CN114557315B - 一种降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法,所述方法通过在动物胃液中添加褪黑素或者饲喂褪黑素,从而降低产甲烷量。本发明所述方法中10‑7mol/L~10‑3mol/L褪黑素可以降低体外胃发酵液产甲烷量;饲喂褪黑素8.0~35.0mg/kg/天,从饲喂7天开始,动物呼吸产甲烷量降低。本发明的方法能够降低动物温室气体排放,控制养殖场环境污染,实现低碳养殖。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业畜牧技术领域,具体地涉及通过体外添加或体内饲喂褪黑素降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法。
背景技术
农业碳排放占全球的18.4%,其中畜牧生产及粪污排放占农业排放的31.5%,在总排放中占比5.8%。反刍动物由于其瘤胃发酵的作用,产生的温室气体要多于猪、鸡等单胃动物。降低动物胃甲烷排放量对于解决环境问题以及实现“碳达峰”具有重要的意义。
褪黑素(Melatonin,MT)是由动物松果体产生的神经内分泌激素,参与调控生物节律和多个生理过程。近年来大量的研究发现,褪黑素对于肠道微生物也发挥重要的调节功能,能过通过改变动物肠道菌群结构调节免疫、影响生殖等。
对反刍动物而言,瘤胃是一个复杂的生态系统,类似厌氧发酵罐,其微生物种类复杂多样,包括细菌、真菌、原虫和甲烷菌等。微生物通过相互作用可将饲料降解为CH4、CO2、NH3和挥发性脂肪酸。
因此,需要研究探索一种能够降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法以降低甲烷排放量。
发明内容
为了实现本发明目的,本发明提供一种降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法。
第一方面,本发明提供降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法,包括以下步骤:在动物胃液中添加褪黑素,所述褪黑素的添加量为10-7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给动物饲喂褪黑素,饲喂褪黑素的量为8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,所述褪黑素在动物胃液中的添加量为10-7mol/L、10-6mol/L、10-5mol/L、10-4mol/L、10-3mol/L;优选地,所述褪黑素在胃液中的添加量为10-5mol/L~10- 3mol/L;更优选地,所述褪黑素在胃液中的添加量为10-3mol/L。
在一些实施方案中,给动物饲喂褪黑素的量为8.0mg/kg/天、8.33mg/kg/天、9.0mg/kg/天、10.0mg/kg/天、12.0mg/kg/天、12.5mg/kg/天、14.0mg/kg/天、15.0mg/kg/天、16.0mg/kg/天、16.7mg/kg/天、18.0mg/kg/天、18.75mg/kg/天、20.0mg/kg/天、25.0mg/kg/天、30.0mg/kg/天、33.3mg/kg/天、35.0mg/kg/天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素的量为12.5~25.0mg/kg/天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素的量为15.0~20.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,给动物饲喂褪黑素7~21天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素7~14天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素14天。
在一些实施方案中,所述动物为单胃动物或反刍动物。
优选地,所述单胃动物包括猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、犬、兔等。
优选地,所述反刍动物包括牛、马、羊、骆驼、鹿等;更优选地,所述反刍动物为牛。
在一些实施方案中,本发明提供降低反刍动物瘤胃产甲烷量的方法,包括以下步骤:在反刍动物瘤胃液中添加褪黑素,所述褪黑素的添加量为10-7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给反刍动物饲喂褪黑素,饲喂褪黑素的量为8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,所述褪黑素在反刍动物瘤胃液中的添加量为10-7mol/L、10- 6mol/L、10-5mol/L、10-4mol/L、10-3mol/L;优选地,所述褪黑素在瘤胃液中的添加量为10- 5mol/L~10-3mol/L;更优选地,所述褪黑素在瘤胃液中的添加量为10-3mol/L。
