CN114428000A - Natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample and preparation method - Google Patents
Natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114428000A CN114428000A CN202011091342.0A CN202011091342A CN114428000A CN 114428000 A CN114428000 A CN 114428000A CN 202011091342 A CN202011091342 A CN 202011091342A CN 114428000 A CN114428000 A CN 114428000A
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- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 natural gas hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940099259 vaseline Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/44—Sample treatment involving radiation, e.g. heat
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of rock physics, and discloses a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample and a preparation method thereof. The artificial rock sample material comprises, by mass, 18-19% of 100-200 mesh single crystal material, 75-76% of 40-70 mesh quartz sand and 4-7% of cementing agent. The method comprises the following steps: s1: heating the single crystal material and the quartz sand; s2: uniformly mixing the single crystal material processed in the step S1 and quartz sand, adding the cementing agent, and further uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture; s3: and pressing the mixture obtained in the step S2 to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample. The invention utilizes the monocrystal mineral material which can replace the natural gas hydrate to prepare the natural gas hydrate artificial rock sample, and obtains good effect in the preparation technology of the natural gas hydrate artificial rock sample.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rock physics, and particularly relates to a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The natural gas hydrate is an ice-like crystalline substance formed by small-molecule natural gas such as methane and water under specific low-temperature high-pressure conditions. In terms of material composition, the formation process of the natural gas hydrate is an enrichment process of gas and pure water; from the distribution range, the natural gas hydrate can be widely formed in sea areas with certain water depth, deep lakes and permafrost zones; from the stability point of view, natural gas hydrates are relatively easy to form and decompose. The natural gas hydrate has high energy density, shallow burying depth, good condition of formed hiding and is clean and environment-friendly, and is an important strategic energy source and a potential future resource. At present, the research on the influence factors of the indoor synthesis experiment of the natural gas hydrate mainly focuses on a cooling mode, a depressurization mode, fluid properties and additives. Since the natural gas hydrate can not be maintained at normal temperature and normal pressure, the research on the physical properties of the natural gas hydrate is very difficult, many scientists concentrate on observing the formation and decomposition process of the natural gas hydrate under specific conditions by using instruments at the present stage, and few research on the physical properties of natural gas hydrate ore bodies and the influence of the physical properties on the exploration and development of the natural gas hydrate ore bodies is carried out.
The artificial rock sample technology is a method for simulating field rock in a laboratory, and the method can be used for researching the rock aiming at a single problem, well avoiding the uncertainty of the field rock and artificiallyRock sampling techniques are being applied more frequently to the facets of seismic exploration and development. The natural gas hydrate is an ice-like solid substance generally existing near the sea bottom, the corresponding rock in the area is generally in a loose state or a semi-consolidated state, the rock has the characteristics of high porosity and high permeability, the longitudinal wave velocity of the pure natural gas hydrate is 3300-3600m/s, the transverse wave velocity is 1680-1800m/s, and the density is about 0.91g/cm3. The materials commonly used in laboratories for making artificial rock samples are generally quartz sand, glass beads, kaolin, epoxy resin and organic glass, and the speed and density of the materials are difficult to meet the requirements for making artificial rock samples of reservoirs containing natural gas hydrates.
Therefore, considering that the natural gas hydrate is a special mineral substance which cannot maintain the form at normal temperature and normal pressure, and has the characteristics of high porosity and high permeability and the transverse and longitudinal wave velocities thereof, it is necessary to prepare an artificial rock sample similar to a natural gas hydrate ore body, and further study the physical properties of the natural gas hydrate ore body and the influence of the physical properties on the exploration and development of the natural gas hydrate ore body.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample and a preparation method thereof, aiming at the defects of the prior art. The invention utilizes the monocrystal mineral material which can replace the natural gas hydrate to prepare the natural gas hydrate artificial rock sample, and can realize the research on the physical characteristics of the natural gas hydrate ore body.
In order to achieve the above object, the first aspect of the present invention provides an artificial rock sample material of a natural gas hydrate ore body, which comprises, by mass, 18% -19% of a 100-200-mesh single crystal material, 75% -76% of 40-70-mesh quartz sand, and 4% -7% of a cementing agent.
The second aspect of the invention provides a method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample by using the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, which comprises the following steps:
s1: heating the single crystal material and the quartz sand;
s2: uniformly mixing the single crystal material processed in the step S1 and quartz sand, adding the cementing agent, and further uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture;
s3: and pressing the mixture obtained in the step S2 to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
The third aspect of the invention provides the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample prepared by the method for preparing the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the method utilizes the monocrystal mineral material capable of replacing the natural gas hydrate to prepare the natural gas hydrate artificial rock sample, and can explore the influence of the existence mode of the natural gas hydrate, the saturation degree of the natural gas hydrate and the like on the longitudinal and transverse wave speeds and the density of the natural gas hydrate ore body, so that a rock physical model of the natural gas hydrate ore body is established or a rock physical model is verified to be more suitable for being applied to the research of the natural gas hydrate ore body.
