CN114536104A - Dynamic prediction method for tool life - Google Patents

Dynamic prediction method for tool life Download PDF

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CN114536104A
CN114536104A CN202210299596.4A CN202210299596A CN114536104A CN 114536104 A CN114536104 A CN 114536104A CN 202210299596 A CN202210299596 A CN 202210299596A CN 114536104 A CN114536104 A CN 114536104A
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褚福舜
宋戈
郭国彬
刘宽
申俊
龚皓宁
舒建国
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Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Group Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
    • B23Q17/09—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or for determining cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool
    • B23Q17/0995—Tool life management
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
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    • G06F17/15—Correlation function computation including computation of convolution operations
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Abstract

The invention relates to the field of tool life prediction, and discloses a tool life dynamic prediction method, which comprises the following steps: s1, determining characteristics affecting the service life of the cutter, collecting related information data to obtain historical data, and carrying out standardization processing on the historical data; s2, carrying out correlation analysis on the historical data, and deleting the characteristics of the correlation in a critical range; s3, performing principal component analysis on the features, and performing dimensionality reduction and simplification on historical data to obtain modeling data; s4, training the modeling data by using a gradient lifting regression tree, and establishing a tool life prediction model; s5, acquiring real-time data according to the characteristics of the modeling data, carrying out standardization processing on the real-time data, inputting the real-time data into a tool life prediction model, and outputting to obtain the tool life; according to the dynamic cutter life prediction method, information data influencing the cutter life are optimized, a perfect cutter life prediction model is established, and the accuracy of cutter life prediction is further improved.

Description

Dynamic prediction method for tool life
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tool life prediction, in particular to a dynamic tool life prediction method.
Background
The cutter is the important component of machine tool machining, in the course of working, the cutter constantly wears out, when wearing and tearing reach certain degree, continue processing and can lead to the part to appear the quality problem, the prediction of cutter life-span is the difficult problem that puzzles machine tool machining for a long time, can cause the cutter extravagant when cutter in-service use time is less than the cutter life-span, part manufacturing cost increases, can bring huge quality risk when cutter in-service use time is greater than the cutter life-span, part milling damage, the scheduling problem of being out of tolerance probably appears, cause the part to scrap.
The tool life in the industry at the present stage is still determined by experience, when the same tool is subjected to rough machining, the rotating speed is high, the large feed is realized, the cutting depth is large, the cutting width is large, the tool is abraded quickly, and when the fine machining is performed, the rotating speed is low, the feed is low, the cutting depth is small, the cutting width is small, the tool is abraded slowly, in order to ensure the machining quality of parts and the machining efficiency of batch production, the conservative tool life is generally adopted for judgment, namely, the tool is scrapped and replaced when the cutting time of the tool reaches the theoretical life of the tool, so that the tool is scrapped and replaced when the tool is damaged slightly, and a great amount of waste of the tool is caused.
Patent CN109465676B discloses a tool life prediction method, wherein only current signals are collected without consideration of factors including temperature, process parameters, equipment, part materials, etc., and the established model is difficult to accurately predict the tool life under various working conditions; patent CN108427841A discloses a method for predicting the life of a tool in real time, which divides the machining process into working subintervals according to different machining conditions, only considers the signals collected by a machine tool machining sensor, does not consider the wear conditions of different edges of the tool due to different part characteristics, and takes an end mill as an example: when the cutting tool is used for cutting, only the bottom corner is used, and after the bottom corner is damaged, the side edge of the cutting tool is intact, and the operation of milling the appearance of the part can still be performed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the problems that in the cutter service life prediction method in the prior art, the established cutter service life prediction model is not perfect enough and the cutter service life is difficult to predict accurately, the cutter service life dynamic prediction method is provided, the more perfect cutter service life prediction model is established by optimizing information data influencing the cutter service life, the effective dynamic prediction of the cutter service life can be carried out according to the acquired real-time data, and the accuracy of the cutter service life prediction is further improved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a dynamic prediction method for the service life of a cutter is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: determining characteristics influencing the service life of the cutter, collecting related information data to obtain historical data, and carrying out standardization processing on the historical data;
s2: carrying out correlation analysis on the historical data, and deleting the characteristics of the correlation in a critical range;
s3: performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the characteristics, and performing dimensionality reduction and simplification on historical data to obtain modeling data;
s4: training modeling data by using a Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT) and establishing a tool life prediction model;
s5: and acquiring real-time data according to the characteristics of the modeling data, carrying out standardized processing on the real-time data, inputting the real-time data into a tool life prediction model, and outputting to obtain the tool life.
