CN114526949A - Surface runoff water circulation research device and method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination - Google Patents
Surface runoff water circulation research device and method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a surface runoff water circulation research device and a research method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination, wherein the research device improves the detection precision of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes by reducing the evaporation of a water sample, and the research method constructs the linear relationship between the hydrogen isotopes and the oxygen isotopes in the water sample and the linear relationship between the hydrogen isotopes and the oxygen isotopes and the surrounding environment based on a least square method to obtain the composition characteristics of the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the water sample, thereby providing reliable data for researching the water circulation process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of water circulation research, in particular to a surface runoff water circulation research device and method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination.
Background
The water circulation ensures the continuous update of the land water body, maintains the dynamic balance of global water resources, and the research of the water circulation is beneficial to understanding the distribution and the flow of the water resources based on time and space, and provides decision basis for scientific and sanitary water, thereby having important significance for people and social life.
The research of water circulation is usually traced by isotopes in the water body, obviously, isotopes other than oxyhydrogen elements are directly added into the water body to possibly influence the water body, while oxygen isotopes and hydrogen isotopes in water molecules are natural tracers of the water body, and in the water circulation process of the nature, the two isotopes become the most ideal environment-stable isotopes for tracing the water circulation. The water of different water bodies has different isotope composition characteristics, and the evaporation and diffusion of the water in the circulation process can cause the fractionation of isotopes, so that the source of water circulation can be traced by researching the change of the hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition characteristics of the water bodies. The surface runoff is used as an important link in the water circulation process, and the composition of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the surface runoff is closely related to the natural environment condition of a water vapor source region, the climate condition in the water transfer process and the meteorological condition forming local precipitation. The method is an important way for tracing the runoff source by sampling surface runoff, measuring the concentration and the content of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and analyzing the characteristics of isotope components.
However, no precedent for researching water circulation based on isotope determination in surface runoff exists at present, and no surface runoff water sample collecting device specially used for hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination is found in the existing patent, and the existing device can not reduce the influence of fractionation, so that the hydrogen and oxygen isotope concentration in a collecting bottle is increased, and the determination result is often inaccurate. On the other hand, the existing equipment has high demand for field operation of personnel, and not only an operator is required to go to the field regularly to check whether the sample is suitable for collecting the sample, but also the field operation of the worker can bring danger to the personnel especially when the extreme weather condition is met. Therefore, the existing surface runoff water sample collecting device needs to be improved, and a new surface runoff water circulation research method needs to be provided based on the improved device.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water circulation research device suitable for measuring hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in surface runoff water samples and a research method based on the device.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical solution of the invention is as follows:
a surface runoff water circulation research device based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination comprises a runoff collecting device and an isotope analysis device, wherein the runoff collecting device comprises a device body and a collecting bottle arranged in the device body, the device body is of a closed cavity structure capable of moving up and down controllably, a water inlet is formed in the outer wall of the device body, and the water inlet is communicated with the collecting bottle through a collecting pipeline; the collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve, a branch drainage pipeline is arranged between the water inlet and the collecting valve, the branch drainage pipeline is provided with a drainage port on the outer wall of the device body, and a drainage valve is arranged on the branch drainage pipeline; and cooling liquid is arranged on the periphery of the collecting bottle.
Preferably, a plurality of collecting bottles are arranged in the device body, each collecting bottle comprises a main pipeline and a plurality of branch collecting pipelines communicated with the main pipeline, each collecting bottle is communicated with the main pipeline through one branch collecting pipeline, and each branch collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve.
Preferably, the device body moves up and down through pulley hoisting or roller vertical sliding installation.
A surface runoff water circulation research method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination comprises the following steps,
step one, acquiring runoff water samples of different water bodies at different periods by adopting a runoff acquisition device, and recording the temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment when each runoff water sample is acquired;
step two, analyzing the concentration content delta of the oxygen isotope in each runoff water samplexConcentration contents of O and hydrogen isotopes deltaxH；
Step three, based on delta in each runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, adopting a least square method to construct delta in the runoff water samplexO and deltaxH linear relationship.
