CN1145483C - 左旋丁哌卡因和它作为一个麻醉剂在孕妇中的作用 - Google Patents

左旋丁哌卡因和它作为一个麻醉剂在孕妇中的作用 Download PDF

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CN1145483C
CN1145483C CNB961939435A CN96193943A CN1145483C CN 1145483 C CN1145483 C CN 1145483C CN B961939435 A CNB961939435 A CN B961939435A CN 96193943 A CN96193943 A CN 96193943A CN 1145483 C CN1145483 C CN 1145483C
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H��J��ʩ�͵�
H·J·巴得斯利
R·W·格里斯特伍德
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Abstract

左旋丁哌卡因作为一种麻醉剂可用于孕妇。为达到这个或者其它的目的,可把它配制成相对高的浓度,例如浓度大于0.75%。

Description

左旋丁哌卡因和它作为一个麻醉剂在孕妇中的应用
本发明涉及左旋丁哌卡因即(左)-1-丁基-N-(2,6-二甲苯基)-2-哌啶甲酰胺的新的治疗用途和包含左旋丁哌卡因的新的配方。
消旋丁哌卡因是一个有效的长效局部麻醉剂,它可作为一种硬膜外麻醉剂给药。然而,消旋丁哌卡因具有心脏毒性,对心脏具有抑制电生理和机械的效应。因此,心功能不良的病人应慎用,禁止大剂量和高浓度应用。
特别是,丁哌卡因已经在一些病人中引起过死亡,包括怀孕的妇女和用于比尔(Bier)阻滞技术时。尽管死亡的发生率一直相对较小,但对它的忧虑已足以停止在产科中使用0.75%的丁哌卡因和禁止在比尔(Bier)阻滞中使用丁哌卡因。
另外,由于丁哌卡因的作用方式是直接作用于神经系统,在较大剂量时,它具有不良的中枢神经系统副作用,初步资料证明这些副作用确实与它的麻醉活性有联系。事实上,中枢神经系统副作用的产生是限制该药在正常临床实践如局部浸润、神经阻滞、区域阻滞、硬膜外阻滞和脊柱阻滞技术中应用的主要因素之一。
已有报告指出左旋丁哌卡因比右旋丁哌卡因和消旋丁哌卡因具有较小的心脏毒性。例如:参见Vanhoutte等人,英国药理杂志.103:1275-1281(1991)和Denson等人,区域麻醉,17:311-316(1992)。然而,这些报道是基于体外实验工作,不一定能外推到任何哺乳动物,肯定不能外推到人。
左旋丁哌卡因在体内对人有效的证据首次见于WO-A-9510276,WO-A-9510277和Gristwood et al.Exp.Opin.Invest.Drugs 3(11):1209-12(1994),后来的资料表明左旋丁哌卡因在产科中有潜在的用途,其原因至少部分是因为它减少了中枢神经系统的副作用。
令人惊奇地是,现已发现当左旋丁哌卡因保持消旋体的麻醉活性时,它在产科中的应用增加,这是因为有数据表明被胎儿摄取的左旋丁哌卡因大大的减少。这个意想不到的发现意味着如果使用合适的相对高的浓度,那么母亲可以从该药的应用中获益,而未出生的小孩则不受太大的影响。这不仅涉及在产科中的应用而且与在妊娠期间需要麻醉的时候有关。此外,现已证明,为了获得更好的麻醉效果,左旋丁哌卡因不仅能以消旋体药物的常用剂量使用,而且根据不同病人类型的可用性、获得的麻醉阻滞的程度等,它还能以通常对消旋体药物禁用的较大剂量和(或)较长时间使用,而没有那些通常与这些剂量方案有关的副作用。
按照本发明的第一个方面,左旋丁哌卡因可用于在分娩前为孕妇提供麻醉,例如用于手术。
按照本发明的第二个方面,药物组合物包含左旋丁哌卡因浓度大于0.75%w/v(以游离碱计算)的溶液,优选水溶液。该溶液可以单位剂量的形式提供,例如安瓿。
如上所述,左旋丁哌卡因在减少中枢神经系统副作用方面是有用的。这些副作用包括耳鸣、舌头或者嘴唇麻木和口干,它们被作为直接神经系统效应的早期指征。例如,中枢神经系统的副作用被认为是惊厥发作的典型前兆(也可以引起孕妇子宫内惊厥),由于惊厥对病人存在着如死亡、脑损害、胎儿窘迫等危险,所以一定要避免它的发作。因此,不管是否已经获得了足够的麻醉效果或者痛觉消失,一旦出现这些早期症状,就要停止局部麻醉剂的临床给药。出现中枢神经副作用的药物剂量在病人之间差别很大,也不能可靠地预测。
在本发明的方法方面,左旋丁哌卡因可以溶液的形式提供,通过输注或者注入硬膜外腔或者脊椎腔,或者通过任何一种常规方法给药,以获得神经阻滞或者区域阻滞。