在一些实施方案中,给反刍动物饲喂褪黑素的量为8.0mg/kg/天、8.33mg/kg/天、9.0mg/kg/天、10.0mg/kg/天、12.0mg/kg/天、12.5mg/kg/天、14.0mg/kg/天、15.0mg/kg/天、16.0mg/kg/天、16.7mg/kg/天、18.0mg/kg/天、18.75mg/kg/天、20.0mg/kg/天、25.0mg/kg/天、30.0mg/kg/天、33.3mg/kg/天、35.0mg/kg/天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素的量为12.5~25.0mg/kg/天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素的量为15.0~20.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,给反刍动物饲喂褪黑素7~21天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素7~14天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素14天。
第二方面,本发明提供褪黑素在降低动物胃产甲烷量中的用途。
在一些实施方案中,所述动物为单胃动物或反刍动物。
优选地,所述单胃动物包括猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、犬、兔等。
优选地,所述反刍动物包括牛、马、羊、骆驼、鹿等;更优选地,所述反刍动物为牛。
在一些实施方案中,在动物胃液中添加褪黑素10-7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给动物饲喂褪黑素8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,给动物饲喂褪黑素7~21天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素7~14天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素14天。
在一些实施方案中,本发明提供褪黑素在降低反刍动物瘤胃产甲烷量中的用途。
在一些实施方案中,在反刍动物瘤胃液中添加褪黑素10-7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给反刍动物饲喂褪黑素8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
在一些实施方案中,给反刍动物饲喂褪黑素7~21天;优选地,饲喂褪黑素7~14天;更优选地,饲喂褪黑素14天。
本申请的优点在于:
(1)本发明意外地发现通过饲喂褪黑素能够降低动物胃产甲烷量。经过大量实验,通过动物体外实验发现,褪黑素可通过改变反刍动物瘤胃液中挥发性脂肪酸的含量以及降低大部分产甲烷菌的表达丰度来发挥降甲烷作用。
(2)本发明以反刍动物为例,在体外模拟瘤胃发酵过程,在培养发酵体系中添加褪黑素,体外发酵体系稳定、实验平行性好,可以直观的监测到瘤胃液产生气体成分的变化;另外,采用直接饲喂褪黑素的方式在奶牛上进行体内验证,实验结果证明褪黑素能够降低反刍动物瘤胃产甲烷量。
(3)本发明方法中,对动物直接饲喂褪黑素,操作简便,不需要复杂的饲料工艺,且可选择用含高褪黑素的植物进行替代。
(4)本发明方法中添加物为褪黑素,天然无害,不会存在兽药残留、休药期等问题。
(5)本发明的方法能够降低动物尤其是反刍动物的温室气体排放,控制养殖场环境污染,实现了低碳养殖。
附图说明
图1示出不同褪黑素添加方式对产甲烷量影响。
图2示出饲喂褪黑素对奶牛瘤胃液中褪黑素浓度影响。
图3示出饲喂褪黑素对奶牛呼吸产甲烷量的影响。
图4示出褪黑素对奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵液挥发性脂肪酸的影响。
图5示出体外发酵瘤胃液微生物Alpha多样性分析和物种聚类分析。
图6示出体外发酵瘤胃液微生物Beta多样性分析。
图7示出体外发酵瘤胃液古菌差异统计图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
以下实施例中使用的试剂和材料均为市售商品。
实施例1
1.奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵实验
采集瘤胃瘘管奶牛晨饲前的瘤胃液,用4层纱布过滤,盛放在保温壶内带回实验室。设置对照组(CON)、添加褪黑素组(MT:10-3mol/L、10-5mol/L、10-7mol/L)。以同牛场饲料全混合日粮(Total Mixed Rations,TMR)作为发酵底物,人工唾液作为基质,用氮气置换发酵瓶中氧气,连接气体收集袋,39℃培养箱厌氧培养,收集气袋。利用气相色谱法检测气袋中甲烷的含量。
2.实验设计
体外实验:体外模拟瘤胃发酵过程中添加褪黑素