Preferably, the step three is followed by the step four: construction of delta in runoff water samples using least squaresxAnd O is in linear relation with the temperature T, the rainfall P and the humidity H respectively.
Preferably, the third step further includes the following fifth step: based on the isotope concentration content delta in runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, obtaining deuterium surplus D = delta of each runoff water samplexH-8δxO。
Preferably, in the third step, the local historical hydrological data is combined to determine the rich season, the flat season and the dry season of the year, the runoff water sample in one hydrological year is divided according to the rich season, the flat season and the dry season, and the runoff water samples in the rich season, the flat season and the dry season are analyzed respectively to obtain different periods deltaxO and deltaxH linear relationship.
Preferably, the runoff collecting device comprises a device body and a collecting bottle arranged inside the device body, the device body is of a closed cavity structure capable of moving up and down controllably, a water inlet is formed in the outer wall of the device body, and the water inlet is communicated with the collecting bottle through a collecting pipeline; the collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve, a branch drainage pipeline is arranged between the water inlet and the collecting valve, the branch drainage pipeline is provided with a drainage port on the outer wall of the device body, and a drainage valve is arranged on the branch drainage pipeline; and cooling liquid is arranged on the periphery of the collecting bottle.
Preferably, a plurality of collecting bottles are arranged in the device body, each collecting bottle comprises a main pipeline and a plurality of branch collecting pipelines communicated with the main pipeline, each collecting bottle is communicated with the main pipeline through one branch collecting pipeline, and each branch collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve.
After the scheme is adopted, the invention has the following advantages:
1. in order to reduce the fractionation effect in river water collection to the maximum extent, the invention adopts various modes to reduce river water evaporation, and not only utilizes the coolant to continuously cool the river water in the collecting bottle to reduce evaporation; still set up valve and floater simultaneously on the pipeline, and wrap up the sun-proof membrane outside collection system, reduce the thermal absorption of box, and then guarantee the accurate nature of isotope content in the water sample of getting.
2. The invention can automatically obtain the linear relation between the hydrogen isotope and the oxygen isotope, the linear relation between the oxygen isotope and the temperature, the humidity and the rainfall as well as the deuterium surplus value by adopting detection, and can provide reliable data for further researching water circulation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the dry season δ D, δ18A linear relation line of the O value;
FIG. 3 shows the horizontal periods δ D, δ18A linear relation line of the O value;
FIG. 4 shows the water abundance periods δ D, δ18A linear relation line of the O value;
FIG. 5 shows the different water periods δ D, δ18A comparison graph of the O value linear relation line and the drainage basin atmospheric rainfall line;
FIG. 6 is δ18O and temperature quantitative relation graph;
FIG. 7 is δ18And O and rainfall quantitative relation graph.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and the specific embodiments.
The invention discloses a surface runoff water circulation research device based on hydrogen-oxygen isotope determination, which comprises a runoff collecting device and an isotope analysis device, as shown in figure 1, wherein the runoff collecting device comprises a device body 1 and a collecting bottle 2 arranged in the device body 1, the device body 1 is a closed cavity structure capable of controllably moving up and down, a sun-proof film is wrapped outside the device body 1, and the up-and-down movement of the device body 1 can be realized through pulley hoisting or vertical sliding installation of a roller. Specifically, if the pulley hoist and mount is adopted, device body 1 generally can select to install on the pontic bottom surface, fixed mounting hoist motor on the pier, hoist motor's output is fixed mounting on device body 1 promptly, hoist motor's output cable wire is fixed at device body 1 top after bypassing a pulley that hangs on the pontic bottom surface, start hoist motor and can realize device body 1's lift operation, and further, can also erect the orbit all around device body 1, rock about when avoiding device body 1 to reciprocate. If the rollers are vertically and slidably mounted, the rollers can be mounted on the side faces of the device body 1, the rails matched with the rollers are mounted on the piers, the device body 1 is slidably mounted on the rails and moves up and down under the control of a motor driving the rollers, and the motor control device moves up and down, which is a common practice in the field and is not described herein.