The historical data is used for establishing a tool life model, the real-time data is used for dynamically predicting the tool life, and the standardization processing of the steps S1 and S5 is to scale the data to enable the data to fall into a small specific interval, so that indexes of different units or orders of magnitude can be compared and weighted conveniently; the critical range of the step S2 is used for judging the correlation degree between the characteristics, can be set according to specific working conditions, avoids the tool life prediction model from being biased to sample highly correlated characteristics through the data processing of the step S2, and ensures the generalization performance of the tool life prediction model; because one input datum usually contains dozens of characteristics, the influence of each characteristic on the service life of the cutter is difficult to judge according to experience, the method is suitable for unsupervised learning and completely free of parameter limitation, principal component analysis does not need to consider set parameters in the calculation process or intervene in calculation according to any empirical model, after the data is subjected to dimensionality reduction through the principal component analysis, the influence of each characteristic on the service life of the cutter can be effectively judged through the step S3, so that the historical data can be reasonably simplified, the modeling data is data obtained after dimensionality reduction of the historical data and omission of some characteristics, and the obtained modeling data is convenient for establishment of a cutter service life prediction model; finally, training the modeling data through the step S4, and improving the accuracy of establishing a tool life prediction model; therefore, through the mutual cooperation of the steps S1 to S4, the information data influencing the service life of the tool is optimized, and meanwhile, the establishment of the tool service life prediction model is optimized.
According to the dynamic prediction method for the service life of the cutter, the information data influencing the service life of the cutter are optimized, a more complete cutter service life prediction model is established, the service life of the cutter can be effectively and dynamically predicted according to the collected real-time data, and the accuracy of the service life prediction of the cutter is further improved.
Preferably, the characteristics in step S1 are divided into part factors, equipment factors, process factors, tool factors, and environmental factors, the part factors, the equipment factors, and the process factors are collected based on a production line management system, the tool factors are collected based on a tool management system, and the environmental factors are collected based on a sensor.
Through dividing into four main factors with the characteristic that influences the cutter life-span, select the collection mode that corresponds according to different factors, can effectively improve data acquisition's efficiency, avoided the signal source singleness of gathering, the incomplete problem of information of gathering.
Preferably, the information data related to the process factors are collected in a divided manner according to an NC (Numerical Control) program.
In numerical control machining, one surface of a machined part can be provided with a plurality of cutters, usually, one NC program corresponds to one cutter, and the NC program comprises a plurality of subprograms.
Preferably, the part factors are characterized by comprising part materials and clamping modes; the characteristics of the equipment factors comprise a spindle type, an equipment type and an equipment model; the characteristics of the process factors comprise part characteristics, material removal amount, cutting depth, cutting width, rotating speed and feeding amount; the characteristics of the cutter factors comprise cutter category, cutting edge material, cutter diameter, base angle radius, cutter tooth number, cutter structure, inner cooling, cutter handle type and cutter abrasion loss; characteristics of environmental factors include temperature and vibration.
The selection range corresponding to the characteristics in the step S1 is determined, the information quantity of the acquired data is improved, and the accuracy of the tool life model for predicting the tool under various working conditions is further improved.
Preferably, the part material includes: aluminum alloy and titanium alloy, the clamping mode includes: screw compress tightly, clamp plate compresses tightly, counter-draws, vacuum adsorption, magnetic force adsorb, and the part characteristic includes: ribs, flanges, webs, corners, holes and special-shaped surfaces; the types of tools include: end milling cutters, slotting cutters, conical cutters, chamfering cutters, drill bits, reamers, boring cutters, and the like; the cutting edge material comprises: cemented carbide, diamond, high speed steel, ceramics, etc.; the cutter structure includes: integral knife, welding knife, and indexable knife.
The characteristic classification influencing the service life of the cutter is further refined, and the content of the acquired information data is improved, so that the establishment of a cutter service life prediction model is further perfected.
