CN114599543A - 用于平视显示器的投影装置和用于投影装置的基底装置 - Google Patents
用于平视显示器的投影装置和用于投影装置的基底装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114599543A CN114599543A CN202180003879.3A CN202180003879A CN114599543A CN 114599543 A CN114599543 A CN 114599543A CN 202180003879 A CN202180003879 A CN 202180003879A CN 114599543 A CN114599543 A CN 114599543A
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Images
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置,其具有•具有HUD区域(B)的基底(GS1);和•投影器(4),其指向所述HUD区域(B);•其中投影器(4)的辐射主要是p偏振的,并且•其中所述基底(GS1)配备有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层(20);•其中所述反射涂层(20)具有恰好一个导电层(21),•其中所述反射涂层(20)(a)选自铜或金,(b)或选自具有掺杂物的银,所述掺杂物选自铂、铑、铟、锡、钌、铱。
Description
本发明涉及用于平视显示器的投影装置。
现代的汽车越来越多地配备有所谓的平视显示器(HUD)。利用通常在仪表板区域中的投影器,图像被投影到挡风玻璃板上,在那里被反射,并且被驾驶员感知为(从驾驶员来看)位于挡风玻璃板后面的虚拟图像。因此,重要的信息能够投影到驾驶员的视野中,例如当前的行驶速度、导航或警告提示,驾驶员能够感知到所述信息而不必将其视线从车道移开。因此,平视显示器可以明显有助于提高交通安全性。
HUD投影器主要以s偏振辐射来运行并且以约65%的入射角辐射挡风玻璃板,该入射角接近空气-玻璃过渡的布儒斯特角(对于钠钙玻璃为57.2°)。在此,产生了投影器图像在挡风玻璃板的两个外表面上反射的问题。由此,除了所希望的主图像之外,也出现略微偏移的副图像,即所谓的幻像(“幻像”) 。该问题通常通过如下方式来减轻,即表面彼此以一定的角度来布置,尤其通过使用楔形的中间层用于对被构造为复合玻璃板的挡风玻璃板进行层压,从而使得主图像和幻像彼此重叠。用于HUD的具有楔形膜的复合玻璃板例如由WO2009/071135A1、EP1800855B1或EP1880243A2已知。
楔形膜昂贵,因此制造这种用于HUD的复合玻璃板相当昂贵。因此需要这样的HUD投影装置,其不需要楔形膜就能与挡风玻璃板一起工作。因此,例如可以以主要是p偏振的辐射来运行HUD投影器,该辐射在玻璃板表面上不被明显反射。作为p偏振辐射的反射面,挡风玻璃板取而代之具有反射涂层。DE102014220189A1公开了这种HUD投影装置,其以p偏振辐射运行。作为反射结构,尤其提出厚度为5 nm至9 nm的单个金属层,其例如由银或铝制成。WO2019046157A1还公开了具有p偏振辐射的HUD,其中使用具有至少两个金属层的反射涂层。
US2017242247A1公开了另一种HUD投影装置,其具有用于p偏振辐射的反射涂层。该反射涂层可以包括一个或多个导电银层以及介电层。然而,反射光谱在相关光谱范围中具有明显弯曲的形状,以使得反射率相对强地依赖于波长。这在HUD投影的颜色中性的显示方面是不利的。
CN 106 526 854 B公开了用于运载工具的HUD系统,其具有可加热的复合玻璃板。
CN 207 190 747 U公开了用于运载工具的HUD系统,其具有复合玻璃板作为挡风玻璃板,其中复合玻璃板具有在玻璃板的面向中间层的表面上的反射涂层。
WO 2020/083649 A1公开了用于运载工具的投影装置,所述投影装置包括侧玻璃板。
存在对具有反射涂层的用于HUD的投影装置的需求,所述反射涂层确保在可见光谱范围中的高透射率以及具有相对于p偏振辐射的高反射率并且允许颜色中性的显示。本发明的目的在于,提供这样的改进的投影装置。
根据本发明,本发明的目的通过根据权利要求1的投影装置来实现。优选的实施方式由从属权利要求得出。
该目的通过用于平视显示器的投影装置实现,该投影装置包括具有HUD区域的基底和指向HUD区域的投影器,其中投影器的辐射主要是p偏振的,并且其中基底配备有反射涂层,该反射涂层适合于反射p偏振的辐射,其中反射涂层具有恰好一个导电层。反射涂层选自铜或金或选自具有掺杂物的银,该掺杂物选自另一种金属,其中具有掺杂物的银的所述另一种金属选自铂、铑、铟、锡、钌、铱。这些合金金属导致反射涂层的提高的化学和热机械稳定性。
