CN114561216A - 一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法 - Google Patents
一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114561216A CN114561216A CN202210238970.XA CN202210238970A CN114561216A CN 114561216 A CN114561216 A CN 114561216A CN 202210238970 A CN202210238970 A CN 202210238970A CN 114561216 A CN114561216 A CN 114561216A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法。包括如下步骤：将中药材废料进行生物碱分析检测，筛选出生物碱含量≥0.1％的中药材废料为初选原料，再将初选原料粉碎成20‑40目的原料粉末；进行糖化发酵，将原料粉末与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素按照质量比6～8：2～1:2～1比例混合，进行堆置发酵，发酵至温度50～70℃，发酵时间7～15天，得到含生物碱发酵粉；再与预先制备的矿源腐植酸活化剂按照质量比1:0.4～1比例混合，获得含生物碱与腐植酸的土壤调理剂。该方法充分回收利用中药材秸秆原料，生产工艺简单，可操作性强，对环境友好，并改良了土壤结构，很大程度上抑制了土壤病虫害问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于土壤调理剂的生产技术领域，具体涉及一种利用中药材秸秆发酵制备含生物碱土壤调理剂。
技术背景
云南是我国中药材资源大省，其品种、数量均居全国之首，据全省中药资源普查资料记载，云南共有药用植物类315科，1841属，6157种；主要动、植物药材的产(藏)量近10亿公斤；其药用植物占全国总量的55％。在中药材规模化种植面积方面，云南省中药材种植面积连续三年稳居全国第一。2018年云南中药材产业种植面积756万亩，2019年突破812万亩，2020年全国中药材种植规划面积5998.5万亩，其中云南省中药材种植面积达到了850万亩，占全国种植面积的14.17％。
目前我国已发现有毒植物达一万多种，其都具有杀虫抑菌作用和开发价值的杀虫植物主要分为以下几类：
杀灭真菌、细菌病和病毒病疗效植物有：胡蔓藤、黄柏、大黄、连翘、板蓝根、烟草和茶籽等。
驱避昆虫作用的植物有：樟、桉、楝、肉桂、檀香、野薄荷、土荆芥、夜来香、玫瑰、丁香、番荔枝、芫荽、香附、使君子、花椒、茴香、黄皮和芸香(民间称为臭草)等，其中桉油、樟油、薄荷油、香茅油和黄皮油等，已广泛应用于各种天然驱蚊剂。
对昆虫具有拒食作用的植物有：柑桔、辣蓼、酒饼叶、楝和日本常山等。
具有调整昆虫激素平衡、使昆虫绝育的植物有：霍香蓟、万寿菊和香茅、喜树碱、姜油、肉桂油和维生素H等。
属于其他类的还有鱼藤、巴豆、除虫菊、博落迥和罂粟等。
目前现有中药材种植过程中，其采收中药材后副产大量的秸杆和残叶等废料，一般都就地自然丢弃或焚烧，未进行还田或利用，造成了农田环境污染，急需寻找高效利用途径。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，通过对不同中药材采收副产秸杆和残叶进行就地还田处理过程中，发现其非药材部分的秸杆和残叶都含有少量生物碱药性成分，结合农业部对农作物秸杆还田的政策，将典型的含有生物碱中药材秸秆为原料，通过与传统腐植酸土壤调理剂结合，生产出含生物碱和腐植酸的中药材秸秆粉土壤调理剂，为中药材秸秆还田提供了高效回收利用的有效途径。
一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1，选料，进行中药材废料的选择，其筛选方式为进行生物碱的分析检测，针对检测结果进行分类，确定生物碱含量≥0.1％的中药材废料为初选原料；
步骤2，将步骤1确定的初选原料粉碎至20-40目制得粉末原料；
步骤3，糖化发酵，将步骤2的粉末原料与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素按照质量比6～8：2～1:2～1比例混合，进行堆置发酵，发酵温度50～70℃，发酵时间7～15天，得到含生物碱的发酵粉；