Preferably, when the historical data is collected, the tool wear amount is the tool wear amount δ k of the current processing,
δk＝kcur-klast，
kcuris the current tool wear, klastThe tool wear amount is the tool wear amount when the last machining is completed;
when real-time data is collected, the abrasion loss of the cutter is the residual abrasion loss delta k',
δk’＝kmax-kcur
kcuris the current tool wear, kmaxIs the maximum cutter wear;
the tool wear amount includes: and selecting the corresponding tool abrasion loss to participate in data processing according to the use working condition of the tool.
The tool wear amount of the same tool under different working conditions is different, so that when each piece of historical data is collected, the tool wear amount of the current machining is obtained through calculation, the tool wear amount of the current machining is collected as characteristic data, and when the tool is a new tool, the tool wear amount k of the last machining is obtainedlast＝0；
When the service life of the cutter is predicted by collecting real-time data, the residual cutter abrasion loss needs to be obtained through calculation and is collected as characteristic data, and when the cutter is a new cutter, the current cutter abrasion loss k is obtainedcur＝0；
According to the service life test of the end mill in GB/T16460-2016, the judgment of the service life of the cutter is based on a preset numerical value of certain form of abrasion of the cutter, as shown in fig. 1, the wear bandwidth value VB of a common flank surface, the wear KT of a front flank surface and the wear of a bottom angle are taken as judgment bases, the relationship between the wear loss of the cutter and the cutting time under different working conditions is different, but the general trends are basically the same, as shown in fig. 2, the wear loss of the cutter is distinguished according to different cutting edges of the cutter, the wear loss of the corresponding cutting edge is selected according to different working conditions for prediction, and the accuracy and the rationality of the service life prediction of the cutter can be effectively improved.
Preferably, the method for collecting the tool wear amount is as follows: and (4) carrying out image acquisition on the tool after the characteristics of each part are processed in the processing area of the machine tool, and identifying and processing the image to obtain the data of the tool abrasion loss.
The method for acquiring the image in the machining area is used for acquiring the wear loss data of the cutter, so that the wear loss of the cutter after part features are machined every time can be accurately acquired, and the normal use of the cutter cannot be influenced.
Preferably, in step S1 and step S5, the normalization process includes removing a dimension, filling in a blank value, and removing an abnormal value, wherein the removing dimension is transformed by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003564848500000061
wherein x' is the dimensionless data, mu is the data mean value, and sigma is the data standard deviation;
filling the acquired data which does not belong to normal distribution with the median of the data when filling the blank value;
in step S2, the correlation is calculated using the pearson correlation coefficient:
Figure BDA0003564848500000062
wherein
Figure BDA0003564848500000063
And sigmaXThe method comprises the steps of respectively calculating the standard fraction of an Xi sample, the average value of the sample and the standard deviation of the sample, wherein r is a Pearson correlation coefficient, and the critical range is the range of the Pearson correlation coefficient within 0.9-1.
Blank value means that corresponding data of some characteristics in the collected data are missing, if the missing data do not belong to normal distribution, such as process parameters, tool abrasion loss, tool parameters and the like, the median of indexes capable of better representing the trend of the data center is selected from historical data for filling, and the effectiveness of filling data is improved;
because the units of different variables are different, after the dimension is eliminated, the unit limit of the data is removed, and the data is converted into a dimensionless pure numerical value, so that indexes of different units or orders of magnitude can be compared and weighted.
Because the phenomenon that two variables have common variation trend exists between a plurality of pairs of variables in the input data, namely, correlation exists between a plurality of characteristics, such as characteristics of tool abrasion amount and material removal amount, tool abrasion amount and cutting depth, tool abrasion amount and rotating speed and the like, which can mutually influence each other;
the features with normal distribution relation are extracted, the correlation among the features can be intuitively judged by adopting the Pearson correlation coefficient, the high-correlation features with the Pearson correlation coefficient between 0.9 and 1 are deleted, the model is prevented from being biased to sample the high-correlation features, and the generalization performance of the tool life prediction model is ensured.