左旋丁哌卡因可以连续给药或者大剂量一次给药。这可用常规设备完成,例如包括需要时为病人输注的方法。尽管给予病人的日剂量可以在已知消旋丁哌卡因给药剂量的相对低的范围内,然而,因为左旋丁哌卡因具有较少的中枢神经系统副作用,以及它对孕妇中胎儿的影响也较小,所以其日剂量还可比消旋体药物的常规剂量大。例如,病人可接受左旋丁哌卡因的日剂量可大至2500mg。考虑到最好是为病人提供一个相当大的安全余地,因此,病人接受的日剂量应不大于2000mg。所以,左旋丁哌卡因的给药总剂量可为每公斤病人体重2mg左右,或者超过此剂量。
左旋丁哌卡因的给药浓度可以是消旋体药物的常用浓度,但典型应用的浓度比这个浓度高,例如,至少为0.75%w/v,可以增大到2%w/v。但左旋丁哌卡因的优选浓度是在0.8%至1.5%w/v的范围之内,更优选的浓度是1%,1.25%或者1.5%w/v。溶液以水溶液为优选。
溶液可典型地配制成1至15ml的单位剂量,优选的是10ml左右。不过,单位剂量还可以再大一些,例如增大至40ml或者更大。单位剂量可以是安瓿的形式,这种安瓿可用任何适合的材料制成,例如玻璃或者不可渗透的塑料材料。可给予包含左旋丁哌卡因至少75mg、优选不大于200mg的单位剂量,更优选的单位剂量是在80至150mg范围之内。因此,病人可接受左旋丁哌卡因的日剂量可增大到2500mg,但优选的日剂量为不大于2000mg。
高浓度丁哌卡因的另一个合适配方是用于表面给药,例如一种储存凝胶。
左旋丁哌卡因的给药浓度在一定范围之内时,包括消旋体药物目前使用的浓度和上面描述的更高浓度,其给药时间可比目前长得多。例如,左旋丁哌卡因可以安全地给予病人至少24小时,经常延长至72小时,甚至延长至一周或者两周,或者更长。当然,它的给药时间也可与消旋体药物相似,例如在3至6小时之间。
本发明的方法在对下列病人进行的手术过程中特别有用。心脏功能或者中枢神经系统功能不良的病人、或者易感染心脏或者中枢神经系统有关疾病的病人、也就是具有低中枢神经系统阈值的病人;或者,中枢神经系统副作用引起的神经系统直接效应特别危险或者甚至是致命的病人,例如孕妇,此病人可能正在经历与妊娠有关或者无关的手术;或者,可能正处于痛疼之中的病人,例如由关节炎引起的疼痛。
本发明使用的左旋丁哌卡因实质上指的是不含右旋丁哌卡因,优选的是相对右旋丁哌卡因而言左旋丁哌卡因超过至少90%,最优选的是超过至少99%。在本说明书中,当提及丁哌卡因及其对映体时,还包括其药学上可接受的各种盐。
下面提供作为本发明基础的证据。它包括研究两个局部麻醉药左旋丁哌卡因(LB)和罗吡卡因(R)((左)-1-丙基-N-(2,6-二甲苯基)-2-哌啶甲酰胺)与目前产科麻醉最常用的局部麻醉药消旋丁哌卡因(B)相比较,对子宫血流(UBF)影响的方法和结果。
30只接近孕期的母羊长期装备有仪器,在一个认可的操作程序下进行实验。动物随机接受LB,R或者B,药物分两步静脉输注,首先以0.07mg/kg/分钟的速率输注15分钟,然后以0.035mg/kg/分钟的速率输注45分。选择一定的输注速率以获得与对C/S无事故硬膜外麻醉期望出现的相似的血清药物浓度。研究人员不知道所给药物的成份。
用脉冲传送-时间多普勒流量探针测量UBF。在输注前(0时间)和输注的第30分钟和第60分钟测量。通过一根位于内部的导管对羊膜内的压力进行连续的监测。在输注结束时取得母体和胎儿动脉血样品,用气相层析法测定其中的血清药物浓度。用重复测量的方差分析(ANOVA)检测在P<0.05的水平上统计学上的显著差异。结果用“平均数±标准差”表示。
每个药物组的母羊数为10。母体的LB、R和RB血清浓度分别是1.33±0.65,1.17±0.41和1.56±0.61μg.ml-1,胎儿的LB、R和RB血清药物浓度分别是0.20±0.15,0.51±0.5和0.61±0.71μg.ml-1。因此,相应的F/M(胎儿/母体)血清药物浓度的比值分别是0.20±0.3,0.41±0.35和0.51±0.60。这些数据反映了左旋丁哌卡因向胎儿转移较少。
没有一个药物导致UBF或者羊膜内的压力发生显著变化。
                  UBF(子宫血流量,ml/分钟)
  时  间     LB     R     B
    0     457±139     451±118     466±121
    30     453±127     453±119     472±113
    60     450±136     467±119     469±127
用附图能最好地阐明所测试麻醉药结果之间的显著差异,它再现了上面显示的结果。更特别地,图1表示在输注结束时母体(在每一对条图中左边较高的那一栏)和胎儿(在每一对条图中右边较低的那一栏)平均血清药物浓度(±SD)。图2表示F/M(胎儿的/母体的)血清药物浓度的平均比值(±SD)。
在下面的实施例中阐明本发明的组合物。
实施例
左旋丁哌卡因的无菌等渗水溶液用下面的成份配制:
1.00g盐酸左旋丁哌卡因(以游离碱计算)
0.9g氯化钠
加注射用水至100ml。
该溶液是在无菌条件下配制(或者也可以在配制后再灭菌,例如通过无菌过滤)。
在已灭菌的玻璃安瓿中装入10ml该溶液,然后密封安瓿备用。

