CN114527439A - Method for calculating target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for calculating a radar scattering cross section of a target based on complex impedance, which belongs to the technical field of electromagnetic scattering and comprises the following steps of 1, constructing a three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the target, and dividing the outer surface into areas; step 2, measuring the complex impedance of each divided area by using a vector network analyzer; step 3, importing the three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the target into electromagnetic simulation software, and endowing the complex impedance value of the divided region to the three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the electromagnetic simulation software; and 4, setting the transmission direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves of electromagnetic simulation software, and calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by using the electromagnetic simulation software. The invention uses the complex impedance of the target as a boundary condition, and uses the complex impedance to replace dielectric constant, magnetic permeability and thickness parameters in conventional calculation, thereby realizing the calculation of the radar scattering cross section of the target. The method can realize complex impedance measurement under the condition of an external field environment without a large-scale measurement field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electromagnetic scattering, and particularly relates to a method for calculating a target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance.
Background
In the process of measuring a radar scattering cross section (RCS), an open field is generally required, and for a large-size target such as an airplane, a field with a length of tens of kilometers is required. The field flexor for measuring the large-size target RCS in the world is limited, and thus, the method of directly measuring the large-size target RCS is used.
The invention discloses an invention patent with the publication number of CN107192990B and the name of extrapolation for measuring the radar scattering cross section, and provides a method for deducing the RCS of a target at infinity (namely under a far field condition) by fitting a function relation between the distance and the RCS after the RCS is measured for multiple times at different distances. Although the method reduces the site requirement required by RCS measurement, the method is not suitable for targets with complicated materials; when the extrapolation method is used for measuring a large-size target, the cost of the huge darkroom which needs to be built is extremely high, and is comparable to the cost of building a conventional RCS measuring field.
At present, in the process of calculating the scattering cross section of a target radar by using electromagnetic simulation software, a common method is as follows: and inputting the electromagnetic parameters of the target surface material, such as dielectric constant, magnetic permeability, thickness and the like, into the three-dimensional model of the target, and calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target by using electromagnetic simulation software.
However, with the lapse of the use time, the actual target surface may be subjected to mechanical or chemical changes such as abrasion, scratch, oxidation and the like under the influence of external factors such as sunlight and the like, and the electromagnetic parameters of the target surface material may be changed and often do not conform to the design stage, so that the target radar scattering cross section may be changed, and therefore, the deviation between the target radar scattering cross section and the actual value may occur according to the electromagnetic parameters of the target surface material.
For practical targets such as airplanes, the requirements on measuring equipment and testing environment of electromagnetic parameters such as dielectric constant, magnetic permeability and thickness of the surface of the target are high, and the measurement difficulty is high.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects that the difficulty of measuring target electromagnetic parameters is high and the test field is limited, the invention provides a method for calculating a target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows:
a method for calculating a target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing an outer surface three-dimensional model of a target, and dividing the outer surface into areas;
step 2, measuring the complex impedance of each divided area by using a vector network analyzer;
step 3, importing the target outer surface three-dimensional model into electromagnetic simulation software, and endowing the divided region complex impedance value to the outer surface three-dimensional model of the electromagnetic simulation software;
and 4, setting the transmission direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of the incident electromagnetic wave of the electromagnetic simulation software, and calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by using the electromagnetic simulation software.
Further, step 1 comprises:
firstly, a rectangular coordinate system is established
Setting the vertex of the aircraft nose as a coordinate origin o, setting the aircraft nose direction on a horizontal plane where the coordinate origin o is located as an x direction, setting any direction which is vertical to the x direction and passes through the origin o in the horizontal plane as a y direction, and setting the upward direction which is vertical to the xoy horizontal plane and passes through the origin o as a z direction to establish an oxyz rectangular coordinate system.
Secondly, drawing a three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the target
And drawing a three-dimensional model of the space where the outer surface of the target is located, and enabling each point of the outer surface of the target to be located in the established oxyz rectangular coordinate system.
Finally, dividing the region according to the material of the target outer surface
A three-dimensional model established by taking an airplane as a target is divided into regions according to the material of the outer surface of the three-dimensional model, namely the same material is used as one region.