The water inlet 3 is arranged on the outer wall of the device body 1, the water inlet 3 can be arranged on the top surface or the side wall of the outer wall of the device body 1, in the embodiment, the water inlet 3 is directly arranged on the side wall of the device body 1, a water inlet screen 4 for preventing floaters in the sampling water body from entering is arranged at the water inlet 3, and the water inlet 3 is communicated with the collecting bottle 2 through a collecting pipeline 5; be equipped with collection valve 8 on the collection pipeline 5, collection valve 8 is through opening and close control steerable whether to allow the rivers among the collection pipeline to go into in the receiving flask 2, and can prevent that the water sample of gathering in the receiving flask 2 from evaporating, prevents that evaporation from influencing the survey of isotope concentration content. Still seted up branch water drainage pipeline 6 between water inlet 3 and collection valve 8, branch water drainage pipeline 6 has seted up outlet 7 on the outer wall of device body 1, is equipped with drainage valve 9 on the branch water drainage pipeline 6. When the river water level rises to when satisfying the sampling requirement, can the counter weight of adjusting device body 1, and control it and reciprocate and make the device sink into the surface runoff water body, and guarantee that water inlet 3 submerges, the water sample can get into collection pipeline 5 through water inlet 3 this moment, control drainage valve 9 closes this moment, collection valve 8 opens, the water sample can get into in the receiving flask 2, when being equipped with sufficient water sample in the receiving flask 2, collection valve 8 closes, controlling means body 1 shifts up and leaves the surface of water, open drainage valve 9, unnecessary water will flow out through outlet 7 along branch drainage pipeline 6 in the collection pipeline 5, accomplish on-the-spot automatic sampling operation. For avoiding personnel's repetition go to the sampling place and look over whether site conditions are fit for the sampling, can install the device of observing the water level near runoff collection system, for example camera and water gauge combination or directly set up ultrasonic wave fluviograph etc.. The collection valve 8 and the drainage valve 9 can be controlled directly through a remote execution instruction to be operated, a worker can control the two valves and the winch motor through the control of sampling time according to experience to ensure that enough water samples are collected in the collection bottle 2, a gravity sensor can also be arranged at the bottom of the collection bottle 2, and the two valves and the winch motor are automatically controlled based on the amount of the water samples in the collection bottle 2 fed back by the gravity sensor. The control of the acquisition valve 8 and the drainage valve 9 can be realized through automatic linkage between devices, for example, an ultrasonic water level meter can be adopted to obtain real-time water level data, when the detected water level reaches the sampling height, the system automatically starts the winch motor and the acquisition valve 8, the acquisition is completed, and the winch motor and the acquisition valve 8 are automatically triggered to stop working. The specific implementation of the above-mentioned automated linkage control is well known to those skilled in the art and will not be described herein.
Further, can be equipped with a plurality of receiving flask 2 in the device body 1, can once gather a plurality of samples or different time adopts a plurality of samples, if when involving the analysis of once gathering a plurality of samples, can study again after averaging the isotope concentration content in a plurality of water samples of gathering, can improve the stability of research result. When adopting a plurality of receiving flask 2, gather pipeline 5 and still include main pipeline 51 and many branch collection pipeline 52 with main pipeline 51 UNICOM, every receiving flask 2 all is equipped with collection valve 8 through a branch collection pipeline 52 and main pipeline 51 UNICOM and every branch collection pipeline 52 on, collection valve 8's control equally can be remote control or carry out automatic control based on the water sample volume in the receiving flask 2. Further, for reducing evaporation, still can set up evaporation prevention device on the main pipeline 51, be equipped with big-end-up's funnel 11 on the main pipeline 51, place the floater 10 that reduces the water sample evaporation in the funnel 11, floater 10 diameter is greater than funnel 11 below opening, when the water evacuation in gathering the pipeline 5, floater 10 card is on the opening of below, the evaporation of bottom water sample has been reduced, when being full of water in gathering the pipeline 5, floater 10 come-up, the water sample flows in gathering the pipeline 5, floater 10 top still is equipped with the screen cloth 14 of avoiding floater 10 to escape in addition.