瘤胃体外发酵体系75mL:每瓶称取0.5g TMR粉末,加入50mL人工唾液,25mL过滤后的瘤胃液。分别设置褪黑素添加浓度10-3mol/L、10-5mol/L、10-7mol/L(褪黑素用少量DMSO溶解后,用生理盐水稀释至目标浓度)和对照组(仅褪黑素溶剂,即少量DMSO+生理盐水),每个浓度按照发酵2h、4h、8h、24h和48h组进行收样,每组3个平行。经39℃厌氧培养后,收集气袋和发酵液。气袋中的气体用气相色谱法检测甲烷含量。
体内实验:选取年龄体况相似健康泌乳期奶牛20头,随机分成两组,每组10头牛,分别为对照组(仅饲喂可消化纸)和饲喂褪黑素组(可消化纸包裹褪黑素)(15mg/kg/天)。每天清晨挤奶后饲喂,连续饲喂21天,分别在0d、7d、14d、21d上午饲喂前用瘤胃采集管采集瘤胃液,利用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测瘤胃液中褪黑素浓度;利用呼吸气体收集系统收集奶牛呼吸的气体,检测气体中甲烷的含量;同时记录奶牛的健康状况和乳品质等信息,以确保饲喂实验对乳品生产的影响。
3.数据分析
对上述记录的数据结果进行数据处理:采用SPSS统计软件分别对数据进行单因素方差分析(One Way ANOVA),p<0.05认为数据具有显著性差异,p<0.01认为数据差异极显著。采用DunCan法进行多重比较,结果用均值±SEM表示。
4.实验结果
4.1不同浓度褪黑素、不同作用时间对瘤胃液体外发酵产甲烷量的影响
本实验模拟奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵体系,向发酵体系中添加外源性不同浓度褪黑素、在不同作用时间下检测该体系发酵产甲烷量,结果如表1所示,处理4h~8h,发酵体系中添加10-3~10-7mol/L褪黑素,均可以降低瘤胃发酵液甲烷产量。其中,4h时,各浓度褪黑素添加组产甲烷量均有下降,产甲烷量较对照组下降15%左右,从8h开始,10-3mol/L褪黑素添加组降甲烷效果更为明显。各个时间段10-3mol/L褪黑素添加组降低甲烷效果均优于其他添加组,可能是由于其他低浓度褪黑素添加组在发酵过程中代谢,作用逐渐下降。处理48h时,10-3mol/L褪黑素添加组显著降低体外发酵产甲烷量。
表1褪黑素对奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵产甲烷量的影响
注:“a”,“b”代表具有显著性差异,p<0.05
4.2褪黑素添加形式对瘤胃体外发酵产甲烷量的影响
因褪黑素在体外发酵体系中有代谢情况,且高浓度褪黑素在水中溶解度较低,该实验通过直接添加褪黑素粉末和添加褪黑素浓储两种方式来研究其对瘤胃体外发酵产甲烷量的影响。添加方式一:直接在培养体系中添加褪黑素粉末(MT p)使体外发酵体系终浓度为2×10-3mol/L。添加方式二:0h和24h分别添加10-3mol/L褪黑素浓储(MT s),分别比较两种添加方式处理后48h的甲烷含量。在处理48h后结果如图1所示,两种添加方式均能显著降低瘤胃体外发酵体系产甲烷量,两种添加方式差异不显著。
4.3奶牛饲喂褪黑素瘤胃液中褪黑素浓度的变化
选择牛场年龄体况相似的泌乳奶牛20头,随机分成两组,每组10头牛,对照组(CON,仅饲喂可消化纸)和饲喂褪黑素组(MT,可消化纸包裹褪黑素),饲喂组每天下午15:00左右,挤奶后采食前饲喂褪黑素粉末15mg/kg/天,连续饲喂21天,分别在0d、7d、14d、21d收集各组瘤胃液,用气相色谱-串联质谱法检测瘤胃液中褪黑素含量,结果如图2所示。饲喂后7d~21d,瘤胃液中褪黑素浓度均显著升高,说明饲喂的褪黑素可以提高瘤胃液中褪黑素的浓度,进而影响奶牛瘤胃代谢状况和瘤胃微生物结构。4.4奶牛饲喂褪黑素对呼吸产甲烷量的影响
对牛场泌乳期奶牛饲喂褪黑素粉末15mg/kg/天,连续饲喂21天,分别在0d、7d、14d、21d用呼吸气体采集系统收集各组奶牛呼吸气体,用气象色谱法检测气体中甲烷的含量,结果如图3所示。从7d开始,饲喂组奶牛呼吸产甲烷量有所下降,14d饲喂组产甲烷量显著下降,21d时,甲烷产量下降程度与14d时接近,说明持续饲喂褪黑素可以显著降低奶牛呼吸产甲烷量,其作用可以维持较长时间。
由本申请的实施例可知,褪黑素能够在奶牛瘤胃液中代谢,持续高水平的褪黑素通过改变瘤胃菌群和代谢物含量,降低奶牛产甲烷量,这一结果在体内和体外两个角度均得到了验证。因此,本发明的方法为动物特别是反刍动物养殖过程中低碳减排提供了可操作性的方法。
本发明方法的研究对象实例为奶牛(正常泌乳奶牛),验证了在瘤胃体外发酵液中添加褪黑素及直接饲喂褪黑素对降低瘤胃产甲烷量的影响。然而,本发明的方法不仅适用于奶牛,还适用于产甲烷的所有反刍动物(包括牛、马、羊、骆驼、鹿等)及单胃动物(包括猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、犬、兔等)。
实施例2.褪黑素对瘤胃液体外发酵挥发性脂肪酸的影响
