems of optical resonance and mechanical oscillation in the cavity of optomechanics
Where a (t) is the optical field in the microcavity, and Δ ═ ωl-ω0The optical detuning ratio is the difference between the input laser frequency and the cavity resonant frequency, goIs the opto-mechanical coupling ratio, κ is the attenuation ratio of the optical resonance mode, ηc＝τ0/(τ0-τex) Is the coupling ratio, kappa, between the pumping light transmission medium and the cavityex＝κ-κinIs the external attenuation ratio, sin(t) excitation laser intensity; x (t) is the amount of mechanical displacement, ΓmIs the mechanical resonance damping rate, omegamIs the mechanical resonance frequency, mxEffective mass of mechanical vibrator, Fo(t) and FT(t) optical force and thermal noise force, respectively.
The opto-mechanical coupling rate characteristic of the opto-mechanical structure of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity is obtained by adopting a perturbation theory, a quasi-static approximation method and the like:
wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
is an outside boundary normal unit vector, E||Component of electric field parallel to the interface, D⊥For the electric displacement field component perpendicular to the interface, Δ ε ═ εLN-ε0Is the difference of dielectric constants of lithium niobate medium and air medium, chizpfIs the zero point fluctuation amplitude of the mechanical vibrator.
The mechanical resonance frequency and the optical-mechanical coupling ratio of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical structure, the change characteristics of the optical-mechanical coupling ratio in different mechanical modes and optical modes and the performance change rule of the optical-mechanical coupling ratio along with the change of the optical resonant cavity structure can be calculated by utilizing COMSOL and FDTD simulation software for simulation.
Deducing the optical field characteristics in the cavity optical mechanical structure according to the obtained key parameters of the cavity optical mechanical structure of the lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal and the combination formula (6):
and a simplified theoretical relationship of the optical elastic effect:
the mechanical oscillation frequency (omega ') can be theoretically calculated'm) Opto-mechanical coupling ratio (g) with cavity opto-mechanical structureom) The laser-cavity detuning rate, the optical resonance Q value and the energy in the cavity, so that the whole lithium niobate-based two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical structure is reversely guided and optimally designed, and the effective control of the mechanical oscillation frequency is realized.
The mechanical oscillator can generate parametric optical mechanical oscillation under laser excitation, and the harmonic wave of the mechanical eigenfrequency and rubidium (b) are obtained by adjusting the structural parameters87Rb) atoms are close in transition frequency of hyperfine splitting energy level, so that a coherent layout trapping output hyperstable radio frequency signal can be generated, then the signal and a harmonic signal of mechanical oscillation are mixed to obtain a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through PI2And the D controller is used for controlling the amplitude of the electro-optical modulator and the temperature of the rubidium atom air chamber at the same time, and finally parameter optical mechanical oscillation signals with ultrahigh stability are output.
As shown in fig. 3, the photonic crystal resonator structure and the gradual change waveguide are schematically illustrated, photonic crystal holes are regularly arranged on lithium niobate, the distance between the photonic crystals is 335nm, the diameter of the photonic crystal hole is 105nm, the thickness of a photonic crystal flat plate is 184nm, the width of a middle line defect is 696nm, the width of a middle air groove is 80nm, and meanwhile, the photonic crystal holes on two sides of the middle of the air groove are respectively shifted by 5nm, 10nm and 15nm to form the photonic crystal resonator, which has a very high optical resonance Q value.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the photomechanical structure of the photonic crystal cavity, which is a photonic crystal cavity with holes regularly arranged on lithium niobate, and the center of the photonic crystal cavity is the photonic crystal resonant cavity and the air slot shown in fig. 2. The length of the photonic crystal flat plate is 10.48um, the width is 7.98um, and the length of the rectangular defect at the upper part and the lower part is 2um, and the width is 1.75 um.
FIG. 5 shows the optical resonance mode and corresponding resonance frequency of the photonic crystal resonator obtained by simulation with COMSOL software, where the optical resonance frequency is ωc＝377.09THz。
FIG. 6 shows the horizontal resonance mode and corresponding resonance frequency of the mechanical vibrator obtained by simulation with COMSOL software, where the resonance frequency of the horizontal mode is ωm＝170MHz。
The photo-generated microwave source takes a two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity opto-mechanical system as a reference signal source, is combined with a rubidium/cesium atom gas chamber, and finally outputs a microwave signal with ultrahigh stability by using a feedback frequency locking technology to form the microwave source.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited embodiments and examples. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific changes and combinations based on the teachings of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and combinations are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. An atomic clock-cavity optical mechanical system interlocking type photo-generated microwave source specifically comprises: the cavity opto-mechanical system, the atomic clock system and the feedback frequency locking system are connected in sequence; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the cavity opto-mechanical system comprises: the laser source, the electro-optical modulator, the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, the polarization controller, the isolator, the lens, the polarizer and the cavity opto-mechanical chip are connected in sequence;
the atomic clock system comprises: the device comprises a beam splitter, an 1/4 glass slide, an atom gas chamber, a magnetic shielding cavity, a temperature control heater, a temperature control circuit and a photoelectric detector which are connected in sequence;
the feedback frequency locking system comprises: sequentially connected 3dB coupler, mixer and PI2A controller;
the feedback frequency locking system mixes the ultra-high stability microwave signal output by the atomic gas chamber with the mechanical oscillation harmonic signal of the cavity opto-mechanical system to generate a difference frequency fault-tolerant signal, and the difference frequency fault-tolerant signal passes through a PI2And the D control circuit controls the electro-optical modulator and the temperature control circuit, and finally outputs the required ultrahigh-stability radio frequency signal.
2. The atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system interlocking type photogenerated microwave source of claim 1, wherein the cavity photomechanical chip is specifically: nanometer cantilever beam arm microcavity, photonic crystal microcavity, microdisk, micro-ring or microspheric cavity optomechanical system chip.
3. The atomic clock-cavity photomechanical system interlocking type photogenerated microwave source of claim 1, wherein the atomic gas chamber is filled with gas, in particular rubidium, cesium, sodium, potassium, iodine or helium vapor.
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