CN114521553A - 一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂 - Google Patents

一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂 Download PDF

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CN114521553A
CN114521553A CN202210167340.8A CN202210167340A CN114521553A CN 114521553 A CN114521553 A CN 114521553A CN 202210167340 A CN202210167340 A CN 202210167340A CN 114521553 A CN114521553 A CN 114521553A
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黄鹏
余德亿
姚锦爱
张�杰
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，包括：2,6‑二氯甲苯、3,4‑二羟基呋喃‑2,5‑二甲酸二乙酯和3‑(2,6‑二氯苯基)‑1‑(4‑甲基苯基)丙‑2‑en‑1‑酮。本发明拒食剂能够有效致使虫瘿蓟马拒食，为减轻虫瘿蓟马的发生和为害及减少化学农药的使用量，实现该虫的绿色、高效、可持续防控提供支撑。

Description

一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂
技术领域
本发明涉及害虫绿色防控技术领域，更具体的说是涉及一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂。
背景技术
盆栽榕属植物是我国的主要出口创汇植物，在国外被誉名为“China roots”，主要品种包括人参榕、垂叶榕和印度榕等。近年，随着盆栽榕属植物出口量的增长、工厂化密集生产规模的扩大及害虫抗药性的增强，以榕管蓟马为主的虫瘿蓟马发生呈加重之势，已成为主要害虫之一。该虫个体小、隐匿性和造瘿能力强，可危害嫩叶形成大量饺子状或疙瘩状虫瘿；繁殖力强和世代周期短，易造成大面积暴发；还能传播各种病害，防治十分困难。目前，该虫已被欧美、日本、泰国等国家和地区列为检疫性害虫，对盆栽榕属植物出口造成了极大负面影响，急需寻求较好防控措施。
目前，在盆栽榕属植物生产过程中依然缺乏针对虫瘿蓟马的有效防控手段，一旦发现该虫时，叶片已开始形成虫瘿，防控措施往往滞后，防控成本加大；且造成化学农药使用量增加，不利于生态环境安全。
植物次生代谢物是植物生命代谢过程中产生的一类小分子有机化合物，是在长期进化过程中植物与生物和非生物等环境因素相互作用的结果，在对昆虫的取食危害过程中起着极其重要的防御作用。由于植物次生代谢物源于天然，相对安全，且不会产生残留和抗药性，因此利用寄主次生代谢物开发害虫拒食剂已成为害虫治理的重要研究方向。
因此，如何研发一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂是本领域技术人员亟需解决的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，该拒食剂可以有效致使虫瘿蓟马拒食，为减轻虫瘿蓟马的发生和为害及减少化学农药的使用量，实现该虫的绿色、高效、可持续防控提供支撑。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，包括：2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮。
本发明中：
2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮中均具有二氯苯基结构，具有杀虫防菌功效，可使害虫产生拒食作用。
3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯具麻醉和弱刺激作用，具有拒食防虫功效。
进一步，上述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为(2-4):(0.5-2):(0.5-2)。
更进一步，上述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为2:2:2。
更进一步，上述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为4:2:0.5。
进一步，上述用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂还包括柠檬酸三乙酯。
采用上述进一步技术方案的有益效果在于，柠檬酸三乙酯溶解能力和稳定性强，是一种良好的载体溶剂和缓释溶剂，可使溶于其中的挥发物成分缓慢、均匀释放。
经由上述的技术方案可知，与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明拒食剂能够有效致使虫瘿蓟马拒食，为减轻虫瘿蓟马的发生和为害及减少化学农药的使用量，实现该虫的绿色、高效、可持续防控提供支撑。
附图说明
图1为虫瘿蓟马对3种不同抗蓟马水平榕属植物的危害程度；