由此,可以提供具有反射涂层的用于HUD的投影装置,其确保在可见光谱范围中的高透射率以及具有相对于p偏振辐射的高反射率并且允许颜色中性的显示。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,投影器的辐射基本上是纯p偏振的。由此可以有利地利用反射系数的性能。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,投影器的辐射以60°至70°的入射角射到基底上。由此可以有利地利用布儒斯特角的性能。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,导电层具有10 nm至16 nm的几何厚度。由此可以提供在IR范围内的所希望的反射率,而不会过于严重地降低透射率。此外,层厚度足够大,以减少或避免层结构的去湿。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,基底装置的外表面基本上彼此平行地布置。这使得基底装置的制造和安置变得容易,因为它们现在可以具有均匀的厚度。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,反射涂层布置在第一基底和第二基底之间。也就是说,本发明也可以与复合玻璃板一起使用。此外,第一基底(GS1)可以被构造为复合玻璃板的内玻璃板,且第二基底(GS2)可以被构造为复合玻璃板的外玻璃板。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,提供了用于平视显示器的投影装置的基底装置,该投影装置包括具有HUD区域的基底,其中所述基底配备有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层;其中所述反射涂层具有恰好一个导电层,其中所述反射涂层选自铜或金或选自具有掺杂物的银,该掺杂物选自另一种金属,其中所述另一种金属不是铜、金、钯或铝,而优选是铂和/或铑和/或铟和/或锡和/或钌和/或铱。
在另一个实施方式中,基底装置具有第二基底,其中反射涂层布置在第一基底和第二基底之间。
下面借助附图和实施例对本发明进行详细解释。附图是示意图并且不是按比例的。附图不以任何方式限制本发明。
其中:
图1示出了本发明的一个示例性实施方案的复合玻璃板的俯视图,
图2示出了穿过本发明投影装置的截面,
图3示出了穿过本发明投影装置的基底装置的截面,
图4示出了穿过内玻璃板上的本发明反射涂层的一个实施方式的截面,
图5示出了根据实施例1的复合玻璃板相对于p偏振辐射的反射光谱,
图6示出了根据实施例2的复合玻璃板相对于p偏振辐射的反射光谱,以及
图7示出了根据实施例3的复合玻璃板相对于p偏振辐射的反射光谱。
下面参照附图更详细地说明本发明。在此应注意描述了不同的方面,这些方面可以分别单独地或组合地使用。也就是说,每个方面都可以与本发明的不同的实施方案一起使用,只要没有明确地作为纯粹的替代方案示出。
如果在下面描述方法,只要通过上下文没有明确地给出例如不同内容,就可以任意顺序布置和/或组合所述方法的各个步骤。此外,只要没有明确地另外表明,这些方法可相互组合。
在所有情况下,具有数值的说明不应理解为精确的值,而是还包括从+/-1%至+/-10%的公差。
在本申请中,在提及标准、规格等的情况下,至少总是参考申请日中可用的标准、规格等。也就是说,如果标准/规格等被更新或被后续项代替,则本发明也可适用于它们。
在附图中示出了不同的实施方案。
本发明的一个实施方案涉及用于平视显示器HUD的投影装置。这种类型例如描绘在图1和2中。
在那里示例性地示出了具有基底装置10的HUD区域B的基底装置10 (例如陆地、海洋、航天或航空运载工具的挡风玻璃板)。挡风玻璃板作为本发明基底装置的实例具有上边缘O和下边缘U。所述基底装置可以具有一个基底GS1或多个基底GS1、GS2。
投影装置此外包括投影器4,所述投影器指向基底装置的一个区域。在通常被称为HUD区域B的该区域中,可以通过投影器4产生图像,当观察者5 (运载工具驾驶员)的眼睛位于所谓的眼动范围E内时,所述图像被观察者5感知为在基底装置的背离他的那侧上的虚拟图像。
基底装置10由任选的第二基底GS2和第一基底GS1构建,第二基底GS2例如在复合玻璃板中是外玻璃板,第一基底GS1例如在复合玻璃板中是内玻璃板,它们通过热塑性中间层3彼此接合。基底装置10的下边缘U布置为向下朝着载人轿车的发动机的方向,基底装置10的上边缘O布置为向上朝着顶部的方向。在安装位置中,基底GS2面向外部环境,基底GS1面向运载工具内部空间。
基底GS2和基底GS1由例如钠钙玻璃组成。当然,基底GS1、GS2也可以由其它玻璃或聚合塑料材料,特别是也由不同材料形成。
例如,基底GS2具有2.1 mm的厚度,基底GS1具有1.6 mm或2.1 mm的厚度。中间层3例如可以由具有约0.76 mm的厚度的PVB膜构成。除了可能的本领域常见的表面粗糙度之外,中间层3具有基本恒定的厚度,其不被设计为所谓的楔形膜。也就是说,在基底GS1上形成HUD区域B,在运行中投影器4指向该区域。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,投影器4的辐射主要是p偏振的,尤其基本上是纯p偏振的。因为投影器4以约65°的入射角辐射基底装置10且该入射角接近布儒斯特角,投影器的辐射仅不显著地在基底装置10的外表面I、IV上反射。与s偏振辐射相比,P偏振辐射具有优点,即在布儒斯特角的范围内(例如45°-73°)反射系数几乎为0。
相反,本发明反射涂层20针对p偏振辐射的反射进行优化。它用作用于产生HUD投影的投影器4的辐射的反射面。此外,本发明反射涂层可能附加地用作IR反射涂层。
在此,反射涂层20具有恰好一个导电层21,其中反射涂层20选自铜或金或选自具有掺杂物的银,该掺杂物选自另一种金属,其中所述另一种金属不是铜、金、钯或铝。