Further, 2 peripheries of receiving flask still are equipped with the coolant liquid, and the coolant liquid can be directly water, also can be that the coolant dissolves the heat absorption when water and play the cooling effect, and is concrete, is provided with coolant liquid container 12 in device body 1 inside, presets a quantitative water in the coolant liquid container 12, and receiving flask 2 soaks in the aquatic, can avoid the higher moisture evaporation in the receiving flask 2 with higher speed of external environment temperature. Or a coolant supply mechanism 13 is further arranged on the wall of the cooling liquid container, for example, the coolant supply mechanism 13 can quantitatively supply solid ammonium nitrate, when sampling is completed, the coolant supply mechanism 13 releases the coolant ammonium nitrate into water, and the ammonium nitrate dissolved water absorbs heat to form low-temperature cooling liquid, so that the temperature around the collecting bottle 2 is reduced, and evaporation of a water sample in the collecting bottle is reduced. The opening and closing of the coolant supply 13 may also be controlled remotely or automatically based on sampling events.
Further, the device body 1 is also provided with a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor and a signal sending device. Specifically, device body 1 can carry out water sampling based on remote instruction, also can carry out water sampling according to setting for the rule is automatic, if the device carries out water sampling according to the rule is automatic, then can send sampling completion information to the staff through signal transmission device, the staff can go to the on-the-spot water sample of obtaining and accomplish analysis work in the laboratory after learning that the sampling is accomplished, because isotope concentration assay has certain relevance with the ambient temperature in the water sample, consequently when gathering the water sample, temperature sensor, humidity transducer can obtain ambient temperature and humidity information in real time, and report in a correlated manner with the water sample.
The isotope analysis device comprises the existing isotope concentration content analysis equipment and computer equipment, wherein the isotope concentration content analysis equipment reports the content of oxygen isotopes and hydrogen isotopes in each water sample to the computer after analyzing the content of the oxygen isotopes and the hydrogen isotopes, software in the computer equipment performs linear analysis on concentration content data, and a least square method is adopted to construct the relation between different isotope concentration contents or the relation between different isotope concentration contents and environmental factors so as to obtain related data required by water circulation research.
The research on the concentration of the water isotope in hydrologic years from 2020 to 2021 and 8 months of east xi of Xiamen city by using the above device for researching surface runoff water circulation based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination will be specifically described as follows, and the method comprises the following steps:
step one, acquiring runoff water samples of different water bodies at different periods by adopting the runoff acquisition device, and recording the temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment when each runoff water sample is acquired; specifically, 6 water sample collection points which are easy to sample and have representativeness are selected on the east-west stream, and each water sample collection point samples once respectively in the upper, middle and lower ten days of each month, so that runoff water samples of different water bodies in different periods can be obtained. Of course, sampling can be further carried out on different rivers, streams and rivers, and the water circulation relation among the river dredging, the stream and the river can be further researched. During the sampling, can adopt a plurality of receiving flask to sample, be equipped with three receiving flask 2 in the device body 1 in this embodiment, the collection valve 8 of single receiving flask 2 of control during sampling at every turn to cooling receiving flask 2, so, can only once go to the scene and gain all water samples after the completion of a month collection, and then reduce sample work load.
Step two, adopting professional equipment to analyze oxygen isotopes in each runoff water samplexConcentration content delta of OxO and hydrogen isotopesxConcentration content delta of HxH; because stable isotopes in water molecules comprise16O，17O，18O，1H，2H, the radioactive isotope also comprises3H, any one of oxygen isotopes and any one of hydrogen isotopes can be selected for study, and in the present example, the study will be selected according to the specific conditions in the laboratory18O and D: (2H) Performing research, and measuring the oxygen isotope in the obtained sample by using professional equipment18Concentration content delta of O18The concentration contents δ D of O and hydrogen isotopes D.