(2) The artificial rock sample of the natural gas hydrate ore body prepared by the invention is subjected to transmission measurement by using an ultrasonic pulse system, the longitudinal wave speed of the artificial rock sample is 2500m/s, the transverse wave speed of the artificial rock sample is 1300m/s, and the artificial rock sample of the natural gas hydrate ore body is compared with logging information.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in more detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a single crystal material in an artificial rock-like material of a natural gas hydrate ore body provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 shows a flow chart of a method for preparing the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample by using the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material provided by the invention.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an artificial rock sample using the natural gas hydrate ore body provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below. While the following describes preferred embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
The invention provides a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, which comprises 18-19% of 100-200-mesh single crystal material, 75-76% of 40-70-mesh quartz sand and 4-7% of cementing agent by mass percent.
In the invention, through a plurality of tests and tests, a single crystal material is selected to prepare the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample, the longitudinal wave speed of the single crystal material in a crystallization state can reach 3700m/s, the transverse wave speed is 1800m/s, and the density is 1.2g/cm3The material property is similar to that of natural gas hydrate, and the crystal is also a crystal, can exist in a solid form at normal temperature, and is very suitable for preparing the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample instead of the natural gas hydrate, and the physical property comparison ratio of the single crystal material selected by the invention and the natural gas hydrate is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of physical Properties of selected single crystal materials of the invention with Natural gas hydrates
Longitudinal wave velocity (km/s) | Transverse wave velocity (km/s) | Density (g/cm)3) | |
Natural gas hydrate | 3.3-3.6 | 1.68-1.8 | 0.91 |
Single crystal material | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
According to the invention, preferably, the monocrystalline material is a monocrystalline rock candy.
According to the invention, preferably, the binder is an epoxy resin.
The second aspect of the invention provides a method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample by using the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, which comprises the following steps:
s1: heating the single crystal material and the quartz sand;
s2: uniformly mixing the single crystal material processed in the step S1 and quartz sand, adding the cementing agent, and further uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture;
s3: and pressing the mixture obtained in the step S2 to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
According to the present invention, preferably, in step S1, the temperature of the heat treatment is 35 ℃ to 45 ℃, and the time of the heat treatment is 1 to 3 hours.
According to the invention, in step S3, preferably, the step of subjecting the mixture obtained in step S2 to pressing treatment includes cleaning and lubricating a grinding tool for making an artificial rock sample, placing the mixture layer by layer into the cleaned and lubricated grinding tool for making an artificial rock sample, and subjecting the mixture to pressing treatment to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample. Preferably, the step of cleaning treatment includes cleaning the grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample with alcohol, and the step of lubricating treatment includes lubricating the cleaned grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample with a lubricant.
In the present invention, as a preferable aspect, the step of subjecting the mixture obtained in step S2 to a pressing process further includes, after subjecting the mixture to a pressing process, taking out the mixture from the grinding tool for producing the artificial rock sample to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
According to the invention, preferably, the lubricant is petrolatum.
According to the invention, preferably, the apparatus for the pressing treatment is a uniaxial press, the pressure of the pressing treatment is 0.3-0.8MPa, and the time of the pressing treatment is 10-14 h.
In the invention, in order to simulate the characteristics of high porosity and high permeability of natural gas hydrate, quartz sand with the granularity of 40-70 meshes is selected as a matrix mineral, epoxy resin is used as a cementing agent, the single crystal material is mixed in the cementing agent, and the mixture is solidified and molded under the pressure of 0.3-0.8 MPa.
The third aspect of the invention provides the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample prepared by the method for preparing the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
The present invention is specifically illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material which comprises 40g of 100-200-mesh single crystal material, 160g of 40-70-mesh quartz sand and 12g of epoxy resin in percentage by mass. The single crystal material is shown in fig. 1.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample by using the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material, the method adopts the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material described in embodiment 1, and as shown in fig. 2, the method includes the following steps:
s1: and heating the single crystal material and the quartz sand, wherein the heating temperature is 40 ℃, and the heating time is 2 h.
S2: uniformly mixing the single crystal material processed in the step S1 with quartz sand, adding the epoxy resin, and further uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture;
s3: cleaning and lubricating a grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample, putting the mixture into the grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample after cleaning and lubricating layer by layer, pressing the mixture for 12 hours, and taking the mixture out of the grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample, wherein the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample is shown in figure 3.