步骤4，混合制备含生物碱土壤调理剂，将步骤3的含生物碱发酵粉，与预先活化制备的矿物源腐植酸，按照质量比(5～7:3～5)改为1:0.4～1(这种换算比例是否正确，专利上两个的比值要求有一个为定值1)比例搅拌混合均匀，制备含生物碱和腐植酸的土壤调理剂。
进一步地，所述生物碱含量≥0.1％的中药材废料包括附子、云木香、秦艽、滇黄精、滇重楼、草果、砂仁、除虫菊、黄连、鱼藤、苦木、百部、乳香、柴胡、金银花、甘草、板蓝根、滇红花、烟草、巴豆的中药材非药效部位的秸杆和残叶。
进一步地，步骤(1)中所述中药初选原料生物碱分析检测包括乌头碱、小檗碱、百部碱、莨菪碱、苦参碱、马钱子碱、辣椒碱的一种或多种生物碱的分析检测。
进一步地，所述初选原料含有上述任意一种或多种生物碱。
进一步地，步骤(3)所述粉末原料：甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜：尿素的混合质量比是8：1：1，发酵温度为55±5℃，发酵时间10天；
进一步地，步骤(4)中所述含生物碱发酵粉与矿物源腐植酸混合质量比为7:3。
本发明还包括利用上述方法制得的含生物碱土壤调理剂。
本发明还包括利用上述方法制得的含生物碱土壤调理剂在调节酸性化土壤中的应用。
进一步地，所述酸性土壤的PH≤4.7。
进一步地，所述含生物碱土壤调理剂的施用量控制在每亩80～120千克。
本发明的工作原理介绍：本发明通过检测出含有生物碱的中药材废弃秸秆和残叶，对选料后的秸秆残叶进行粉碎，再与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素按照比例混合混合发酵成为含生物碱的中药材发酵秸秆粉，最后与矿物质源腐植酸，按照比例混合生成含生物碱土壤调理剂，用于改善酸性土壤的同时利用生物碱消灭线虫、根肿病毒等病害，减少农药杀菌剂的使用。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
1、本发明方法利用中药材废弃的秸杆，不仅充分利用其中的有机质改良土壤，还利用了其中的生物碱，大大抑制了土壤中的病虫害，解决目前中药材种植中的秸杆利用和土壤改良两大问题；
2、含生物碱中药材秸秆制备的含生物碱土壤调理剂，其生物碱具有缓释性，主要对线虫的幼虫起到杀灭作用，减少农药的使用，降低农残超标对土壤的伤害；
3、本发明方法中的中药材秸杆充分发酵腐熟，不会对土壤植物造成伤害；
4、本发明方法得到的生物碱中药材发酵秸秆粉与矿源腐植酸活化剂混合。矿源腐植酸活化剂本身就是很好的土壤调理剂，两者强强联合，效果更优；
5、该含生物碱土壤调理剂生产工艺简单，可操作性强，对环境友好，并为中药材秸秆还田提供了高效回收利用的有效途径；
6、该含生物碱土壤调理剂原料粉碎至20-40目，使得中药材废料不仅仅只是作为还田肥料，还可以防护和调理土壤。
附图说明
图1是本发明一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法步骤流程图；
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明了，下面结合具体实施方式并参照附图，对本发明进一步详细发明。应该理解，这些描述只是示例性的，而并非要限制本发明的范围。此外，在以下发明中，省略了对公知结构和技术的描述，以避免不必要地混淆本发明的概念。
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述。
实施例1：
取附子中药材秸杆，检测其附子秸杆乌头碱成分，将附子秸杆粉碎至40目，附子中药材秸杆粉末与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素8：1:1的比例，进行堆置发酵，发酵至温度50℃，发酵时间为10天，得到含生物碱中药材发酵秸秆粉；与预先制备的矿源腐植酸活化剂按照7：3比例混合，生成附子中药材秸秆发酵制备含生物碱土壤调理剂。
该含乌头碱生物碱土壤调理剂用于防治马铃薯小地老虎[Agrotis ypsilon(Rott.)]为害，每亩(666.7㎡)用该含生物碱土壤调理剂80公斤和100公斤，施用后15天调查防治效果，小地老虎的虫口密度从施用前的每平方米平均6.4头，下降为每平方米平均1.2头和0.8头。防治效果分别为81.25％和87.5％。
实施例2：
取除虫菊、柴胡、金银花、苦参、板蓝根等秸杆，检测出虫菊酯、苦参碱和马钱子碱成分，粉碎至30目，药材秸杆粉末与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素8:1:1的比例，进行堆置糖化发酵，发酵至温度55℃，发酵时间15天，得到含生物碱中药材发酵秸秆粉；与预先制备的矿源腐植酸活化剂按照7：3比例混合，获得中药材秸秆发酵制备含生物碱土壤调理剂。