Preferably, in step S3, the principal component analysis is to calculate a principal component contribution rate and an accumulated contribution rate; the calculation formula of the P main component is as follows: fp＝a1i*Zx1+a2i*Zx2+a3i*Zx3+…+api*ZxpPrincipal component ZiThe contribution ratio of (c):
Figure BDA0003564848500000071
cumulative contribution rate:
Figure BDA0003564848500000072
taking a characteristic value lambda of which the accumulated contribution rate reaches 85-95%1，λ2，λ3，…λmCorresponding m (m is less than or equal to P) main components of the first, second and …;
wherein a is1i，a2i，...，api(i 1.. p.) is a feature vector corresponding to the feature value of the covariance matrix Σ of X, Zx1，Zx2，...，ZxpIs data subjected to a standardization process, FpIs the pth principal component.
The dimension of the historical data can be reduced through principal component analysis, and simultaneously, the characteristics with larger influence are arranged in front, FpThe larger the information is, the more the information is contained, the most important part can be selected as required in actual operation, the number of the following digits is saved, namely, the P main components with the cumulative contribution rate of 85% -95% are selected, the historical data can be simplified, the effect of compressing the historical data is achieved, and the required modeling data is obtained after the dimension of the historical data is reduced and partial characteristics are omitted.
Preferably, the gradient boost regression tree includes a regression tree and a gradient boost, and the model of the regression tree is:
Figure BDA0003564848500000073
m is the division of the data set into M units, cmIs the output value of the Mth cell, I (x ∈ R)m) Is an indicator function, if x ∈ RmThen I-1, otherwise I-0.
The learner whose training process is iterative is ft1(x), the loss function is L (y, f)t-1(x)), and then iterating to find the weak learner h of the regression tree modelt(x) The GBRT consists of a plurality of decision trees, and the conclusions of all the decision trees are accumulated to obtain a result.
As the predicted tool life is a continuous value, GBRT can be selected to carry out effective training, the regression tree is to carry out node segmentation and tree building through information gain, and the building of a tool life prediction model can be optimized through the training of the GBRT.
Preferably, the modeling data is divided into training data and testing data, the training data is used for training the gradient boosting regression tree, and after the step S4, the method further includes the following steps before the step S5:
a. testing the tool life prediction model by using the test data;
b. judging the accuracy of the tool life prediction model according to the fitting goodness result, if the accuracy does not meet the requirement, performing parameter optimization, and repeating the step a and the step b until the accuracy meets the requirement;
the parameter optimization is to optimize the gradient lifting regression tree frame parameters, the goodness of fit result is a result of testing by using test data, and the established tool life prediction model can be further optimized through testing and optimization of the test data, so that the accuracy of the tool life prediction model is improved.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the dynamic prediction method for the service life of the cutter, the information data influencing the service life of the cutter are optimized, a more complete cutter service life prediction model is established, the service life of the cutter can be effectively and dynamically predicted according to the collected real-time data, and the accuracy of the service life prediction of the cutter is further improved;
2. the characteristics influencing the service life of the cutter are divided into four main factors, and the corresponding acquisition mode is selected according to different factors, so that the data acquisition efficiency can be effectively improved, the problems of single acquired signal source and incomplete acquired information are solved, the characteristics of the four main factors are comprehensive, and the established cutter service life prediction model can be suitable for various working conditions;
3. after historical data acquired by dividing the NC program are substituted into training or testing, the accuracy of the tool life prediction model can be improved;
4. the cutter abrasion loss is distinguished according to different cutting edges of the cutter, and the abrasion loss of the corresponding cutting edge is selected according to different working conditions for prediction, so that the accuracy and the rationality of the cutter service life prediction can be effectively improved;
5. by sequentially carrying out correlation analysis, principal component analysis and training of a gradient lifting regression tree on historical data, a tool life prediction model is optimized;
6. the dynamic cutter life prediction method reduces cutter waste, reduces the processing cost of parts, improves the processing quality and efficiency of the parts, provides a basis for evaluating the cutting capacity of a tool, provides data support for a cutter purchasing plan and improves the management level of enterprises.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of end mill rake face wear;
FIG. 2 is a graph of tool wear versus tool life;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for dynamically predicting tool life according to an embodiment;
reference numerals: 1-front tool face, 2-back tool face and 3-base angle.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, it being understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for the purpose of explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention.
