CN114410183A - Centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound COCC(C)O ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/32—Radiation-absorbing paints
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Abstract
The invention provides a centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating and a preparation method thereof, wherein the coating comprises a component A and a component B, wherein the component A is a base material and comprises the following raw materials in mass fraction: 40% -60% of carbonyl iron powder; 0.5% -1% of short carbon fibers; 20% -35% of polyurethane modified epoxy resin; 15% -25% of a solvent; 0.5% -1% of a leveling agent; 0.2% -0.5% of anti-settling agent; the component B is a curing agent. Wherein the carbonyl iron powder and the chopped carbon fiber are both subjected to modification treatment. The centimeter wave-millimeter wave absorbing coating obtained by the invention has better electromagnetic wave absorption performance in both centimeter wave bands and millimeter wave bands, and can solve the problem that the existing wave absorbing coating is difficult to simultaneously meet the requirement of efficient electromagnetic wave absorption in both the centimeter wave bands and the millimeter wave bands. Meanwhile, the wave-absorbing coating is of a single-layer coating structure, and compared with other wave-absorbing materials designed in a double-layer or even multi-layer structure, the wave-absorbing coating greatly improves the convenience in practical application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of radar wave-absorbing coatings, in particular to a functional coating which can be used on ground equipment or aircrafts and can be compatible with the electromagnetic wave absorption effect of centimeter-millimeter wave bands and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The radar has wide application in modern weaponry, wherein the radar frequency range adopted by detection and reconnaissance is mainly centimeter waves of 8 GHz-12 GHz (X wave band) and 12 GHz-18 GHz (Ku wave band), and the radar frequency range adopted by accurate striking comprises millimeter waves of 26.5 GHz-40 GHz (Ka wave band) and 90 GHz-100 GHz (W wave band). Achieving multi-band stealth compatibility is a very complex problem. The wave absorbing performance of the wave absorbing material is related to the frequency and the equivalent conductivity of the electromagnetic wave, because of the relation between the equivalent conductivity and the frequency
And the relation between attenuation constant and frequency shows that when the frequency change is not very large, the influence of the frequency on the electromagnetic property of the material is small, and meanwhile, the material with a good absorption effect on millimeter waves can basically propagate in the material without loss, the transparency to the centimeter waves is very high, but the metallicity of the material with a good absorption effect on the centimeter waves is enhanced, the reflection effect on the millimeter waves is increased, and the propagation property of the millimeter waves is greatly changed.
For radar wave-absorbing coatings, "thin, light, wide and strong" is a constant development trend. The traditional wave-absorbing coating is difficult to meet the requirements of four aspects at the same time, for example, a single-layer wave-absorbing coating can meet the requirements of thinness, lightness and strength to a certain extent, but is difficult to realize effective electromagnetic wave absorption in a wider frequency band range; based on the current situation, many researchers put forward various schemes, for example, a coating designed by adopting a multilayer structure can meet the requirements of width and strength, but cannot meet the requirement of thinness, and the wave-absorbing coating designed by the multilayer structure is inconvenient to use and maintain and is difficult to meet the requirement of large-scale practical application. Therefore, the development of a wave-absorbing coating which can be compatible with a centimeter wave-millimeter wave band to realize effective electromagnetic wave absorption is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating and a preparation method thereof, which have excellent broadband wave-absorbing performance, the average reflectivity of the wave-absorbing material in C, X, Ku and Ka wave bands respectively reaches-5 dB, -12dB, -7dB and-5 dB, and the problem of effective electromagnetic wave absorption of the compatible centimeter-millimeter wave band can be realized.
The invention has the technical scheme that the centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating comprises a component A and a component B, wherein the component A is a base material and comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 40 to 60 percent of carbonyl iron powder; 0.5 to 1 percent of short carbon fiber; 20 to 35 percent of polyurethane modified epoxy resin; 15% -25% of a solvent; 0.5 to 1 percent of flatting agent; 0.2 to 0.5 percent of anti-settling agent; the component B is a curing agent, and the mass ratio of the component B to the component A is as follows according to the number of active hydrogen: the number of the epoxy groups is calculated to be 0.95-1.05: 1.
Further, the component B is an amine epoxy curing agent.
Furthermore, the carbonyl iron powder is subjected to wet ball milling modification treatment, the real part of the complex dielectric constant of the carbonyl iron powder is 15.2-19.5, the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant is 0.11-1.44, the real part of the complex permeability is 0.84-2.10, and the imaginary part of the complex permeability is 0.44-0.75 in the range of 1 GHz-18 GHz after the ball milling treatment.
Furthermore, the length of the chopped carbon fiber is 0.5-0.7 mm, the diameter is 8-10 mu m, and the length-diameter ratio is 50-88: 1.
And further, adding the chopped carbon fibers into the silane coupling agent ethanol dispersion liquid for modification treatment, and drying for later use.