在本发明的实施方案中,反射涂层20选自具有另一种贵金属的掺杂物的银。
在其它实施方案中,反射涂层20选自具有化学主族的金属的掺杂物的银。
特别地,掺杂物选自铂、铑、铱、钌、铟、锡。
根据本发明,优选使用p偏振的辐射来产生HUD图像。
基底装置10具有反射涂层,所述反射涂层充分地反射p偏振辐射。
因为HUD投影装置典型的约65°的入射角相对接近空气-玻璃过渡(对于钠钙玻璃为57.2°)的布儒斯特角,p偏振辐射几乎不被玻璃板表面反射,而主要是被导电涂层反射。因此,幻像不可感知或几乎不可感知,从而可放弃使用昂贵的楔形膜。
此外,HUD图像也可由偏振选择性太阳镜的佩戴者识别,所述太阳镜典型地仅允许p偏振辐射通过并阻挡s偏振辐射。本发明反射涂层引起450 nm至650 nm光谱范围内相对于p偏振辐射的高反射率,该光谱范围对于HUD显示而言相关(HUD投影器典型地通过波长473nm、550 nm和630 nm (RGB)工作)。由此实现强度高的HUD图像。
所述单个反射涂层不过分降低透光率,以使得基底装置10可以继续用作挡风玻璃板。
图4示出了本发明反射涂层20的实施方式的示例性层序列。反射涂层20可以是薄层堆叠体。
在导电层21上方可以直接布置金属阻挡层24。在其上可以布置上部介电层序列,其从下向上可由上部适配层23b、上部折射率增加层23c和上部抗反射层23a形成。在导电层21下方可以布置下部介电层序列,其从上向下可由下部适配层22b、下部折射率增加层22c和下部抗反射层22a形成。
所示的层结构应理解为仅是示例性的。因此,介电层序列也可以包括更多或更少的层,只要在导电层21上方和下方存在至少一个介电层。这些介电层序列也不必是对称的。示例性的材料和层厚度可以从下面的实施例中获知。
图5、图6和图7示出了如图3中的基底装置10的反射光谱,这些基底装置分别具有根据表1的本发明实施例1至3的层结构。
在相对于内部空间侧的面法线成65°的入射角下通过基底GS1辐射时(所谓的内侧空间侧的反射),利用在所观察的光谱范围中发射均匀强度的p偏振辐射的光源记录反射光谱。反射测量因此接近投影装置中的情况。
从光谱的图形表示中已经可以看出,具有上部和下部介电层或层序列的光学厚度的本发明比率的本发明实施例导致在400 nm至680 nm的令人感兴趣的光谱范围中明显更平滑的光谱。由此确保HUD投影的颜色更中性的显示。此外,改进了玻璃板的一般颜色印象。
所有玻璃板具有大于70%的透光率,从而它们可以用作挡风玻璃板。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,投影器4的辐射以60°至70°的入射角射到基底GS1上。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,导电层21具有10 nm至16 nm的几何厚度。其实例在表1中给出。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,基底装置10的外表面I、IV基本上彼此平行地布置。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,反射涂层20布置在第一基底GS1与第二基底GS2之间。
根据本发明的另一个实施方式,也提供了用于平视显示器HUD的投影装置中的基底装置10,该基底装置包括具有HUD区域B的第一基底GS1。第一基底GS1配备有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层20,其中反射涂层20具有恰好一个导电层21,其中反射涂层20如上所述选自铜、金或选自具有掺杂物的银,该掺杂物选自另一种金属,其中所述另一种金属不是铜、金、钯或铝,而是特别选自铂、铑、铱、钌、铟、锡。
特别地,本发明基底装置还可以具有第二基底GS2,其中反射涂层20布置在第一基底GS1和第二基底GS2之间。
上部和下部介电层序列的光学厚度的本发明比率引起反射光谱的平滑,以使得确保颜色中性的显示。有利的反射性能,尤其光谱的均匀性甚至延伸超出HUD相关的光谱范围到400 nm至680 nm的光谱范围,从而除了良好的HUD显示之外还实现玻璃板的积极整体印象,而没有干扰的色调。
本发明的用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置包括至少一个基底装置10和投影器4,所述基底装置配备有反射涂层20。
如在HUD中常见的那样,投影器4辐射基底装置10的一个区域,在该区域中辐射朝着观察者(驾驶员)的方向被反射,由此产生虚拟图像,观察者在从他来看位于基底装置10后方感知该虚拟图像。基底装置10的可通过投影器辐射的区域被称为HUD区域。投影器的辐射方向可以典型地通过反射镜来改变,尤其是垂直地改变,以使投影与观察者的身体大小相适配。观察者的眼睛在给定的反射镜位置中必须位于的区域被称为眼动窗口。该眼动窗口可以通过反射镜的调整而垂直地移动,其中整个由此可到达的区域(也就是说所有可能的眼动窗口的叠加)被称为眼动范围。位于眼动范围内的观察者可以感知虚像图像。这当然意味着,观察者的眼睛必须位于眼动范围内,而不是例如整个身体。