图2为3种次生代谢物单一成分和不同配比对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果比较。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，包括：2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮，质量比为2:2:2；
还包括柠檬酸三乙酯。
实施例2
用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，包括：2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮，质量比为4:2:0.5；
还包括柠檬酸三乙酯。
性能测试
1、虫瘿蓟马对3种不同抗蓟马水平榕属植物的危害程度
供试榕属植物：2个月树龄、平均株高20-22cm的蓟马高感品种垂叶榕、低感品种人参榕和高抗品种印度榕3种盆栽植株。
供试虫瘿蓟马：采集于盆栽榕树基地，于室温25-28℃、相对湿度50％-60％、光周期12L:12D条件下，在养虫笼中用盆栽垂叶榕饲养，取次代羽化3d并饥饿12h的成虫。
试验方法：挑取虫瘿蓟马成虫10头接种到垂叶榕、人参榕和印度榕3种盆栽植株的嫩叶上，接着用100目的小型白色透明尼龙纱网袋将嫩叶套住并扎紧防止蓟马逃逸，5d后将叶片置于体视显微镜下拍照，再用图像采集处理软件测量每种榕属植物叶片上的单位虫伤面积(mm2/mm2)，后用Duncan新复极差法比较3种榕属植物叶片上单位虫伤面积的差异性。
结果如图1所示。
图1为虫瘿蓟马对3种不同抗蓟马水平榕属植物的危害程度。由图1可知，虫瘿蓟马对3种不同抗蓟马水平榕属植物的危害程度存在明显差异，对垂叶榕的危害程度最重，单位虫伤面积达0.0828mm2/mm2，显著高于其他2种榕属植物；对人参榕的危害程度位居其次，单位虫伤面积达0.0514mm2/mm2，显著高于印度榕；对印度榕的危害程度最轻，单位虫伤面积仅0.0021mm2/mm2。
2、榕属植物次生代谢物含量与虫瘿蓟马危害程度的关系
取3种榕属植物(垂叶榕、人参榕和印度榕)各3株，即3次重复，剪取每株嫩片3g，迅速用液氮研磨，溶于甲醇中，离心去除颗粒后取样检测；利用超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)检测3种榕属植物叶片的次生代谢物。色谱柱：C18色谱柱(Zorbax EclipseC18、1.8μm×2.1×100mm)。色谱分离条件为：柱温为30℃；流速0.3mL/min。流动相组成A：水+0.1％甲酸，B：纯乙腈；进样量为2μL，自动进样器温度4℃。正(负)模式：加热器温度325℃；鞘气流速：45arb；辅助气流速：15arb；吹扫气流速：1arb；电喷雾电压：3.5KV；毛细管温度：330℃；S-Lens RF Level：55％。扫描模式：一级全扫描(Full Scan,m/z 100～1500)与数据依赖性二级质谱扫描(dd-MS2,TopN＝10)；分辨率：120,000(一级质谱)&60,000(二级质谱)。碰撞模式：高能量碰撞解离(HCD)。使用Compound Discoverer 3.1进行保留时间矫正及峰识别与提取，根据二级质谱信息利用Thermo mzCloud在线数据库和Thermo mzValut本地数据库鉴定物质。之后，利用Pearson correlation分析次生代谢物相对含量与蓟马危害程度(单位虫伤面积)的相关性。
结果如表1所示。
表1榕属植物次生代谢物含量与虫瘿蓟马危害程度的关系
Figure BDA0003516950030000051
由表1可知，3种榕属植物间各个次生代谢物的相对含量差异显著。其中，3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯的相对含量与虫瘿蓟马的危害程度呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)，2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的相对含量与虫瘿蓟马的危害程度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。
以上试验说明，虽然这3种次生代谢物的相对含量不高，但应该是虫瘿蓟马拒食榕属植物的关键次生代谢物。
3、榕属植物次生代谢物单一成分对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果
取2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的标准品(纯度为97-99％)，先将每种物质用柠檬酸三乙酯溶解稀释成不同浓度，其中2,6-二氯甲苯设2μg/100μL、4μg/100μL和6μg/100μL，2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮均设0.5μg/100μL、1μg/100μL和2μg/100μL；分别吸取每种单一次生代谢物各处理浓度的溶液10mL，均匀喷雾于1株蓟马高感品种垂叶榕的嫩叶上，接着接种虫瘿蓟马成虫10头，再用100目的小型白色透明尼龙纱网袋将嫩叶套住并扎紧；5d后按照实验1的方法测量每种榕属植物叶片上的单位虫伤面积，并以该实验中垂叶榕嫩叶上的单位虫伤面积作为对照(未喷雾次生代谢物)，计算次生代谢物单一成分对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果。
