CN114405526A - Preparation and application of two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst - Google Patents
Preparation and application of two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst Download PDFInfo
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
- B01J27/22—Carbides
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
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- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/30—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds
- C07C209/32—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst. The specific process is as follows: firstly, preparing 15nm Au particles by a sodium citrate reduction method, then synthesizing an Au @ Ag core-shell structure by adopting a seed-mediated method, then adding chloropalladic acid to mix with the Au @ Ag, corroding and dissolving part of Ag by utilizing a displacement reaction between palladium ions and outer-layer Ag to form a porous structure, and simultaneously depositing metal palladium on the surface of the porous Au @ Ag to obtain the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure in one step; secondly, to Ti3AlC2The raw material is subjected to layer opening and intercalation treatment to obtain single-layer or few-layer two-dimensional Ti3C2Nanosheets of two-dimensional Ti3C2The nano sheet is used as a carrier, and the surface of the nano sheet is subjected to charge modification to obtain Ti with positive electricity3C2Nanosheets; finally, assembling the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure on Ti by adopting an electrostatic self-assembly method2C3And obtaining the two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structured photocatalyst on the surface of MXene. The method has the advantages of simple operation process, easy regulation and control of the size of the gold core, the thickness of the Ag shell layer and the size of the pore, effective promotion of the generation and separation efficiency of hot carriers, great improvement of the catalytic activity, easy separation of products, stable property, wide adaptability and wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of photocatalytic nano materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst.
Background
The photocatalysis technology taking solar energy as a direct driving force has the advantages of environmental protection, low energy consumption, mild reaction conditions and the like, is highly concerned in driving an organic synthesis system in recent years, and is an ideal sustainable development chemical production mode. A prerequisite for solar-driven catalytic reactions is the development of photocatalysts with excellent light collection efficiency and catalytic activity. With the cross co-fusion of multiple disciplines, metal nanoparticles with Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) effect are introduced into a photocatalytic system as a novel photocatalyst, and a plasmon resonance (SPR) metal light-driven organic synthesis system is gradually expanded. The SPR effect is derived from the collective oscillation of plasma nic metal surface free electrons induced by light, and when the incident light frequency is equal to the collective oscillation frequency of the free electrons, a resonance effect is generated, and meanwhile, a strong local electric field is induced on the metal surface. When a plasmon metal is illuminated, SPR produces hot electrons by pumping lower energy electrons to higher energy levels through langerhans relaxation, while leaving positively charged hot holes inside the nanostructure. These hot electrons can be injected into specific reaction substrate orbitals to alter the pathway of the catalytic reaction and thereby regulate the selectivity of specific products. However, the low efficiency of hot electron-hole generation and separation of the single plasma metal nano material is a major bottleneck limiting the development and application of the single plasma metal nano material. Therefore, the design and synthesis of a Plasmonic metal photocatalytic material based on the improvement of hot electron-hole generation and separation efficiency is a core scientific problem for realizing a light-driven organic synthesis system.
The fundamental way to increase the efficiency of plasma metal hot electron-hole generation is to increase its SPR effect optical absorption and local electric field strength. As a typical plasma metal, Au and Ag are very different in conversion of solar energy into chemical energy due to their strong light absorption characteristics. However, for single Au or Ag, there are obviously many problems such as single composition, limited optical absorption range, difficulty in greatly increasing local electric field strength, and the like. Compared with the two-component plasma Au @ Ag nano structure, the construction of the two-component plasma Au @ Ag nano structure is beneficial to overcoming the defects of single Au or Ag, and the light absorption rate and the local electric field intensity are greatly improved through the coupling resonance of the SPR effect of the Au component and the Ag component, so that the hot electron-hole generation efficiency is improved. In addition to compositional control, porous plasmon metal nanostructures have attracted attention for their unique optical advantages and local electric field strength. Compared with solid plasma metal, due to the abundant pore structure in the porous plasma metal, the SPR dipole resonance effect can be generated, the optical absorption is expanded to an infrared region, and the nano pores in the catalyst can be similar to a resonator and can focus an incident electromagnetic field, so that the local electric field intensity is increased rapidly, and the hot electron-hole generation efficiency is improved remarkably. Therefore, starting from the integrated design of component and microstructure construction, the design and preparation of the porous plasma Au @ Ag core-shell nano structure is an effective strategy for improving the generation efficiency of hot electron-hole, but related researches are few at present. On the other hand, the catalytic material still has the problem of high hot electron-hole recombination rate, so how to further realize effective separation and rapid migration of hot electrons-holes is another key problem for promoting the advantages of the plasma metal in a light-driven organic synthesis system.