这里使用的来自HUD领域的专业术语是本领域技术人员通常已知的。对于详细描述,参阅慕尼黑工业大学信息学院Alexander Neumann的博士论文“SimulationsbasierteMesstechnik zur Prüfung von Head-up Displays” (慕尼黑:慕尼黑工业大学的大学图书馆,2012),特别是第2章“Das Head-up Display”。
本发明反射涂层具有恰好一个导电层。在导电层下方布置下部介电层或层序列。同样地,在导电层上方布置上部介电层或层序列。上部和下部介电层或层序列分别具有至少为1.9的折射率。
在本发明的范围内,折射率原则上基于550 nm的波长给出。光学厚度是几何厚度和折射率(在550 nm处)的乘积。层序列的光学厚度作为各层的光学厚度的总和来计算。
如果第一层布置在第二层上方,则这在本发明的意义上意味着,第一层布置为比第二层更远离在其上施加有涂层的基底。如果第一层布置在第二层下方,则这在本发明的意义上意味着,第二层布置为比第一层更远离基底。
如果层基于材料形成,则该层大部分由该材料构成,尤其除了可能的杂质或掺杂物之外基本上由该材料构成。
根据本发明,上部介电层或层序列的光学厚度与下部介电层或层序列的光学厚度的比率至少为1.7。已经令人惊讶地表明,光学厚度的这种不对称性导致相对于p偏振辐射的明显更平滑的反射光谱,以使得在整个相关光谱范围(400 nm至680 nm)内存在相对恒定的反射率。由此确保了HUD投影的颜色中性的显示和玻璃板的颜色中性的整体印象。
本发明的光学厚度比率作为上部介电层或层序列的光学厚度(被除数)除以下部介电层或层序列的光学厚度(除数)的商来计算。
在一个优选的实施方式中,上部介电层或层序列的光学厚度与下部介电层或层序列的光学厚度的比率为至少1.8,特别优选至少1.9。由此实现特别好的结果。这尤其适用于使用银。
在本发明的实施方案中,反射涂层施加在两个基底的面向中间层的表面之一上,例如第二基底GS2/外玻璃板的内部空间侧的表面上或第一基底GS1/内玻璃板的外侧表面上。
反射涂层也可以例如布置在可能存在的热塑性中间层内,例如施加在布置在两个热塑性接合膜之间的载体膜上。
反射涂层是透明的,这在本发明的意义上意味着,其在可见光谱范围中具有至少70%,优选至少80%的平均透射率,并且由此不显著地限制透过玻璃板的透视。
原则上,挡风玻璃板的HUD区域配备有反射涂层就足够了。但是其它区域也可以配备有反射涂层,并且挡风玻璃板可以基本上整面地配备有反射涂层,这由于制造所致可能是优选的。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,玻璃板表面的至少80%配备有本发明反射涂层20。特别地,反射涂层20施加玻璃板表面的整面上。在此,可以排除特定的区域。例如可以排除环绕边缘区域和/或任选局部区域,这些局部区域应作为通讯、传感器或摄像机窗口确保电磁辐射透过挡风玻璃板的透射率并且因此不配备反射涂层。环绕的未涂覆的边缘区域例如可以具有高达20 cm的宽度。这种环绕的未涂覆的边缘区域可以防止反射涂层与周围大气直接接触,从而保护挡风玻璃板内部的反射涂层免受腐蚀和损坏。
本发明反射涂层由于导电的反射涂层20而具有IR反射性能,从而其充当防晒涂层,其通过反射热辐射而减少运载工具内部空间的升温。反射涂层20也可以在其被电接触时用作加热涂层,以使得电流流过其中,该电流加热反射涂层。
配备有反射涂层20的基底装置10优选在400 nm至680 nm的光谱范围中具有至少15%,特别优选至少20%的相对于p偏振辐射的平均反射率。由此产生足够高强度的投影图像。在此,反射率以相对于内部空间侧的面法线成65°的入射角测量,这大致对应于通过常见投影器的辐射。将400 nm至680 nm的光谱范围用于表征反射性能,因为观察者的视觉印象主要通过该光谱范围显现。此外,它覆盖与HUD显示相关的波长(RGB:473 nm、550 nm、630nm)。在相对简单的层结构情况下的高反射率是本发明的巨大优点。如果在400 nm至680 nm的整个光谱范围中的反射率为至少15%,优选至少20%,以使得在所示光谱范围中的反射率在任何部位都不低于所示值,则获得特别好的结果。
反射率描述了全部入射的辐射的被反射的比例。其以%示出(基于100%的入射辐射计)或作为0至1的无单位数示出(基于入射辐射标准化)。根据波长绘制而形成反射光谱。在本发明的范围内,关于相对于p偏振辐射的反射率的陈述是指以相对于内部空间侧的面法线成65°的入射角测量的反射率。关于反射率或关于反射光谱的说明基于通过在观察的光谱范围中以100%的标准化辐射强度均匀辐射的光源测量反射。
为了实现投影器图像的尽可能颜色中性的显示,反射光谱应该是尽可能平滑的并且不具有显著的局部最小值和最大值。在400 nm至680 nm的光谱范围中,出现的最大反射率与反射率平均值之间的差值以及出现的最小反射率与反射率平均值之间的差值在一个优选的实施方式中应为最高3%,特别优选最高2%。在此也再次使用以相对于内部空间侧的面法线成65°的入射角测量的相对于p偏振辐射的反射率。所示的差值应理解为反射率的绝对偏差(以%示出),而不理解为相对于平均值的百分比偏差。所示的反射光谱的平滑性可以通过本发明反射涂层由于其导电层而毫无问题地实现。
作为反射光谱的平滑性的量度,可以替代地使用400 nm至680 nm光谱范围中的标准偏差。其优选小于1%,特别优选小于0.9%,非常特别优选小于0.8% 。