The step of cleaning treatment comprises the step of cleaning the grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample by using alcohol; the step of lubricating treatment comprises the steps of lubricating the cleaned grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample by adopting vaseline; the pressing treatment instrument is a uniaxial press, and the pressing treatment pressure is 0.5 MPa.
Comparative example
The comparative example provides an artificial rock sample material which comprises, by mass percent, 200g of 40-70 mesh quartz sand and 12g of epoxy resin. And (4) cementing the quartz sand and the epoxy resin to obtain the artificial rock sample.
Test example
The natural gas hydrate generally exists in a reservoir in a pore filling mode, and the existence of the natural gas hydrate can reduce the porosity of rock, so that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocity of the reservoir is higher than that of the rock without the natural gas hydrate. In the test example, the longitudinal wave velocity and the transverse wave velocity of the artificial rock sample of the natural gas hydrate ore body prepared in the example 2 and the artificial rock sample prepared in the comparative example are measured in a transmission mode by using an ultrasonic pulse system, the longitudinal wave velocity of the artificial rock sample prepared in the comparative example is 2350m/s, the transverse wave velocity is 1250m/s, the longitudinal wave velocity of the artificial rock sample of the natural gas hydrate ore body prepared in the example 2 is 2500m/s, the transverse wave velocity is 1300m/s, and the data is close to the hydrate logging data, so that the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample prepared in the invention has a good effect.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary, not exhaustive, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Claims (10)
1. The natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material is characterized by comprising 18-19% of 100-200-mesh single crystal material, 75-76% of 40-70-mesh quartz sand and 4-7% of cementing agent by mass percent.
2. The natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock-like material of claim 1, wherein the single crystal material is a single crystal rock sugar.
3. The natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock-like material of claim 1, wherein the cementing agent is an epoxy resin.
4. A method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample by using the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, which comprises the following steps:
s1: heating the single crystal material and the quartz sand;
s2: uniformly mixing the single crystal material processed in the step S1 and quartz sand, adding the cementing agent, and further uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture;
s3: and pressing the mixture obtained in the step S2 to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
5. The method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to claim 4, wherein in the step S1, the temperature of the heating treatment is 35-45 ℃, and the time of the heating treatment is 1-3 h.
6. The method for preparing the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to claim 4, wherein in the step S3, the step of pressing the mixture obtained in the step S2 comprises the steps of cleaning and lubricating a grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample, putting the mixture into the cleaned and lubricated grinding tool for manufacturing the artificial rock sample layer by layer, and pressing the mixture to obtain the natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample.
7. The method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to claim 6, wherein the step of washing treatment comprises washing the artificial rock sample-making abrasive tool with alcohol, and the step of lubricating treatment comprises lubricating the artificial rock sample-making abrasive tool after washing treatment with a lubricant.
8. The method of preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to claim 7, wherein the lubricant is petrolatum.
9. The method for preparing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to claim 4, wherein the pressing treatment instrument is a uniaxial press, the pressing treatment pressure is 0.3-0.8MPa, and the pressing treatment time is 10-14 h.
10. A natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample produced by the method for producing a natural gas hydrate ore body artificial rock sample according to any one of claims 4 to 9.
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CN104949870A (en) * | 2015-06-16 | 2015-09-30 | 青岛海洋地质研究所 | Pressing method for methane hydrate containing rock core sample |
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CN109141996A (en) * | 2018-07-02 | 2019-01-04 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | Gas hydrates core preparing device |
CN110082502A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-08-02 | 中国海洋大学 | The three-dimensional visualization experimental rig and method of decomposition of hydrate induction seabed deformation |
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AU2020101158A4 (en) * | 2020-06-26 | 2020-08-06 | The Institute of Geology and Geophysics | A Neutron Characteristic Device And Implementation Method For The Microstructure Of Natural Gas Hydrate |
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2020
- 2020-10-13 CN CN202011091342.0A patent/CN114428000A/en active Pending
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CN104949870A (en) * | 2015-06-16 | 2015-09-30 | 青岛海洋地质研究所 | Pressing method for methane hydrate containing rock core sample |
CN106596223A (en) * | 2016-12-12 | 2017-04-26 | 西南石油大学 | Production method of rock core for compact gravel rock oil displacement |
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Title |
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MINGMING ZHENG ET AL.: "Simulation of natural gas hydrate formation skeleton with the mathematical model for the calculation of macro-micro parameters", 《JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING》, no. 178, pages 429 - 438, XP085676225, DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.03.051 * |
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