Claims (3)

1.应用左旋丁哌卡因制备用于在分娩前为孕妇提供麻醉的药物。
2.按照权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于该药物是药物水溶液。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的用途,其特征在于相对右旋丁哌卡因而言左旋丁哌卡因存在至少超过90%。
CNB961939435A 1995-04-13 1996-04-15 左旋丁哌卡因和它作为一个麻醉剂在孕妇中的作用 Expired - Lifetime CN1145483C (zh)

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US08/549,408 US5849763A (en) 1993-10-13 1995-10-27 Use of levobupivacaine as an anesthetic agent
US08/549,408 1995-10-27

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AU694453B2 (en) * 1993-10-13 1998-07-23 Darwin Discovery Limited Analgesic agent and its use
US5849763A (en) * 1993-10-13 1998-12-15 Darwin Discovery Limited Use of levobupivacaine as an anesthetic agent
GB9704349D0 (en) * 1997-03-03 1997-04-23 Chiroscience Ltd Levobupivacaine and its use
GB9704352D0 (en) * 1997-03-03 1997-04-23 Chiroscience Ltd Levobupivacaine and its use
GB9704351D0 (en) * 1997-03-03 1997-04-23 Chiroscience Ltd Levobupivacaine and its use
WO1999004771A2 (en) * 1997-07-21 1999-02-04 Darwin Discovery Limited Use of levobupivacaine
US6432986B2 (en) 1997-07-21 2002-08-13 Bruce H. Levin Compositions, kits, and methods for inhibiting cerebral neurovascular disorders and muscular headaches
US7799337B2 (en) 1997-07-21 2010-09-21 Levin Bruce H Method for directed intranasal administration of a composition
CA2294921C (en) * 1997-07-22 2009-04-07 Darwin Discovery Limited Levobupivacaine and its use
EP3331567B1 (en) 2015-07-24 2020-09-23 Neon Laboratories Ltd. Stabilized injectable emulsion of propofol and ketamine
WO2019226599A1 (en) * 2018-05-22 2019-11-28 Alkalidx, Inc. Diagnostics and treatments of anesthetic insensitive subjects

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