上面提到的所希望的反射特性尤其通过各层的材料和厚度的选择以及介电层序列的构造来实现。因此,可以适当地调节反射涂层。
反射涂层例如是薄层堆叠体,即薄单层的层序列。该薄层堆叠体包含恰好一个基于铜或金或选自具有掺杂物的银的导电层21。
导电层21对反射涂层赋予基本的反射性能,并且还赋予IR反射效果和导电性。
反射涂层20包含恰好一个导电层21,即不多于该导电层21,并且在反射涂层的上方或下方也不布置其它导电层。本发明的特别优点是,通过导电层21可以实现所希望的反射性能,而不会如在使用多个导电层时的情况那样过度地降低透射率。
然而,可存在其它导电层,所述其它导电层对反射涂层的导电性没有显著贡献,而是实现另一目的。这尤其适用于具有小于1 nm的几何厚度的金属阻挡层,其优选可以布置在导电层和介电层序列之间。
也就是说,具有小于1 nm的较小厚度的导电层不被认为是反射涂层。
导电层21优选包含至少90重量%的银、铜或金,特别优选至少99重量%的银、铜或金,非常特别优选至少99.9重量%的铜、金或,相应地,对于(一种或多种)合金而言仅还剩下补足至100重量%的范围。
导电层21可以具有掺杂物,例如铂和/或铑和/或铟和/或锡和/或钌和/或铱。导电层21的几何层厚度优选为最多16 nm,特别优选最多14 nm,非常特别优选最多13 nm。由此可以提供在IR范围内的有利反射率,而不会过度地降低透射率。导电层21的几何层厚度优选为至少5 nm,特别优选至少8 nm。较薄的导电层可导致层结构的去湿。特别优选地,导电层21的几何层厚度为10 nm至16 nm或11 nm至14 nm。
在一个有利的实施方式中,反射涂层20优选不含折射率为小于1.9的介电层。所述反射涂层的所有介电层因此优选具有至少1.9的折射率。本发明的特别优点是,所希望的反射性能可以单独地通过相对高折射率的介电层来实现。因为对于折射率小于1.9的低折射率层而言特别可考虑在磁场辅助阴极沉积中具有低沉积速率的氧化硅层,因此本发明反射涂层可以快速且成本有利地制造。
反射涂层20可以在导电层上方和下方彼此独立地分别具有折射率为至少1.9的介电层或介电层序列。介电层例如可以基于氮化硅、氧化锌、氧化锡锌、硅-金属-混合氮化物,如氮化硅锆、氧化锆、氧化铌、氧化铪、氧化钽、氧化钨或碳化硅形成。所述氧化物和氮化物可以化学计量地、亚化学计量地或超化学计量地沉积。它们可以具有掺杂物,例如铝、锆、钛或硼。
上部介电层或层序列的光学厚度优选为100 nm至200 nm,特别优选130 nm至170nm。下部介电层或层序列的光学厚度优选为50 nm至100 nm,特别优选60 nm至90 nm。由此获得良好的结果。
在一个有利的实施方式中,在导电层21上方和下方分别布置介电层,所述介电层可称作为抗反射层并且优选基于氧化物,例如氧化锡和/或氮化物,例如氮化硅,特别优选基于氮化硅。氮化硅由于其光学性能、其简单的可用性以及其高的机械和化学稳定性而被证明是有利的。硅优选地例如被铝或硼掺杂。在介电层序列的情况下,基于氮化硅的层优选是上部层序列的最上层或下部层序列的最下层。上部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为50 nm至100 nm,特别优选55 nm至80 nm,特别是60 nm至70 nm。下部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为10nm至50 nm,特别优选15 nm至40 nm,特别是20 nm至35 nm。
除了抗反射层之外,还可以任选地存在折射率至少为1.9的其它介电层。因此,上部和下部层序列可以彼此独立地包含适配层,该适配层改进导电层的反射率。适配层优选基于氧化锌形成,特别优选其中0 ≤δ≤ 0.01的氧化锌ZnO1-δ。该适配层还优选包含掺杂物。适配层例如可以包含铝掺杂的氧化锌(ZnO:Al)。氧化锌优选以就氧而言亚化学计量的方式沉积,以避免过量氧与导电层反应。适配层优选布置在导电层与抗反射层之间。适配层的几何厚度优选为5 nm至30 nm,特别优选8 nm至12 nm。
也可以存在折射率增加层,其具有比抗反射层更高的折射率,同样彼此独立地在上部和下部层序列中。由此可以进一步改进并精细调节光学性能,尤其是反射性能。这些折射率增加层优选包括硅-金属-混合氮化物,如硅-锆-混合氮化物、硅-铝-混合氮化物、硅-钛-混合氮化物或硅-铪-混合氮化物,特别优选硅-锆-混合氮化物。在此,锆比例优选为15至45重量%,特别优选15至30重量%。作为替代的材料,例如可考虑WO3、Nb2O5、Bi2O3、TiO2、Zr3N4和/或AlN。折射率增加层优选布置在抗反射层和导电层之间或在适配层(如果存在)和抗反射层之间。折射率增加层的几何厚度优选为5 nm至30 nm,特别优选5 nm至15 nm。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,在导电层下方布置恰好一个折射率为至少1.9的下部介电层,其优选基于氮化硅。同样地,在导电层上方布置恰好一个折射率为至少1.9的上部介电层,其优选基于氮化硅。得到由基底出发的层序列:下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 上部抗反射层。反射涂层优选不含其它介电层。上部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为50 nm至100nm,特别优选55 nm至80 nm,特别是60 nm至70 nm。