Examples
As shown in fig. 3, the method for dynamically predicting the tool life according to the present invention includes the following steps:
s1: determining characteristics influencing the service life of the cutter, collecting related information data to obtain historical data, and carrying out standardization processing on the historical data;
s2: carrying out correlation analysis on the historical data, and deleting the characteristics of the correlation in a critical range;
s3: performing principal component analysis on the characteristics, and performing dimensionality reduction and simplification on historical data to obtain modeling data;
s4: training the modeling data by using a gradient lifting regression tree, and establishing a tool life prediction model;
s5: and acquiring real-time data according to the characteristics of the modeling data, carrying out standardized processing on the real-time data, inputting the real-time data into a tool life prediction model, and outputting to obtain the tool life.
In the embodiment, the service life of the cutter for machining the aeronautical structural part is predicted,
step S1 is carried out, characteristics influencing the service life of the cutter are determined, and the characteristics are divided into part factors, equipment factors, process factors, cutter factors and environmental factors;
the characteristics of part factor include part material, clamping mode to aviation structure spare is the example, and the part material mainly includes: aluminum alloy and titanium alloy, the clamping mode mainly includes: the method comprises the following steps of screw pressing, pressing plate pressing, reverse drawing, vacuum adsorption and magnetic adsorption, wherein different clamping modes can cause different part stresses;
the characteristics of the equipment factors comprise a main shaft type, an equipment type and an equipment model, wherein the main shaft type mainly comprises a mechanical main shaft, an electric main shaft and the like;
the characteristics of the process factors comprise part characteristics, material removal amount, cutting depth, cutting width, rotating speed and feeding amount, wherein the part characteristics comprise: ribs, rims, webs, corners, holes, irregular surfaces, and the like;
the characteristics of cutter factor include cutter category, blade material, cutter diameter, base angle radius, cutter number of teeth, cutter structure, whether interior cold, handle of a knife type, cutter producer, cutter wearing and tearing volume to aviation structure for the example, wherein, the cutter type includes: end milling cutters, slotting cutters, conical cutters, chamfering cutters, drill bits, reamers, boring cutters, and the like; the cutting edge material comprises: cemented carbide, diamond, high speed steel, ceramics, etc.; the cutter structure includes: a solid knife, a welding knife, an indexable knife, etc.; the types of the tool shank include: a cylindrical straight handle, an integrated knife, a spiral locking groove and the like;
characteristics of environmental factors include temperature and vibration.
Under the condition of reducing the influence on the machining efficiency of the parts as much as possible, acquiring information data corresponding to characteristics possibly influencing the service life of the cutter, taking the unit as an example, and acquiring part factors, equipment factors and process factors based on a production line management and control system;
wherein, the technological factors are divided and collected according to characteristics according to NC programs; in numerical control machining, it is common to machine one side of a part as a continuous process, such as: c0001.MPF — c000n. MPF (MPF is a suffix of NC program), which are called by a main program continuously, and the surface is processed after all the sub programs are finished, wherein a plurality of knives are possible to process one surface, and one knife is usually changed to be an NC program during processing, but the process parameters in the same sub program may be different, for example: the rotational speed and feed will vary when different characteristics are milled;
in order to control variables as much as possible and make the relation between the variables as simple as possible so as to find the law therein, when historical data are collected in an experiment, the historical data are divided into a subprogram according to a cutter, a part characteristic and a process parameter, wherein the process parameter is a cutting depth, a rotating speed, a feeding amount and other processing parameters, the historical data are collected by dividing into a single piece according to a single subprogram in an NC program, and only one or more characteristics of each piece of historical data can be changed, for example, the task of the surface is to mill a web: and C0001.MPF is to rapidly mill a slot cavity, has high rotating speed, large feeding and large material removal amount, C0002.MPF is to mill 4 rotating angles by the same cutter, the feeding is reduced, the material removal amount is small, and thus two pieces of data are acquired.
In addition, the raw material (blank) size can be acquired through an MES system or a part manufacturing outline, the material removal amount of the current processing is acquired through process simulation, and the material removal amount which is not processed for the first time is acquired through accumulative subtraction.