Pd is an excellent catalyst for efficiently catalyzing various reactions. Compared with metal Au or Ag, the larger work function of Pd determines that thermions in an Au (Ag) -Pd structure migrate from the Plasmonic metal to Pd, so that the separation efficiency of thermions and holes is greatly improved. Thus, a metal heterostructure consisting of the Plasmonic metal au (ag) and the promoter Pd is an ideal catalyst model for achieving high performance SPR effect driven reactions. On the other hand, MXene as a novel two-dimensional transition metal carbide/nitride/carbonitride material shows potential application prospects in the field of photocatalysis. The MXene has low Fermi level and excellent conductivity and electron transfer performance, so that the MXene can be used as an electron transfer medium to effectively improve the migration rate of hot electrons in the plasma metal, and further reduce the recombination probability of hot carriers. Although the single plasma nic metal hot carrier separation rate is improved through Pd or MXene modification, the research of improving the porous plasma nic Au @ Ag nano-structure hot carrier separation rate through Pd and MXene co-modification is not reported.
Based on the design and preparation of the porous Plasmonic Au @ Ag nano structure, the invention further performs Pd and MXene co-modification (marked as Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti)3C2) Based on the perfect combination of the efficient generation of hot carriers and the separation efficiency, the optimization and the improvement of the plasma metal light-driven organic reaction efficiency are promoted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method and application of a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst, which is simple to operate and environment-friendly and has high hot carrier generation and separation efficiency.
The technical scheme provided for realizing the invention is as follows:
and preparing Au nano particles. 22.48mM HAuCl4Adding the solution into a certain volume of ultrapure water, quickly injecting a certain volume of 38.75mM sodium citrate solution when the temperature reaches 115-125 ℃, and reacting for 20-30 min to obtain the dispersed Au nanoparticles.
And preparing Au @ Ag core-shell nanoparticles. Respectively dissolving sodium citrate and ascorbic acid in a certain volume of ultrapure water, adding a certain volume of 32.37mM AgNO into the sodium citrate solution3And (3) quickly injecting a certain volume of Au nano particles into the vortex, then dropwise adding an ascorbic acid solution into the center of the vortex, and reacting for one hour in a dark place to obtain the Au @ Ag core-shell nano particles.
And (3) preparing a porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nano structure. Weighing a certain amount of PdCl2Dissolve in HCl to give 1mM H2PdCl4And (3) solution. Mixing fructus Citri LimoniaeSodium salt was dissolved in a volume of ultrapure water, to which a volume of 1mM H was added2PdCl4The solution was then quickly poured into a vortex with a volume of Au @ Ag solution and the ascorbic acid solution slowly added dropwise. And after the reaction is carried out for one hour in a dark place, the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nano particles are prepared.
Two-dimensional Ti3C2And (4) preparing a nano lamellar structure. Etching raw material Ti by using LiF and HCl3AlC2Firstly, a certain volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid is placed in a reaction kettle, then a proper amount of LiF is added, the mixture is stirred for 30-40 min, and then a proper amount of Ti is slowly added3AlC2And (4) carrying out layer-opening reaction, stirring in a water bath for 20-24 h, then centrifugally washing to neutrality, and collecting precipitate. Ti after opening the layer3C2Mixing with a proper amount of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution, and stirring at a constant speed for 10-14 h at room temperature to perform intercalation reaction. Intercalated Ti3C2In N2Performing ice bath ultrasonic treatment for 30-40 min under protection, centrifuging and washing to neutrality, centrifuging at low speed in the precipitate, taking supernatant for 3-5 times, centrifuging the supernatant at high speed, and collecting the precipitate to obtain the two-dimensional Ti3C2And (4) a nano-sheet layer structure.