下部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为10 nm至50 nm,特别优选15 nm至40 nm,特别是20 nm至35 nm。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,在导电层下方布置第一下部介电层(抗反射层)和第二下部介电层(适配层)。同样地,在导电层上方布置第一上部介电层(抗反射层)和第二上部介电层(适配层)。该抗反射层和适配层具有至少为1.9的折射率。抗反射层优选基于氮化硅形成,适配层基于氧化锌形成。适配层优选布置在各自的抗反射层和导电层之间:得到由基底出发的层序列:下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层。反射涂层优选不包含其它介电层。上部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为50 nm至100 nm,特别优选55 nm至80 nm,特别是60 nm至70 nm。下部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为10 nm至50nm,特别优选15 nm至40 nm,特别是20 nm至35 nm。适配层的几何厚度优选为5 nm至30 nm,特别优选8 nm至12 nm。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,在导电层下方布置第一下部介电层(抗反射层)、第二下部介电层(适配层)和第三下部介电层(折射率增加层)。同样地,在导电层上方布置第一上部介电层(抗反射层)、第二上部介电层(适配层)和第三上部介电层(折射率增加层)。抗反射层和适配层以及折射率增加层具有至少为1.9的折射率。折射率增加层具有比抗反射层更高的折射率,优选至少2.1。抗反射层优选基于氮化硅形成,适配层基于氧化锌形成,折射率增加层基于硅-金属-混合氮化物,例如硅-锆-混合氮化物或硅-铪-混合氮化物形成。适配层优选具有与导电层的最小距离,而折射率增加层布置在适配层和抗反射层之间。得到由基底出发的层序列:下部抗反射层 - 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层。反射涂层优选不包含其它介电层。上部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为50 nm至100 nm,特别优选55 nm至80 nm,特别是60nm至70 nm。下部抗反射层的几何厚度优选为10 nm至50 nm,特别优选15 nm至40 nm,特别是20 nm至35 nm。适配层的几何厚度优选为5 nm至30 nm,特别优选8 nm至12 nm。折射率增加层的几何厚度优选为5 nm至30 nm,特别优选5 nm至15 nm。
因为上部和下部介电层序列可以彼此独立地形成,上面描述的实施方式的组合也是可行的,其中上部介电层/层序列根据一个实施方式形成并且下部介电层/层序列根据另一个实施方式形成。得到分别由基底,即反射涂层所沉积的表面出发的如下优选层序列:
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层- 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 – 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 – 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层- 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 – 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 上部适配层- 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层。
在一个有利的实施方式中,反射涂层包含至少一个金属阻挡层。阻挡层可以布置在导电层下方和/或上方,并且优选与导电层直接接触。阻挡层此时位于导电层与介电层/层序列之间。阻挡层用于尤其在经涂覆的玻璃板的温度处理时(如其通常在弯曲过程中出现那样)对导电层进行氧化保护。阻挡层优选具有小于1 nm,例如0.1 nm至0.5 nm的几何厚度。阻挡层优选基于钛或镍-铬-合金形成。
阻挡层仅不显著要地改变反射涂层的光学性能,并且优选在所有上述实施方式中存在。特别优选地,阻挡层直接布置在导电层上方,即在导电层和上部介电层(序列)之间,在那里它是特别有效的。得到如下优选层序列:
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 – 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部抗反射层
- 下部抗反射层 - 下部折射率增加层 - 下部适配层 - 导电层 - 阻挡层 - 上部适配层 - 上部折射率增加层 - 上部抗反射层。
可以分别任选地将附加的阻挡层直接布置在导电层下方,即在导电层和下部介电层(序列)之间。