The tool factors are collected based on a tool management system, wherein the tool wear loss can be collected by installing a high-power image collecting camera around a machining area of a numerical control machine tool to collect images of the top end of the tool after machining of each feature is completed, a main shaft rotates for one circle to take a picture, and the tool wear loss value is further identified and collected by using an image identification algorithm;
when historical data is collected, the tool wear amount is obtained by collecting data according to the tool wear amount delta k of the current processing, and the tool wear amount delta k of the current processing is calculated according to the following formula:
δk＝kcur-klast，
kcuris the current tool wear, klastThe tool wear amount is the tool wear amount when the last machining is completed;
if the cutter is initially a new cutter, the cutter abrasion loss k is obtained when the last machining is finishedlastThe abrasion loss of the cutter processed this time is the collected historical numberCurrent tool wear k according to timecur(ii) a For example, when a new cutter executes task 1, the current wear amount and the wear amount of the current task are both 0.1; when executing task 2, the abrasion loss delta k of the current task is equal to kcur-klast0.180-0.100-0.08; when executing task 3, the abrasion loss delta k of the current task is equal to kcur-klast0.220-0.180-0.04, and so on, as shown in table 1;
TABLE 1 calculation of wear of this task for cutter
Figure BDA0003564848500000121
When the real-time data is collected for predicting the service life of the cutter, the cutter abrasion loss is collected by the residual cutter abrasion loss, and the residual cutter abrasion loss delta k' is calculated by the following formula:
δk’＝kmax-kcur
kcuris the current tool wear, kmaxIs the maximum cutter wear;
maximum wear k of the toolmaxThe tool wear amount k can be obtained through historical data of the tool, and if the tool is initially a new tool, the current tool wear amount k is obtainedcurThe residual tool wear delta k' is 0, which is the maximum wear k of the toolmax；
The characteristics of the machined part and the abrasion position of the cutter have a relationship, so the abrasion amount of the cutter is divided into: selecting corresponding tool wear amount according to the use working condition of the tool to participate in data processing, wherein a drill bit, a boring tool, a conical tool and a plunge milling tool in the tool generally use a base angle to process part materials and use the base angle wear amount as a characteristic to evaluate by taking an aviation structural part as an example; reamers, reamers and chamfers are generally machined by using side blades, and the wear amount of a rear cutter face is used as a characteristic for evaluation; when the end mill is used for processing a web plate or performing row cutting operation and the cutting depth is smaller than a base angle, the base angle is generally used for processing, when the end mill is used for processing ribs, rims and corners, a side edge is generally used for processing, and base angle abrasion loss and flank face abrasion loss are selected as characteristics for different characteristics for evaluation;
the environmental factors are collected based on a sensor, for example, a vibration sensor of a machine tool additionally provided with a temperature sensor collects corresponding data;
and finally, taking data collected in experiments or previous processing as historical data.
Further, the historical data is subjected to standardization: filling the missing of data corresponding to some characteristics in the collected historical data, if the missing data does not belong to normal distribution, such as process parameters, tool abrasion amount, tool parameters and the like, selecting an index median which can better represent the trend of a data center in the historical data for filling, further eliminating dimensions of the historical data, and performing data transformation as follows:
Figure BDA0003564848500000131
wherein x' is data after dimension removal corresponding to each feature, mu is a mean value of data acquired corresponding to each feature, and sigma is a standard deviation of the data acquired corresponding to each feature;
and further checking abnormal values of the data, and deleting the abnormal values with too large or too small data.
Step S2 is carried out, correlation analysis is carried out on the historical data, and the characteristics of the correlation in the critical range are deleted; and calculating the correlation by using the Pearson correlation coefficient, wherein if the covariance is a positive value, the two variables are positively correlated, and if the covariance is 0, the two variables are not correlated, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0003564848500000132
r can be represented by (X)i,Yi) And estimating the standard fraction mean value of the sample points to obtain an expression equivalent to the formula:
Figure BDA0003564848500000133
wherein
Figure BDA0003564848500000134
And sigmaXThe method comprises the steps of respectively calculating the standard fraction, the sample average value and the sample standard deviation of an Xi sample, wherein r is a Pearson correlation coefficient, the critical range is determined to be that the Pearson correlation coefficient is in the range of 0.9-1, and the feature with the correlation reaching 0.9-1 among features is deleted.