Further, step 2 includes the process of calibrating the vector network analyzer, selecting an antenna, setting the position of the antenna, and measuring the complex impedance of the target, specifically as follows:
first, the vector network analyzer is calibrated
Before the measurement starts, starting a vector network analyzer, and carrying out three times of calibration on the vector network analyzer; the first calibration, the port of the waveguide coaxial converter and the port of the vector network analyzer are connected, and the waveguide end and the short circuit board are connected to calibrate the vector network analyzer; the second calibration, the waveguide end and the short circuit board are disconnected, one end of the straight waveguide is connected to the waveguide coaxial converter, the other end of the straight waveguide is connected to the short circuit board, and the vector network analyzer is further calibrated; and the third calibration, namely disconnecting the connection between the straight waveguide and the short-circuit board, connecting the waveguide load to the waveguide coaxial converter, and performing the final calibration of the vector network analyzer.
Then, selecting an antenna and setting the position of the antenna
The antenna is used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, the frequency f of the electromagnetic waves is 2-18GHz, the radius of a focal spot of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the antenna is r, and the received electromagnetic waves are transmitted to the vector network analyzer through the coaxial line;
the vector network analyzer is connected with the antenna, performs signal processing on the electromagnetic waves received by the antenna and outputs complex impedance;
the antenna is arranged on one side of a measured target, an antenna port is opposite to the surface of a measured area and is positioned in the normal direction of the tangent plane of the surface of the measured area, the closest distance between the antenna port and the surface of the measured area is d, and the distance d is calculated by the formula (1).
d＝0.62*(8r3/λ)1/2 (1)
In the formula (1), λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted and received by the antenna, and r is the focal spot radius of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the antenna.
Finally, the complex impedance of the target is measured
The antenna port is over against the surface of the region to be measured, measurement is carried out according to the divided regions to obtain the complex reflection coefficient gamma of the region to be measured, and the complex impedance value Z of the region to be measured is obtained through calculation of the formula (2).
Z＝50*(1+Γ)/(1-Γ) (2)
In the formula (2), Γ is a complex reflection coefficient of the measured region.
Thus, a target complex impedance value Z is obtained.
Further, the electromagnetic simulation software is Feko software, or CST software, or HFSS software.
Further, in step 4, when the Feko software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the process of calculating the target RCS is as follows:
setting relevant parameters of electromagnetic simulation software; firstly, selecting a radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating RCS; selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; secondly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of the incident electromagnetic wave; and finally, setting the direction of receiving the radar under the far-field condition.
Calculating a target radar scattering cross section: when the electrical size of the target is less than or equal to 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a moment method; when the target electrical size is larger than 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave and smaller than 500 times of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a multilayer fast multipole algorithm; and when the electrical size of the target is greater than or equal to 500 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target by adopting a physical optical method.
Further, in step 4, when the CST software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the process of calculating the target RCS is as follows:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves; secondly, starting the CST software to run; finally, selecting the radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; and selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when the RCS is calculated.
Further, in step 4, when HFSS software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the process of calculating the target RCS is as follows:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves; secondly, setting a calculation range of a far field; finally, the HFSS software is started to run the calculations.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention relates to a method for calculating a target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance, which uses the complex impedance of a target as a boundary condition, and uses the complex impedance to replace dielectric constant, magnetic permeability and thickness parameters in conventional calculation, thereby realizing the calculation of the target radar scattering cross section.
The target radar scattering cross section is calculated by measuring the complex impedance, a large-scale measurement field is not needed, the requirement on the field is low and medium, and the complex impedance measurement can be realized under the environment condition of an external field.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Examples
A method for calculating a radar scattering cross section of a target based on complex impedance takes a certain type of airplane parked in an external field as the target, measures electromagnetic parameters of each area of the outer surface of the certain type of airplane by adopting a vector network analyzer under the environment condition of the external field, and calculates the radar scattering cross section of the certain type of airplane by utilizing the obtained complex impedance, wherein the specific process comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing an outer surface three-dimensional model of a target, and dividing the outer surface into areas:
firstly, a rectangular coordinate system is established:
setting the vertex of the aircraft nose as a coordinate origin o, setting the aircraft nose direction on a horizontal plane where the coordinate origin o is located as an x direction, setting any direction which is vertical to the x direction and passes through the origin o in the horizontal plane as a y direction, and setting the upward direction which is vertical to the xoy horizontal plane and passes through the origin o as a z direction to establish an oxyz rectangular coordinate system.
Secondly, drawing an outer surface three-dimensional model of the target:
and drawing a three-dimensional model of the space where the outer surface of the target is located, and enabling each point of the outer surface of the target to be located in the established oxyz rectangular coordinate system.
Finally, dividing the regions according to the material of the target outer surface:
a three-dimensional model established by taking an airplane as a target is divided into regions according to the material of the outer surface of the three-dimensional model, namely the same material is used as one region.