Further, the solid content of the polyurethane modified epoxy resin is not less than 40%, and the epoxy value of the resin is not less than 0.2.
Further, the solvent is any two or more of cyclohexanone, benzyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone and propylene glycol monomethyl ether for complex use; the leveling agent adopts polyether modified siloxane substances; the anti-settling agent adopts polyamide wax substances.
The invention also relates to a method for preparing the centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps:
s1, uniformly mixing the polyurethane modified epoxy resin, the solvent, the leveling agent and the anti-settling agent according to the proportion;
s2, adding the carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling into the material obtained in the S1, and mixing until the carbonyl iron powder is free of agglomeration; adding the modified short carbon fiber, and continuously and uniformly dispersing to obtain a component A of the wave-absorbing coating;
and S3, mixing the component A and the component B according to the proportion, and uniformly stirring to obtain the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating.
Further, when mixing in S1, stirring at a stirring speed of 500-800 rpm for 10-20 min; and when mixing in the S2, the rotating speed is 800 rpm-1200 rpm, and the stirring time is 10 min-15 min after the carbonyl iron powder and the chopped carbon fiber are added.
Further, wet ball milling modification is carried out on carbonyl iron powder before use, according to parts by weight, 0.1-0.2 part of KH-550 is added into 1 part of ethanol, and 1 part of carbonyl iron powder is added after uniform mixing, and 1-2 parts of stainless steel balls with diameter of 6mm and 2-4 parts of stainless steel balls with diameter of 8mm are added; setting the frequency to be 40-60 GHz, and the ball milling time to be 10-14 hours; discharging after the ball milling is finished, drying and screening for later use by a 200-mesh screen.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating and the preparation method thereof, carbonyl iron powder subjected to ball milling treatment and chopped carbon fiber subjected to surface modification treatment are compounded to be used as the absorbent, so that the magnetic loss capability of the carbonyl iron powder absorbent and the dielectric loss capability of the chopped carbon fiber can be considered simultaneously, and the effective electromagnetic wave absorption performance in centimeter wave-millimeter wave bands can be realized.
However, the wave-absorbing coating prepared by compounding carbonyl iron powder and chopped carbon fiber has certain process difficulties: the carbonyl iron powder and the short carbon fiber have larger specific gravity difference, the film forming thickness of the wave-absorbing coating reaches 1.4-1.6 mm, and the thicker the coating, the more easily the phenomenon of uneven distribution of components with different specific gravity is caused, thereby affecting the coating performance. According to the invention, KH-550 wet ball milling is adopted to modify carbonyl iron powder, so that the flaking and surface modification of the carbonyl iron powder are realized, and the flaked carbonyl iron powder carrying amino groups can be better blended into resin; meanwhile, the ethanol and the KH-550 mixed solution are adopted to treat the chopped carbon fibers, and the ethanol can remove the colloid carried on the surfaces of the carbon fibers, so that the KH-550 is better combined with the chopped carbon fibers, and the chopped carbon fibers carry amino groups. The chopped carbon fibers carrying the amino groups can react with epoxy groups in the polyurethane modified epoxy resin, and migration and enrichment of the chopped carbon fibers to the upper layer of a coating along with solvent volatilization can be avoided, so that the chopped carbon fibers and carbonyl iron powder are uniformly distributed in the coating, and the centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave absorbing effect is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is the electromagnetic parameters of carbonyl iron powder after ball milling treatment in example 1, wherein ε 'is the real part of the dielectric constant, ε "is the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, μ' is the real part of the magnetic permeability, and μ" is the imaginary part of the magnetic permeability.
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional SEM photograph of the chopped carbon fibers of example 1.
Fig. 3 is a reflection rate graph (a) of the centimeter-wave and millimeter-wave compatible wave-absorbing coating in example 1 and a reflection rate graph (b) of the wave-absorbing coating in comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The carbonyl iron powder used in the following examples is modified by wet ball milling, specifically, 0.2 part of KH-550 is added into 1 part by mass of ethanol, and 1 part of carbonyl iron powder is added after uniform mixing, and 2 parts of stainless steel balls with diameter of 6mm and 3 parts of stainless steel balls with diameter of 8mm are prepared; setting the frequency of 60GHz and the ball milling time of 12 hours; discharging after the ball milling is finished, drying and screening for later use by a 200-mesh screen.
The length of the short carbon fiber is 0.5-0.7 mm, the diameter is 8-10 mu m, and the length-diameter ratio is 50-88: 1. Adding a KH-550 silane coupling agent into ethanol to prepare a dispersion liquid with the KH-550 mass fraction of about 5%, adding 1 part by mass of chopped carbon fibers into 100 parts by mass of the dispersion liquid, setting the stirring speed of a stirring dispersion machine to be 800rpm, stirring for about 1h, filtering the chopped carbon fibers in the dispersion liquid by using a filter screen, baking in an oven at 80 ℃ for about 30min, and taking out for later use.