该投影器布置在挡风玻璃板的内部空间侧,并通过内玻璃板的内部空间侧的表面辐射挡风玻璃板。其指向HUD区域并且辐射该区域以产生HUD投影。根据本发明,投影器的辐射主要是p偏振的,即具有大于50%的p偏振辐射比例。投影器的总辐射中的p偏振辐射比例越高,所希望的投影图像的强度就越高并且因此挡风玻璃板的表面上的不希望的反射的强度越弱。投影器的p偏振辐射比例优选为至少70%,特别优选至少80%,特别是至少90%。在一个特别有利的实施方式中,投影器的辐射基本上是纯p偏振的——p偏振辐射比例因此为100%或仅不显著地与其偏离。偏振方向的说明在此涉及辐射在挡风玻璃板上的入射平面。p偏振辐射表示其电场在入射平面中振荡的辐射。s偏振辐射表示其电场垂直于入射平面振荡的辐射。入射平面通过入射矢量和挡风玻璃板的被辐射区域的几何中心处的面法线撑开。
投影器的辐射优选以45°至70°,特别是60°至70°的入射角射到挡风玻璃板上。在一个有利的实施方式中,入射角与布儒斯特角相差最多10°。p偏振辐射此时仅不显著地在挡风玻璃板的表面上反射,从而不产生幻像。入射角是投影器辐射的入射矢量和在HUD区域的几何中心处的内部空间侧的面法线(即挡风玻璃板的内部空间侧的外表面上的面法线)之间的角度。对于一般常用于窗户玻璃板的钠钙玻璃的情况,用于空气-玻璃-过渡的布儒斯特角是57.2°。理想地,入射角应当尽可能接近该布儒斯特角。但是,例如也可以使用65°的入射角,该入射角对于HUD投影装置而言常见,可以在运载工具中毫无问题地实现,并且仅以小的程度偏离布儒斯特角,以使得p偏振辐射的反射仅不显著地增加。
由于投影器辐射的反射基本上发生在反射涂层处而不是在玻璃板外表面处,不需要将玻璃板外表面彼此成角度地布置以避免幻像。因此,挡风玻璃板的外表面优选基本上彼此平行地布置。热塑性中间层为此优选不被设计为楔形的,而是具有基本恒定的厚度,特别是甚至在挡风玻璃板的上边缘和下边缘之间的垂直走向中,内玻璃板/第一基底GS1和外玻璃板/第二基底GS2同样如此。相反,楔形中间层在挡风玻璃板的下边缘和上边缘之间的垂直走向中具有可变的,尤其增大的厚度。中间层通常由至少一个热塑性膜形成。因为标准膜比楔形膜的成本明显更有利,挡风玻璃板的制造变得更有利。
外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS1优选由玻璃,特别是由钠钙玻璃制成,这对于窗户玻璃板而言是常见的。但是,这些玻璃板原则上也可以由其它玻璃种类(例如硼硅酸盐玻璃、石英玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃)或透明塑料(例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚碳酸酯)制成。外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS1的厚度可以宽泛地变化。优选使用厚度为0.8 mm至5 mm,优选1.4 mm至2.5 mm的玻璃板,例如具有标准厚度1.6 mm或2.1mm的玻璃板。
外玻璃板/第二基底GS2、内玻璃板/第一基底GS1和热塑性中间层3可以是清澈且无色的,但也可以是着色或染色的。在一个优选的实施方式中,透过挡风玻璃板 (连同反射涂层)的总透射率大于70%。术语总透射率基于由ECE-R 43,附录3,第9.1款所规定的检测机动车玻璃板透光率的方法。外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS1可以彼此独立地是未预加应力、部分预加应力或预加应力的。如果玻璃板中的至少一个应具有预应力,则这可以是热或化学预应力。
在一个有利的实施方式中,外玻璃板/第二基底GS2是着色或染色的。由此可以减小挡风玻璃板的外侧反射率,由此玻璃板的印象对于外部观察者而言变得更舒适。然而,为了确保挡风玻璃板的70%的预定透光率(总透射率),外玻璃板/第二基底GS2应优选具有至少80%,特别优选至少85%的透光率。内玻璃板/第一基底GS1和中间层优选是清澈的,即未着色或染色的。例如,绿色或蓝色染色的玻璃可以用作外玻璃板/第二基底GS2。
挡风玻璃板优选在空间的一个或多个方向上弯曲,如对于机动车玻璃板而言常见那样,其中典型的曲率半径为约10 cm至约40 cm。但是,挡风玻璃板也可以是平坦的,例如当它被设置作为用于公共汽车、火车或拖拉机的玻璃板时。
热塑性中间层包含至少一种热塑性聚合物,优选乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)或聚氨酯(PU)或其混合物或共聚物或衍生物,特别优选PVB。中间层典型地由热塑性膜形成。中间层的厚度优选为0.02 mm至2 mm,特别优选0.3 mm至1 mm。
挡风玻璃板可以通过本身已知的方法制造。外玻璃板/第一基底GS1和内玻璃板/第二基底GS2通过中间层3层压在一起,例如通过高压釜法、真空袋法、真空环法、压延法、真空层压机或其组合。在此,外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS1的接合通常在热、真空和/或压力的作用下进行。