Step 2, measuring the complex impedance of each divided area by using a vector network analyzer;
first, the vector network analyzer is calibrated:
and before the measurement is started, starting the vector network analyzer, and calibrating the vector network analyzer for three times. The first calibration, the port of the waveguide coaxial converter and the port of the vector network analyzer are connected, and the waveguide end and the short circuit board are connected to calibrate the vector network analyzer; the second calibration, the waveguide end and the short circuit board are disconnected, one end of the straight waveguide is connected to the waveguide coaxial converter, the other end of the straight waveguide is connected to the short circuit board, and the vector network analyzer is further calibrated; and the third calibration, namely disconnecting the connection between the straight waveguide and the short-circuit board, connecting the waveguide load to the waveguide coaxial converter, and performing the final calibration of the vector network analyzer.
Then, selecting an antenna and setting the position of the antenna
The antenna is used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, the frequency f of the electromagnetic waves is 2-18GHz, the focal spot radius of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the antenna is r, and the received electromagnetic waves are transmitted to the vector network analyzer through the coaxial line.
The vector network analyzer is connected with the antenna, performs signal processing on the electromagnetic wave received by the antenna, and outputs the electromagnetic wave as complex impedance.
The antenna is arranged on one side of a measured target, an antenna port is opposite to the surface of a measured area and is positioned in the normal direction of the tangent plane of the surface of the measured area, the closest distance between the antenna port and the surface of the measured area is d, and the distance d is calculated by the formula (1).
d＝0.62*(8r3/λ)1/2 (1)
In the formula (1), λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted and received by the antenna, and r is the focal spot radius of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the antenna.
Finally, the complex impedance of the target is measured
The antenna port is over against the surface of the region to be measured, measurement is carried out according to the divided regions to obtain the complex reflection coefficient gamma of the region to be measured, and the complex impedance value Z of the region to be measured is obtained through calculation of the formula (2).
Z＝50*(1+Γ)/(1-Γ) (2)
In the formula (2), Γ is a complex reflection coefficient of the measured region.
Step 3, importing the target outer surface three-dimensional model into electromagnetic simulation software, and endowing the divided region complex impedance value to the outer surface three-dimensional model of the electromagnetic simulation software:
the electromagnetic simulation software is Feko software, CST software or HFSS software.
Step 4, setting the transmission direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves of electromagnetic simulation software, and calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by using the electromagnetic simulation software:
when Feko software is selected, the process of calculating the target RCS is:
and setting relevant parameters of the electromagnetic simulation software. Firstly, selecting a radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating RCS; selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; secondly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of the incident electromagnetic wave; and finally, setting the direction of receiving the radar under the far-field condition.
And calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target by adopting different methods according to different electrical sizes of the target. The specific method comprises the following steps: when the electrical size of the target is less than or equal to 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a moment method; when the target electrical size is larger than 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave and smaller than 500 times of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a multilayer fast multipole algorithm; and when the electrical size of the target is greater than or equal to 500 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target by adopting a physical optical method.
When CST software is selected, the process of calculating the target RCS is as follows:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves; secondly, starting the CST software to run; finally, selecting the radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; and selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when the RCS is calculated.
When HFSS software is selected, the process of calculating the target RCS is:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves; secondly, setting a calculation range of a far field; finally, the HFSS software is started to run the calculations.
And obtaining the radar scattering cross section of the measured target.
Claims (8)
1. A method for calculating a target radar scattering cross section based on complex impedance is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, constructing an outer surface three-dimensional model of a target, and dividing the outer surface into areas;
step 2, measuring the complex impedance of each divided area by using a vector network analyzer;
step 3, importing the three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the target into electromagnetic simulation software, and endowing the complex impedance value of the divided region to the three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the electromagnetic simulation software;
and 4, setting the transmission direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of the incident electromagnetic wave of the electromagnetic simulation software, and calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by using the electromagnetic simulation software.