Step S3 is carried out, principal component analysis is carried out on the characteristics, dimension reduction and simplification are carried out on the historical data, and modeling data are obtained; in step S1, P features are determined in total, and principal component analysis is performed on the P features, where the calculation formula of the pth principal component is: fp＝a1i*Zx1+a2i*Zx2+a3i*Zx3+…+api*ZxpCalculating the contribution rate of the principal component and the accumulated contribution rate; principal component ZiThe contribution ratio of (c):
Figure BDA0003564848500000135
cumulative contribution rate:
Figure BDA0003564848500000136
taking a characteristic value lambda of which the accumulated contribution rate reaches 85 to 95 percent1，λ2，λ3，…λmCorresponding m (m is less than or equal to P) main components of the first, second and …;
wherein a is1i，a2i，...，api(i 1.. P.) is a feature vector corresponding to a feature value of the covariance matrix Σ of X, Zx1，Zx2，...，ZxpIs data subjected to a standardization process, FpIs the pth principal component.
Step S4 is carried out, GBRT is used for training the modeling data, and a tool life prediction model is established; GBRT includes a regression tree and gradient boosting, the model of the regression tree is:
Figure BDA0003564848500000141
m is the division of the data set into M units, cmIs the output value of the Mth cell, I (x ∈ R)m) Is an indicator function, if x ∈ RmIf I is 1, otherwise I is 0;
suppose that the learner from the previous iteration is ft1(x), the loss function is L (y, f)t1(x)), the objective of the iteration is to find a weak learner h of the regression tree modelt(x) And the GBRT consists of a plurality of decision trees, and the conclusions of all the decision trees are accumulated to obtain a result, so that a tool life prediction model is established.
At this time, before the next step, the modeling data can be divided into training data and test data, the training data is used for GBRT training, and the test data is used for testing the tool life prediction model;
judging the accuracy of the tool life prediction model according to the fitting goodness result, and if the accuracy does not meet the requirement, performing parameter optimization;
and repeating the testing and parameter adjusting until the accuracy of the tool life prediction model meets the requirement.
Step S5 is performed to collect real-time data according to the characteristics of the modeling data, perform the same normalization process as the historical data on the real-time data, input the tool life prediction model, and output the tool life prediction model, where the real-time data is continuously input, and the tool life is dynamically changed with time.
In addition, in practical application, when the same machine tool adopts the same process scheme and the same cutter to the same batch of parts and the same environment is used for machining, the main factor influencing the service life of the cutter is the cutter abrasion loss, a high-power optical microscope needs to be additionally arranged on the cutter abrasion loss, and the abrasion loss is collected by utilizing an image recognition technology. The changes of other part factors, equipment factors, process factors, cutter factors and environmental factors are ignored, so that before each machining, only the cutter abrasion loss is collected, the calculation of the maximum abrasion loss is used as the input of a model, and the dynamic prediction result of the cutter service life can be output by substituting into a formula.
In the distributed processing process, the parts are usually put into production in various small batches, and large-scale batch production cannot be realized. Besides the tool wear amount, part factors, process factors and tool factors can be obtained in information systems such as manufacturing execution systems MES, enterprise resource planning ERP and the like, environmental factors can be collected through sensors and are simple, a trained model is brought, and a dynamic prediction result of the tool service life can also be obtained. The method has strong practicability, high accuracy and popularization and application values.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A dynamic prediction method for the service life of a cutter is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: determining characteristics influencing the service life of the cutter, collecting related information data to obtain historical data, and carrying out standardization processing on the historical data;
s2: carrying out correlation analysis on the historical data, and deleting the characteristics of the correlation in a critical range;
s3: performing principal component analysis on the characteristics, and performing dimensionality reduction and simplification on historical data to obtain modeling data;
s4: training the modeling data by using a gradient lifting regression tree, and establishing a tool life prediction model;
s5: and acquiring real-time data according to the characteristics of the modeling data, carrying out standardized processing on the real-time data, inputting the real-time data into a tool life prediction model, and outputting to obtain the tool life.