瘤胃微生物可将植物纤维降解并产生挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),进而为宿主提供能量物质,因此我们分析了体外发酵体系挥发性脂肪酸。根据上述实验,我们最终确定用10- 3mol/L褪黑素溶液处理体外瘤胃液,反应时间48h,利用气相色谱法检测了瘤胃液体外发酵液中6种挥发性脂肪酸的含量,即乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸,结果如图4所示,补充褪黑素后,瘤胃液中乙酸和丙酸水平均显著降低。在反刍动物瘤胃中,CO2和H2主要来自糖降解中丙酮酸转变为乙酸和丁酸的过程,而丙酸可利用H2生成糖。我们比较了两组A/P值,对照组的A/P值为3.00,褪黑素组的A/P值为3.372,结果发现,CH4产量与乙酸、丙酸分别呈正相关,与乙酸/丙酸(A/P)呈负相关。这表明褪黑素可能是通过改变乙酸和丙酸的含量来发挥降甲烷作用。
实施例3.褪黑素对体外瘤胃发酵体系菌群结构影响
1.Alpha多样性
Alpha多样性可以反映微生物群落的丰度和多样性,由图5A可见,发酵液中添加褪黑素后,瘤胃微生物的菌群多样性反而增加,说明褪黑素并不会破坏瘤胃菌群的多样性。为了明晰测得的菌群物种分类信息,对OTUs进行聚类分析,图5B显示的是目水平上的物种注释的聚类图,结果可见,经褪黑素处理后获得的菌群物种结构产生了变化,梭菌目、拟杆菌目、单胞菌目、脱硫弧菌等相对丰度显著变化。
2.差异物种分析
分析获得的结果如图6A所示,梭菌目、拟杆菌目、单胞菌目、脱硫弧菌等均有显著差异,普雷沃氏菌属、产琥铂酸菌等代谢产丙酸和丁酸的菌群丰度下降,而双歧杆菌等产乙酸的菌群上升,图6B更直观的展示了不同分类级别上的组间差异。每一个小圆圈代表该水平下的一个分类,小圆圈直径大小与相对丰度大小呈正比。无显著差异的物种统一着色为黄色,差异物种Biomarker用相应组的颜色表示。
3.宏基因组物种注释
为了进一步研究瘤胃微生物变化,本研究又进行了宏基因组的测序。宏基因组测序除了对基因table的分析,同样的也可以对样本的物种组成进行分析,可以获得除细菌外的更多物种信息,包括噬菌体、病毒、真菌、古菌等。通过图7A可见,宏基因组测序在各组注释到的微生物以细菌居多,其次是古菌。由于发现了褪黑素降低甲烷的作用,我们关注了古菌的变化,结果如图7B所示,筛选差异古菌72种,褪黑素处理降低了大部分产甲烷菌的表达丰度,包括盐杆菌属、甲烷盘菌属、甲基拟甲烷球菌属、甲烷囊菌属、甲烷丝菌属等。因此,褪黑素可通过降低大部分产甲烷菌的表达丰度来发挥降甲烷作用。
以上所述,仅是对本发明的一般性说明及具体实施方案的描述而已,并非是对本发明作其它形式的限制。任何熟悉本领域的技术人员均可以基于本申请公开的技术内容加以更改或变型为其等同实施例。在不背离本发明的构思和精神的前提下,对本发明进行的任何修改或变型均属于本发明技术方案的保护范围。
Claims (12)
1.一种降低动物胃产甲烷量的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:在动物胃液中添加褪黑素,所述褪黑素的添加量为10-7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给动物饲喂褪黑素,饲喂褪黑素的量为8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述褪黑素在胃液中的添加量为10-5mol/L~10-3mol/L。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述褪黑素在胃液中的添加量为10-3mol/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,饲喂褪黑素的量为12.5~25.0mg/kg/天。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,饲喂褪黑素7~21天。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述动物为单胃动物或反刍动物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反刍动物包括牛、马、羊、骆驼、鹿。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反刍动物为牛。
9.褪黑素在降低动物胃产甲烷量中的用途。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其特征在于,所述动物为单胃动物或反刍动物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用途,其特征在于,所述反刍动物包括牛、马、羊、骆驼、鹿。
12.根据权利要求9-11任一项所述的用途,其特征在于,在动物胃液中添加褪黑素10- 7mol/L~10-3mol/L;或者给动物饲喂褪黑素8.0~35.0mg/kg/天。
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