2. The method for calculating radar cross section of a target based on complex impedance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process of constructing a three-dimensional model of the outer surface of the target and dividing the outer surface into regions in step 1 comprises the following steps:
firstly, a rectangular coordinate system is established:
setting the vertex of the aircraft nose as a coordinate origin o, setting the aircraft nose direction on a horizontal plane where the coordinate origin o is located as an x direction, setting any direction which is vertical to the x direction and passes through the origin o in the horizontal plane as a y direction, and setting the upward direction which is vertical to the xoy horizontal plane and passes through the origin o as a z direction to establish an oxyz rectangular coordinate system;
secondly, drawing an outer surface three-dimensional model of the target:
drawing a three-dimensional model of a space where the outer surface of the target is located, and enabling each point of the outer surface of the target to be in the established oxyz rectangular coordinate system;
finally, dividing the regions according to the material of the target outer surface:
a three-dimensional model established by taking an airplane as a target is divided into areas according to the material of the outer surface of the three-dimensional model.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein step 2 comprises the processes of calibrating a vector network analyzer, selecting an antenna, setting the antenna position, and measuring the complex impedance of the target.
4. The method for calculating a target radar scattering cross-section based on complex impedance of claim 3, wherein the process of step 2 is as follows:
first, the vector network analyzer is calibrated:
before measurement starts, starting a vector network analyzer, and carrying out three times of calibration on the vector network analyzer; the method comprises the following steps of calibrating for the first time, connecting a waveguide coaxial converter and a vector network analyzer port, connecting a waveguide end and a short circuit board, and calibrating the vector network analyzer; second calibration, disconnecting the waveguide end and the short circuit board, connecting one end of the straight waveguide to the waveguide coaxial converter, connecting the other end of the straight waveguide to the short circuit board, and further calibrating the vector network analyzer; third calibration, namely disconnecting the connection between the straight waveguide and the short-circuit board, connecting the waveguide load to the waveguide coaxial converter, and performing the last calibration of the vector network analyzer;
next, selecting an antenna, setting an antenna position:
the antenna is used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, the frequency f of the electromagnetic waves is 2-18GHz, the radius of a focal spot of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the antenna is r, and the received electromagnetic waves are transmitted to the vector network analyzer through the coaxial line;
the vector network analyzer is connected with the antenna, performs signal processing on the electromagnetic waves received by the antenna and outputs complex impedance;
the antenna is arranged on one side of a measured target, an antenna port is opposite to the surface of a measured area and is positioned in the normal direction of the tangent plane of the surface of the measured area, the closest distance between the antenna port and the surface of the measured area is d, and the distance d is calculated by the formula (1);
d＝0.62*(8r3/λ)1/2 (1)
in the formula (1), λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave transmitted and received by the antenna, and r is the focal spot radius of the electromagnetic wave transmitted by the antenna;
finally, the complex impedance of the target is measured:
the antenna port is over against the surface of the region to be measured, measurement is carried out according to the divided regions to obtain the complex reflection coefficient gamma of the region to be measured, and the complex impedance value Z of the region to be measured is obtained through calculation of the formula (2);
Z＝50*(1+Γ)/(1-Γ) (2)
in the formula (2), gamma is a complex reflection coefficient of the measured area;
thus, a target complex impedance value Z is obtained.
5. The method for calculating the target radar scattering cross section based on the complex impedance as recited in claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the electromagnetic simulation software is Feko software, or CST software, or HFSS software.
6. The method for calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target based on the complex impedance as recited in claim 5, wherein in the step 4, when the Feko software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the RCS of the target is calculated by:
setting relevant parameters of electromagnetic simulation software; firstly, selecting a radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating RCS; selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; secondly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of the incident electromagnetic wave; finally, setting the direction of receiving the radar under the far field condition;
calculating a target radar scattering cross section: when the electrical size of the target is less than or equal to 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a moment method; when the target electrical size is larger than 100 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave and smaller than 500 times of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the scattering cross section of the target radar by adopting a multilayer fast multipole algorithm;
and when the electrical size of the target is greater than or equal to 500 times of the wavelength lambda of the incident electromagnetic wave, calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target by adopting a physical optical method.
7. The method for calculating the radar scattering cross section of the target based on the complex impedance as recited in claim 5, wherein in step 4, when the CST software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the RCS of the target is calculated by:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves;
secondly, starting the CST software to run;
finally, selecting the radar as a single-station or double-station mode, selecting the single-station radar mode, and entering a single-station calculation module when calculating the RCS; and selecting a double-station radar mode, and entering a double-station calculation module when the RCS is calculated.
8. The method for calculating the radar cross section of the target based on the complex impedance as recited in claim 5, wherein in the step 4, when the HFSS software is selected as the electromagnetic simulation software, the RCS of the target is calculated by:
firstly, setting the propagation direction, polarization, frequency band and incident angle of incident electromagnetic waves;
secondly, setting a calculation range of a far field;
finally, the HFSS software is started to run the calculations.
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