反射涂层优选通过物理气相沉积(英语:物理气相沉积,简称PVD)施加到玻璃板表面上,特别优选通过阴极溅射(“溅射”),非常特别优选通过磁场辅助阴极溅射(“磁控溅射”)。优选在层压之前施加涂层。代替将反射涂层施加到玻璃板表面上,其原则上也可以在载体膜上提供,所述载体膜布置在中间层中。
如果挡风玻璃板应是弯曲的,则外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS2优选在层压之前和优选在可能的涂覆过程之后经受弯曲过程。优选地,外玻璃板/第二基底GS2和内玻璃板/第一基底GS1共同(即同时且通过相同工具)一致地弯曲,因为由此使得玻璃板的形状对于之后进行的层压而言最优地彼此匹配。玻璃弯曲过程的典型温度为例如500℃至700℃。这种温度处理也提高透明度并降低反射涂层的面电阻。
此外,本发明包括根据本发明形成的基底装置10作为挡风玻璃板的用途,其用作平视显示器的投影装置的投影面,其中投影器指向HUD区域,其辐射主要是p偏振的。上述优选实施方式相应地适用于该用途。
本发明还包括本发明投影装置作为机动车,特别是载人轿车或载重机动车中的HUD的用途。
附图标记列表
(10) 基底装置/挡风玻璃板
(GS2) 外玻璃板/第二基底
(GS1) 内玻璃板/第一基底
(3) 热塑性中间层
(4) 投影器
(5) 观察者/运载工具驾驶员
(20) 反射涂层
(21) 导电层
(22a) 第一下部介电层/抗反射层
(22b) 第二下部介电层/适配层
(22c) 第三下部介电层/折射率增加层
(23a) 第一上部介电层/抗反射层
(23b) 第二上部介电层/适配层
(23c) 第三上部介电层/折射率增加层
(24) 金属阻挡层
(O) 挡风玻璃板/基底装置10的上边缘
(U) 挡风玻璃板/基底装置10的下边缘
(B) 挡风玻璃板/基底装置10的HUD区域
(E) 眼动范围
(I) 基底GS2的背离中间层3的外侧表面
(II) 基底GS2的面向中间层3的内部空间侧的表面
(III) 基底GS1的面向中间层3的外侧表面
(IV) 基底GS1的背离中间层3的内部空间侧的表面。
Claims (10)
1.用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置,其具有
• 具有HUD区域(B)的基底(GS1);和
• 投影器(4),其指向所述HUD区域(B);
• 其中投影器(4)的辐射主要是p偏振的,并且
• 其中所述基底(GS1)配备有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层(20);
• 其中所述反射涂层(20)具有恰好一个导电层(21),
• 其中所述反射涂层(20)
(a) 选自铜或金,
(b) 或选自具有掺杂物的银,所述掺杂物选自铂、铑、铱、钌、铟、锡。
2.根据权利要求1所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述投影器(4)的辐射基本上是纯p偏振的。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述投影器(4)的辐射以60°至70°的入射角射到所述基底(GS1)上。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)具有10 nm至16nm,优选最高14 nm,特别优选最高13 nm的几何厚度。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的投影装置,其中基底装置(10)的外表面(I、IV)基本上彼此平行地布置。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述反射涂层(20)布置在所述第一基底(GS1)与第二基底(GS2)之间。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述反射涂层(20)布置在所述第一基底(GS1)与第二基底(GS2)之间,并且其中所述第一基底(GS1)被构造为复合玻璃板的内玻璃板并且所述第二基底(GS2)被构造为复合玻璃板的外玻璃板,它们通过热塑性中间层(3)相互接合。
8.根据权利要求6或7中任一项所述的投影装置,其具有所述基底装置(10),所述基底装置具有
• 具有HUD区域(B)的第一基底(GS1);
• 其中所述第一基底(GS1)配备有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层(20);
• 其中所述反射涂层(20)具有恰好一个导电层(21),
• 其中所述反射涂层(20)
(a) 选自铜或金,
(b) 或选自具有掺杂物的银,或选自具有掺杂物的银,所述掺杂物选自铂、铑、铱、钌、铟、锡,
• 其中所述反射涂层(20)布置在所述第一基底(GS1)与所述第二基底(GS2)之间。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述基底装置(10)被构造为陆地、海洋、航天或航空运载工具的挡风玻璃板,所述挡风玻璃板在安装位置中具有上边缘和下边缘。
10.具有根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的投影装置的运载工具,尤其载人轿车。
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