Electrostatic self-assembly method for preparing porous Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti3C2A photocatalyst. Weighing a certain amount of Ti3C2Sonicate in absolute ethanol for 20 min. Adopts 3-aminopropyl-3-ethoxysilane (APTES) to react with Ti3C2And performing functional modification treatment on the surface. Modified Ti3C2And (3) washing the mixture into a large beaker by using ultrapure water with a certain volume, dripping porous Au @ Ag @ Pd colloidal solution into the large beaker, and reacting for 1.5-3 hours in a dark place. After cooling, centrifuging and washing, the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti is obtained3C2A photocatalyst.
The aniline is prepared by photocatalytic nitrobenzene reduction. Weighing a certain amount of catalyst in a nitrobenzene water solution with a certain concentration, introducing nitrogen in the dark for half an hour, and adding a certain amount of sodium borohydride. The light source was then turned on and 1ml of the suspension was removed at different time intervals. The suspension was centrifuged and the supernatant was checked for nitrobenzene and aniline concentration using a gas chromatograph.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
1. according to the invention, by means of a displacement reaction between palladium ions and metal Ag, Pd is synchronously deposited on the surface of the Ag layer while part of Ag is dissolved and corroded to form a porous structure, and the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure is prepared by a one-step method.
2. In the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure, the Au and Ag component surface plasma resonance coupling effect and the pore hot spot surface plasma resonance effect exist at the same time, so that the high-efficiency hot carrier generation efficiency is realized.
3. The Au core particle size, the Ag shell layer thickness and the pore size are easy to regulate, the required solvent is environment-friendly and nontoxic, and the product is very stable.
4. The invention utilizes APTES to Ti3C2Modified by modified Ti3C2The strong electrostatic interaction force between the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd realizes the effect that Au @ Ag @ Pd is in Ti3C2Strong attachment of the surface. After multiple cycles, Au @ Ag @ Pd is still firmly attached to Ti3C2No obvious shedding phenomenon on the surface.
5. Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti obtained in the invention3C2Catalyst, thermal electron is first transferred to Pd surface, then further transferred from Pd to Ti3C2And the effective separation of hot carriers is thoroughly realized.
6. Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti obtained in the invention3C2The catalyst can completely convert nitrobenzene into aniline within 5 minutes at 0 ℃, and has excellent cycle stability. The reaction process has mild conditions, simple operation, no need of special equipment and convenient application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a high power electron microscope image of Au @ Ag nanoparticles
FIG. 2 is a high power electron microscope image of porous Au @ Ag @ Pd nanoparticles
FIG. 3 is a UV-VISIBLE spectrogram of series of Au @ Ag @ Pd nanoparticles with different Pd contents
FIG. 4 shows Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti3C2Transmission electron micrograph
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance of a series of catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (5 minutes under light)
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples for better understanding, but the scope of the present invention as claimed is not limited to the scope shown in the examples.
(1) Au nanoparticles are prepared by adopting a sodium citrate reduction method, the Au nanoparticles with different particle diameters can be obtained by adding sodium citrate solutions with different volumes, and the preparation of 15nm Au particles is taken as an example, and the specific decomposition steps are as follows:
firstly, alkali washing is needed for the three-mouth bottle, the rotor and the condenser pipe, and then the three-mouth bottle, the rotor and the condenser pipe are rinsed by aqua regia.
② 50mL of ultrapure water is weighed and put into a 100mL three-necked flask, and 2-3 mL of 22.48mM HAuCl is transferred4The solution was pale yellow.
Thirdly, the three-mouth bottle is placed into an IKA heating magnetic stirrer, the rotating speed is 1300-1700 rpm, the center of the three-mouth bottle is enabled to have a stable vortex, and the three-mouth bottle is connected with a condensing device and heated to 115-125 ℃.
And fourthly, quickly injecting 4-6 mL of 38.75mM sodium citrate solution into the center of the vortex, and reacting for 20-30 min to obtain the dispersed 15nm Au nanoparticles.