Example 1
270g of polyurethane modified epoxy resin (with a solid content of 45 percent and an epoxy value of 0.25), 40g of cyclohexanone, 40g of benzyl alcohol, 40g of methyl isobutyl ketone, 29.6g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 4g of BYK-300 leveling agent and 2.4gMT6650 anti-settling agent are sequentially added into a beaker, the stirring speed is set to be 600rpm, and the mixture is stirred for 10min to be in a completely uniform state. Adding 360g of carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling into the uniformly mixed resin solvent liquid under the stirring state, adopting a high-speed shearing dispersion machine, setting the stirring speed to be 1000rpm, dispersing for 10min until the carbonyl iron powder is uniform and free of agglomeration, then adding 4g of specially processed chopped carbon fibers, setting the stirring speed to be 1200rpm, and continuously stirring for 15min to obtain the usable wave-absorbing coating base material A component. And the component B of the wave-absorbing coating curing agent adopts polyether diamine curing agent, the addition amount is calculated according to the stoichiometric ratio of 0.95:1, the curing agent with the corresponding weight is weighed and added into the dispersed component A of the wave-absorbing coating base material, and the mixture is continuously stirred uniformly, so that the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating which can be used for spraying is obtained.
Example 2
216g of polyurethane modified epoxy resin (solid content is 50%, and epoxy value is 0.22), 100g of benzyl alcohol, 40g of methyl isobutyl ketone, 30.4g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 4.8g of BYK-300 leveling agent and 3.2g of MT6650 anti-settling agent are sequentially added into a beaker, the stirring speed is set to 700rpm, and stirring is carried out for 15min until the mixture is completely uniform. Adding 400g of carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling into the uniformly mixed resin solvent liquid under the stirring state, adopting a high-speed shearing dispersion machine, setting the stirring speed to be 1000rpm, dispersing for 15min until the carbonyl iron powder is uniform and free of agglomeration, then adding 5.6g of specially processed chopped carbon fibers, setting the stirring speed to be 1200rpm, and continuously stirring for 15min to obtain the usable wave-absorbing coating base material A component. And the component B of the wave-absorbing coating curing agent adopts polyether diamine curing agent, the addition amount is calculated according to the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, the curing agent with the corresponding weight is added into the dispersed component A of the wave-absorbing coating base material, and the mixture is continuously stirred uniformly, so that the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating for spraying is obtained.
Example 3
160g of polyurethane modified epoxy resin (solid content 57%, epoxy value 0.2), 100g of methyl isobutyl ketone, 80g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 8g of BYK-300 leveling agent and 4g of MT6650 anti-settling agent are sequentially added into a beaker, the stirring speed is set to be 800rpm, and the mixture is stirred for 15min to be in a completely uniform state. Adding 440g of carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling into the uniformly mixed resin solvent liquid under the stirring state, adopting a high-speed shearing dispersion machine, setting the stirring speed to 1200rpm, dispersing for 15min until the carbonyl iron powder is uniform and free of agglomeration, then adding 8g of specially processed chopped carbon fibers, setting the stirring speed to 1200rpm, and continuously stirring for 15min to obtain the usable wave-absorbing coating base material A component. And the component B of the wave-absorbing coating curing agent adopts polyether diamine curing agent, the addition amount is calculated according to the stoichiometric ratio of 1.05:1, the curing agent with the corresponding weight is weighed and added into the dispersed component A of the wave-absorbing coating base material, and the mixture is continuously stirred uniformly, so that the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating which can be used for spraying is obtained.
For comparison, the radar wave absorbing coating is designed and prepared according to the three formulas, and the preparation method of the radar wave absorbing coating is similar to that of the coating prepared in the embodiment and is not described in detail.
Comparative example 1:
the absorbent only has untreated carbonyl iron powder, and the formula of the coating A component is as follows:
untreated carbonyl iron powder: 360 g; polyurethane modified epoxy resin: 270 g; cyclohexanone: 40g of the total weight of the mixture; 40g of benzyl alcohol; 40g of methyl isobutyl ketone; propylene glycol monomethyl ether: 29.6 g; BYK-300: 4g of the total weight of the mixture; MT 6650: 2.4 g.
Comparative example 2:
the absorbent adopts carbonyl iron powder which is ball-milled by a dry planet, and the formula of the coating A component is as follows:
dry planetary ball milling carbonyl iron powder: 400 g; polyurethane modified epoxy resin: 216g of the total weight of the mixture; 100g of benzyl alcohol; 40g of methyl isobutyl ketone; propylene glycol monomethyl ether: 30.4 g; BYK-300: 4.8 g; MT 6650: 3.2 g.