2. The method for dynamically predicting the lifetime of a tool according to claim 1, wherein the characteristics of step S1 are divided into component factors, equipment factors, process factors, tool factors, and environmental factors, the component factors, the equipment factors, and the process factors are collected based on a production line management system, the tool factors are collected based on a tool management system, and the environmental factors are collected based on a sensor.
3. The dynamic tool life prediction method according to claim 2, wherein the information data related to the process factors are divided and collected according to an NC program.
4. The dynamic tool life prediction method according to claim 2, wherein the characteristics of the part factors include the material of the part, the clamping mode; the characteristics of the equipment factors comprise a spindle type, an equipment type and an equipment model; the characteristics of the process factors comprise part characteristics, material removal amount, cutting depth, cutting width, rotating speed and feeding amount; the characteristics of the cutter factors comprise cutter category, cutting edge material, cutter diameter, base angle radius, cutter tooth number, cutter structure, inner cooling, cutter handle type and cutter abrasion loss; characteristics of environmental factors include temperature and vibration.
5. The dynamic tool life prediction method according to claim 4, wherein the tool wear amount is the tool wear amount δ k of the current machining when the historical data is collected,
δk＝kcur-klast，
kcuris the current tool wear, klastThe tool wear amount is the tool wear amount when the last machining is completed;
when real-time data is collected, the abrasion loss of the cutter is the residual abrasion loss delta k',
δk’＝kmax-kcur
kcuris the current tool wear, kmaxIs the maximum cutter wear;
the tool wear amount includes: and selecting the corresponding tool abrasion loss to participate in data processing according to the use working condition of the tool.
6. The dynamic tool life prediction method according to claim 4, characterized in that the method for collecting the tool wear amount comprises the following steps: and (4) carrying out image acquisition on the tool after the characteristics of each part are processed in the processing area of the machine tool, and identifying and processing the image to obtain the data of the tool abrasion loss.
7. The dynamic tool life prediction method of claim 1, wherein the normalization process comprises removing dimension, filling blank value, and removing abnormal value in steps S1 and S5, wherein the removing dimension is transformed by the following formula:
Figure FDA0003564848490000021
wherein x' is the dimensionless data, mu is the data mean value, and sigma is the data standard deviation;
filling the acquired data which do not belong to normal distribution with the median of the data when filling the blank value;
in step S2, correlation is calculated using the pearson correlation coefficient:
Figure FDA0003564848490000031
wherein
Figure FDA0003564848490000032
Figure FDA0003564848490000033
And sigmaXThe method comprises the steps of respectively calculating the standard fraction of an Xi sample, the average value of the sample and the standard deviation of the sample, wherein r is a Pearson correlation coefficient, and the critical range is the range of the Pearson correlation coefficient within 0.9-1.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the principal component analysis is to calculate a principal component contribution rate and an accumulated contribution rate; the calculation formula of the P main component is as follows: fp＝a1i*Zx1+a2i*Zx2+a3i*Zx3+…+api*ZxpPrincipal component ZiThe contribution ratio of (c):
Figure FDA0003564848490000034
cumulative contribution rate:
Figure FDA0003564848490000035
taking a characteristic value lambda of which the accumulated contribution rate reaches 85-95%1，λ2，λ3，…λmCorresponding m (m is less than or equal to P) main components of the first, second and …;
wherein a is1i，a2i，...，api(i is 1, 2, … p) is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue of the covariance matrix Σ of X, Zx1，Zx2，...，ZxpIs data subjected to a standardization process, FpIs the pth principal component.
9. The dynamic tool life prediction method of claim 1, wherein the gradient boosting regression tree comprises a regression tree and a gradient boosting, and the model of the regression tree is:
Figure FDA0003564848490000036
m is the division of the data set into M units, cmIs the output value of the Mth cell, I (x ∈ R)m) Is an indicator function, if x ∈ RmThen I-1, otherwise I-0.
10. The dynamic tool life prediction method of claim 1, wherein the modeling data is divided into training data and testing data, the training data is used for training the gradient boosting regression tree, and after step S4, the method further comprises the following steps before step S5:
a. testing the tool life prediction model by using the test data;
b. and (4) judging the accuracy of the tool life prediction model according to the fitting goodness result, if the accuracy does not meet the requirement, performing parameter optimization, and repeating the step a and the step b until the accuracy meets the requirement.
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