拒食效果(％)＝(次生代谢物未处理的单位虫伤面积-次生代谢物处理的单位虫伤面积)/次生代谢物未处理的单位虫伤面积×100，用Duncan新复极差法比较每种次生代谢物中各处理对虫瘿蓟马拒食效果的差异性。
结果如表2所示。
表2榕属植物次生代谢物单一成分对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果
Figure BDA0003516950030000061
有表2可知，3种次生代谢物对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果受浓度影响较大。在2,6-二氯甲苯中，4μg/100μL和6μg/100μL的拒食效果差异不显著，但均显著高于2μg/100μL。
在3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮中，均是2μg/100μL的拒食效果最好，显著高于0.5μg/100μL；其次是1μg/100μL；0.5μg/100μL的拒食效果最低。
以上试验说明，3种次生代谢物均能有效致使虫瘿蓟马拒食。
4、榕属植物次生代谢物不同配比对虫瘿蓟马的拒食效果
先取2,6-二氯甲苯的2μg/100μL和4μg/100μL浓度分别设为单剂A1和单剂A2，取3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯的0.5μg/100μL和2μg/100μL浓度分别设为单剂B1和单剂B2，取3-2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的0.5μg/100μL和2μg/100μL浓度分别设为单剂C1和单剂C2(表3)；再利用正交表L4(23)设计出4种配比(表3)分别溶于柠檬酸三乙酯制成混剂；后分别吸取每种拒食剂10mL，按“实验3”中的方法进行喷雾、接虫及测定拒食效果，并与“实验3”中3种次生代谢中单一成分对应浓度的拒食效果进行相互比较。
结果如表4和图2所示。
表3 3种次生代谢物单一成分浓度(μg/100μL)
Figure BDA0003516950030000071
表4 3种次生代谢物浓度L4(23)正交设计配比(μg/100μL)
Figure BDA0003516950030000072
由表4和图2可知，10个处理中，配比2和配比4的拒食效果最好，分别为75.07％和73.66％，两者差异不显著，但均显著高于其他处理；其次分别是单剂B2、单剂C2、配比1和配比3，拒食效果也较好，达60.87％-64.23％，相互间差异也不显著，但均显著高于单剂A1、单剂A2、单剂B1和单剂C1；再次是单剂A2，拒食效果为51.06％；其他3个处理的拒食效果均未达50％。
综合评价各处理的拒食效果可以看出，2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-2,6-二氯甲苯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮质量分数为(2-4):(0.5-2):(0.5-2)是配制虫瘿蓟马专性拒食剂的适宜配比，其中，优选配比为2:2:2(配比2)和4:2:0.5(配比4)，这2个优选配比相对于单一成分具有显著的协同增效作用，可高效致使虫瘿蓟马拒食，能为减轻虫瘿蓟马的发生和为害及减少化学农药的使用量，实现该虫的绿色、高效、可持续防控提供支撑。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明，使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下，在其它实施例中实现。因此，本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，其特征在于，包括：2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，其特征在于，所述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为(2-4):(0.5-2):(0.5-2)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，其特征在于，所述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为2:2:2。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，其特征在于，所述2,6-二氯甲苯、3,4-二羟基呋喃-2,5-二甲酸二乙酯和3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-en-1-酮的质量比为4:2:0.5。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的一种用于防控榕属植物上虫瘿蓟马的专性拒食剂，其特征在于，还包括柠檬酸三乙酯。
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