Comparative example 3:
the absorption adopts carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling to be compounded with untreated chopped carbon fiber, and the formula of the coating A component is as follows:
wet ball milling modified carbonyl iron powder: 440 g; untreated chopped carbon fiber: 8g of the total weight of the mixture; polyurethane modified epoxy resin: 160g of a mixture; 100g of methyl isobutyl ketone; propylene glycol monomethyl ether: 80g of the total weight of the mixture; BYK-300: 8g of the total weight of the mixture; MT 6650: 4g of the total weight.
The wave-absorbing coating provided by the embodiment of the invention and the comparative example is evaluated in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect:
the wave-absorbing coatings prepared in the examples and comparative examples were tested using the following criteria:
A. the coating sample plate is tested for the reflectivity of 1 GHz-18 GHz (centimeter wave band) and 26.5 GHz-40 GHz according to GJB2038A-2011 radar absorbing material reflectivity test method.
The thickness of the dry film of the prepared coating is 1.5mm +/-0.1 mm.
The results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from the data in the table, compared with the comparative example, the broadband wave absorbing performance of the example is better. Compared with the comparative example, the wave absorbing performance of the embodiment is better in an X wave band (8-12 GHz) and a Ku wave band (12-18 GHz), the reflectivity of a Ka wave band (26.5-40 GHz) is lower by 2.2 dB-2.7 dB, and the wave absorbing performance is obviously improved. Therefore, the invention achieves the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave absorbing effect of the single-layer wave absorbing coating through a special process.
Claims (10)
1. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating is characterized by comprising a component A and a component B, wherein the component A is a base material and comprises the following raw materials in mass fraction: 40% -60% of carbonyl iron powder; 0.5% -1% of short carbon fibers; 20% -35% of polyurethane modified epoxy resin; 15% -25% of a solvent; 0.5% -1% of a leveling agent; 0.2% -0.5% of anti-settling agent; the component B is a curing agent, and the mass ratio of the component B to the component A is as follows according to the number of active hydrogen: the number of the epoxy groups is calculated to be 0.95-1.05: 1.
2. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible microwave absorbing coating of claim 1, wherein: the component B is an amine epoxy curing agent.
3. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible microwave absorbing coating of claim 1, wherein: the carbonyl iron powder is subjected to wet ball milling modification treatment, the real part of the complex dielectric constant of the carbonyl iron powder is 15.2-19.5, the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant is 0.11-1.44, the real part of the complex permeability is 0.84-2.10, and the imaginary part of the complex permeability is 0.44-0.75 in the range of 1 GHz-18 GHz after ball milling treatment.
4. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible microwave absorbing coating of claim 1, wherein: the length of the short carbon fiber is 0.5 mm-0.7 mm, the diameter is 8 μm-10 μm, and the length-diameter ratio is 50-88: 1.
5. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible microwave absorbing coating of claim 1, wherein: adding the chopped carbon fibers into the silane coupling agent ethanol dispersion liquid for modification treatment, and drying for later use.
6. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible microwave absorbing coating of claim 1, wherein: the solid content of the polyurethane modified epoxy resin is not less than 40 percent, and the epoxy value of the resin is not less than 0.2.
7. The centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: the solvent is any two or more of cyclohexanone, benzyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone and propylene glycol monomethyl ether for complex use; the leveling agent adopts polyether modified siloxane substances; the anti-settling agent adopts polyamide wax substances.
8. The method for preparing the centimeter-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, uniformly mixing the polyurethane modified epoxy resin, the solvent, the leveling agent and the anti-settling agent according to the proportion;
s2, adding the carbonyl iron powder modified by wet ball milling into the material obtained in the S1, and mixing until the carbonyl iron powder is free of agglomeration; adding the modified short carbon fiber, and continuously and uniformly dispersing to obtain a component A of the wave-absorbing coating;
and S3, mixing the component A and the component B according to the proportion, and uniformly stirring to obtain the centimeter wave-millimeter wave compatible wave-absorbing coating.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein: when mixing in S1, stirring for 10-20 min at a stirring speed of 500-800 rpm; and when mixing in the S2, the rotating speed is 800-1200 rpm, and the stirring time is 10-15 min after the carbonyl iron powder and the chopped carbon fiber are added.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein: before using, the carbonyl iron powder is subjected to wet ball milling modification, according to the weight part, 0.1-0.2 part of KH-550 is added into 1 part of ethanol, and after uniform mixing, 1 part of carbonyl iron powder is added, and 1-2 parts of stainless steel balls with the diameter of 6mm and 2-4 parts of stainless steel balls with the diameter of 8mm are added; setting the frequency to be 40-60 GHz, and the ball milling time to be 10-14 hours; discharging after the ball milling is finished, drying and screening for later use by a 200-mesh screen.
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