Step three, based on delta in each runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, adopting a least square method to construct delta in the runoff water samplexO and deltaxH linear relationship. Furthermore, the importance degree of the atmospheric rainfall line to the runoff replenishment can be evaluated by comparing the linear relation with the atmospheric rainfall line of the drainage basin. The atmospheric rainfall line of the drainage basin is the rainfall delta in the drainage basinxO and deltaxAnd H, a linear relation line is also obtained by the least square method construction after rainwater sampling. Specifically, the rich season, the flat season and the dry season of one year can be determined by combining local historical hydrological data, runoff water samples in one hydrological year are divided according to the rich season, the flat season and the dry season, the runoff water samples in the rich season, the flat season and the dry season are analyzed respectively, and delta at different periods is obtainedxO and deltaxH linear relationship. In this embodiment, according to local historical hydrological data, it is determined that 1 month from 11 months to 2021 years of 2020 is a dry season, 2 months to 4 months from 2021 years of 2021 is a flat season, and 5 months to 8 months from 2021 years of 2021 are rich seasons, the collected runoff water samples are classified, water samples of a plurality of sampling points in the same period are intensively studied, and δ D of each sample are obtained18O, obtaining delta D and delta of all water samples in the same period by using a least square method18Linear relation δ D = a δ of O value18Parameters A and B in O + B. As shown in figures 2-5, 180 water samples of river water in three water periods of east-west stream in one hydrological year can be obtained, and delta D and delta in different periods are obtained based on the least square method18The relationship O is: dry season, δ D =5.1262 δ18O-7.7187‰（R2= 0.9285), yielding river lines 22 in dry season; horizontal period, δ D =5.33916 δ18O-5.4847‰（R2= 0.9207) to obtain the horizontal river line 23; full water period, delta D =5.7787 delta18O-2.3672‰（R2= 0.9043), obtaining the waterline 21 in the rich water period; wherein R is2Are fitting coefficients. Comparing the three linear relations with the atmospheric rainfall line 20 of the drainage basin where the east-west creeks are located, the runoff delta D and delta can be judged18Whether the O value falls near the atmospheric rainfall line 20 of the drainage basin or not is judged, so that the importance degree of the atmospheric rainfall on the runoff replenishment is evaluated, and further the difference of the rainfall on the runoff replenishment in three water periods can be compared. Specifically, as shown in fig. 2 to 5, it can be seen that, as shown in fig. 5, the low-water river line 22, the normal-water river line 23, and the low-water river line 21 are all distributed near the atmospheric rainfall line 20 in the drainage basin, and it can be seen that rainfall is the most important source of replenishment of east-west streams, and further, compared with river lines in three water periods, the rich water period is closer to the rainfall line, so the amount of replenishment of precipitation in the rich water period is more significant.
Further, a step four is carried out after the step three, and the least square method is adopted to construct the delta in the runoff water samplexAnd determining the isotope change rule in the runoff according to the linear relation between O and the temperature T, the rainfall P and the humidity H. Specifically, delta can be established based on the least square method through the temperature and the temperature H of remote transmission and the rainfall P of a synchronous meteorological departmentxO and the line of relationship between them, δxO=RT+C1,δxO=SH+C2,δxO=EP+C3(R is a temperature coefficient, S is a humidity coefficient, E is a rainfall coefficient, and C is a constant). By researching the hydrogen-oxygen characteristics of the environmental isotope in the river water environment in the river basin, the correlation of the river isotope with the temperature, the humidity and the rainfall is determined, and the change rule of the river isotope is determined. Taking Xiamen-east-west stream as an example, only the relationship between temperature and precipitation was studied at this time, as shown in FIGS. 6-7, delta of the water of the east-west stream18The relationship between O and temperature T is: delta18O = 0.0174T-5.9264 ‰, and the rainfall P is: delta18O = -0.0051P-0.8572 ‰, so the following conclusions can be drawn: delta18The oxygen enters the rich water and is ready for useObviously depleted and obviously related to rainfall.