该含虫菊酯、苦参碱和马钱子碱生物碱土壤调理剂用于防治萝卜铜绿丽金龟[A.corpulenta Mots.]为害，每亩(666.7㎡)用该含生物碱土壤调理剂100公斤和120公斤，施用后15天调查防治效果，铜绿丽金龟的虫口密度从施用前的每平方米平均3.7头，下降为每平方米平均0.6头和0.4头。防治效果分别为83.78％和89.19％。
实施例3：
取滇重楼、滇黄精、辣椒等秸杆，检测辣椒碱、莨菪碱成分，粉碎至20目，药材秸杆粉末与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素8:1:1的比例，进行堆置发酵，发酵至温度65℃，发酵时间7天，得到含生物碱中药材发酵秸秆粉；与预先制备的矿源腐植酸活化剂按照7：3比例混合，获得中药材秸秆发酵制备含乌头碱土壤调理剂。
该含莨菪碱、辣椒碱生物碱土壤调理剂用于防治大白菜黄条跳甲[Phyllotretastrioata]为害，每亩(666.7㎡)用该含生物碱土壤调理剂80公斤和120公斤，施用后7天调查防治效果，黄条跳甲的虫口密度从施用前的每平方米平均12.5头，下降为每平方米平均3.6头和2.4头。防治效果分别为71.1％和80.8％。
应当理解的是，本发明的上述具体实施方式仅仅用于示例性发明或解释本发明的原理，而不构成对本发明的限制。因此，在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。此外，本发明所附权利要求旨在涵盖落入所附权利要求范围和边界、或者这种范围和边界的等同形式内的全部变化和修改例。
Claims (10)
1.一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1，选料，进行中药材废料的选择，其筛选方式为进行生物碱的分析检测，针对检测结果进行分类，确定生物碱含量≥0.1％的中药材废料为初选原料；
步骤2，将步骤1确定的初选原料粉碎至20-40目制得粉末原料；
步骤3，糖化发酵，将步骤2的粉末原料与甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜和尿素按照质量比6～8：1～2:1～2比例混合，进行堆置糖化发酵，发酵温度50～70℃，发酵时间7～15天，得到含生物碱的发酵粉；
步骤4，混合制备含生物碱土壤调理剂，将步骤3的含生物碱发酵粉，与预先活化制备的矿物源腐植酸，按照质量比1:0.4～1比例搅拌混合均匀，制备含生物碱和腐植酸的土壤调理剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，所述生物碱含量≥0.1％的中药材废料包括附子、云木香、秦艽、滇黄精、滇重楼、草果、砂仁、除虫菊、黄连、鱼藤、苦木、百部、乳香、柴胡、金银花、甘草、板蓝根、滇红花、烟草、巴豆的中药材非药效部位的秸杆和残叶。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中所述中药初选原料生物碱分析检测包括乌头碱、小檗碱、百部碱、莨菪碱、苦参碱、马钱子碱、辣椒碱的一种或多种生物碱的分析检测。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，所述初选原料含有上述任意一种或多种生物碱。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)所述粉末原料：甘蔗榨糖副产废糖蜜：尿素的混合质量比是8：1：1，发酵温度为55±5℃，发酵时间10天；
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用中药材废料制备含生物碱土壤调理剂的方法，其特征在于，步骤(4)中所述含生物碱发酵粉与矿物源腐植酸混合质量比为7:3。
7.根据权利要求1～6任意一项所述方法制得的含生物碱土壤调理剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述含生物碱土壤调理剂在调节酸性化土壤中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于，所述酸性土壤的PH≤4.7。
10.根据权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于，所述含生物碱土壤调理剂的施用量控制在每亩80～120千克。
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