Further, the method also comprises a fifth step after the third step: based on the isotope concentration content delta in runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, obtaining deuterium surplus D = delta of each runoff water samplexH-8δxAnd O, determining the dominant supply source of the runoff water body by comparing the deuterium surplus D of different runoff water body samples. The deuterium surplus mean value of the east-west stream river water is 8.56203, and rainfall can be used as a main supply source of the east-west stream river water by comparing the rainfall with the deuterium surplus value in underground water.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the technical scope of the present invention, so that the changes and modifications made by the claims and the specification of the present invention should fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A surface runoff water circulation research device based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination is characterized by comprising a runoff collecting device and an isotope analysis device, wherein the runoff collecting device comprises a device body and a collecting bottle arranged in the device body, the device body is of a closed cavity structure capable of moving up and down controllably, a water inlet is formed in the outer wall of the device body, and the water inlet is communicated with the collecting bottle through a collecting pipeline; the collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve, a branch drainage pipeline is arranged between the water inlet and the collecting valve, the branch drainage pipeline is provided with a drainage port on the outer wall of the device body, and a drainage valve is arranged on the branch drainage pipeline; and cooling liquid is arranged on the periphery of the collecting bottle.
2. The surface runoff water circulation research device based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the device is characterized in that a plurality of collecting bottles are arranged in the device body, each collecting bottle comprises a main pipeline and a plurality of branch collecting pipelines communicated with the main pipeline, and each collecting bottle is communicated with the main pipeline through one branch collecting pipeline and each branch collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve.
3. The surface runoff water circulation research device based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the up-and-down movement of the device body is realized through pulley hoisting or roller vertical sliding installation.
4. A surface runoff water circulation research method based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, acquiring runoff water samples of different water bodies at different periods by adopting a runoff acquisition device, and recording the temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment when each runoff water sample is acquired;
step two, analyzing the concentration content delta of the oxygen isotope in each runoff water samplexConcentration contents of O and hydrogen isotopes deltaxH；
Step three, based on delta in each runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, adopting a least square method to construct delta in the runoff water samplexO and deltaxH linear relationship.
5. The method for researching surface runoff water circulation based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step three is followed by the step four: method for constructing delta in runoff water sample by adopting least square methodxO is respectively in linear relation with the temperature T, the rainfall P and the humidity H.
6. The method for researching surface runoff water circulation based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination as claimed in claim 4, wherein the third step further comprises the following fifth step: based on the isotope concentration content delta in runoff water samplexO and deltaxH, obtaining deuterium surplus D = delta of each runoff water samplexH-8δxO。
7. The oxyhydrogen isotope determination-based surface runoff water circulation research method according to claim 4The method is characterized in that in the third step, the local historical hydrological data are combined to determine the rich season, the flat season and the dry season in one year, runoff water samples in one hydrological year are divided according to the rich season, the flat season and the dry season, and the runoff water samples in the rich season, the flat season and the dry season are analyzed respectively to obtain different periods deltaxO and deltaxH linear relationship.
8. The method for researching surface runoff water circulation based on hydrogen and oxygen isotope determination as claimed in claim 4, wherein the runoff collecting device comprises a device body and a collecting bottle arranged inside the device body, the device body is of a closed cavity structure capable of moving up and down controllably, a water inlet is arranged on the outer wall of the device body, and the water inlet is communicated with the collecting bottle through a collecting pipeline; the collecting pipeline is provided with a collecting valve, a branch drainage pipeline is arranged between the water inlet and the collecting valve, the branch drainage pipeline is provided with a drainage port on the outer wall of the device body, and a drainage valve is arranged on the branch drainage pipeline; and cooling liquid is arranged on the periphery of the collecting bottle.
9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein a plurality of collection bottles are disposed in the device body, the collection pipeline includes a main pipeline and a plurality of branch collection pipelines communicated with the main pipeline, each collection bottle is communicated with the main pipeline through one branch collection pipeline, and each branch collection pipeline is provided with a collection valve.
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