(2) Au @ Ag core-shell nano particles are prepared by adopting a sol-gel method, and AgNO with different volumes is added3The solution can obtain Au @ Ag nuclear shell nano particles with different thicknesses, and the specific decomposition steps are as follows:
firstly, alkali washing is needed for a beaker, a rotor and a condenser pipe, and then the beaker, the rotor and the condenser pipe are rinsed by aqua regia.
② weighing 35-45 mg of sodium citrate powder into a 100mL small dry and clean beaker, adding 50mL of ultrapure water for dissolving, stirring until the solution is completely dissolved, and the solution is colorless and transparent.
③ weighing 15-25 mg of ascorbic acid powder in a 50mL beaker, adding 10mL of ultrapure water for dissolving, and enabling the solution to be colorless and transparent.
Fourthly, the sodium citrate solution is placed on a stirrer, the stirrer is started to stir, a stable vortex is formed in the center, and 200-220 mu L of AgNO is added while stirring3Solution, then5-8 mL of prepared 15nm Au colloid particles are rapidly injected into the vortex, and the solution in the beaker is purple.
And fifthly, immediately dropwise adding 5-15 mL of ascorbic acid into the center of the vortex, enabling the solution to change from purple to orange, and reacting for one hour in a dark place to obtain the Au @ Ag core-shell nanoparticles.
(3) Preparing porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nanoparticles by adopting a sol-gel method, and adding H with different volumes2PdCl4The solution can obtain Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nanoparticles with different thicknesses, and the specific decomposition steps are as follows:
firstly, alkali washing is needed for a beaker, a rotor and a condenser pipe, and then the beaker, the rotor and the condenser pipe are rinsed by aqua regia.
② weighing 35-45 mg of sodium citrate powder into a 100mL small dry and clean beaker, adding 50mL of ultrapure water for dissolving, stirring until the solution is completely dissolved, and the solution is colorless and transparent.
③ weighing 15-25 mg of ascorbic acid powder in a 50mL beaker, adding 10mL of ultrapure water for dissolving, and enabling the solution to be colorless and transparent.
Fourthly, the sodium citrate solution is placed on a stirrer, the stirrer is started to stir, a stable vortex is arranged in the center, and 100-200 mu L H is added while stirring2PdCl4And (3) pouring 10-20 mL of the prepared Au @ Ag nano particles into the vortex quickly, wherein the solution in the beaker is orange.
And fifthly, immediately dropwise adding 5-15 mL of ascorbic acid into the center of the vortex, changing the solution from orange to wine red, and reacting for one hour in a dark place to obtain the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nanoparticles.
(4) Two-dimensional Ti3C2And (4) preparing a nanosheet layer. Ti3C2The preparation method comprises two processes of layer opening and intercalation, and the specific decomposition steps are as follows:
firstly, a layer opening process:
1) the lining, the rotor and the beaker of the reaction kettle are washed by alkali and then rinsed by aqua regia.
2) Preparing 40-45 mL of 9M hydrochloric acid, weighing 1-3 g of LiF, adding into concentrated hydrochloric acid, stirring at normal temperature for 20min, and slowly adding 1-3 g of Ti3AlC2Setting the water bath temperature at 30-45 ℃ and 1000rpm, and timing for 20-24 h.
3) And after the reaction is finished, repeatedly centrifuging and washing the precipitate by using ultrapure water until the pH value of the supernatant is close to neutrality, and collecting the precipitate.
② intercalation process:
1) ti after opening the layer3C2Dissolving the mixture in 30-50 ml of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) solution, and uniformly stirring at room temperature for 10-14 h.
2) The Ti after intercalation3C2TBA in N2And carrying out ultrasonic treatment in an ice bath for 30-40 min under protection.
3) After the ultrasonic treatment, the supernatant was washed by repeated centrifugation with ultrapure water until the pH of the supernatant was approximately neutral.
4) Adding ultrapure water, shaking uniformly, centrifuging at low speed for 5-10 min, and collecting supernatant for 3-5 times.
5) And (4) continuously centrifuging the obtained supernatant at a high speed, collecting the precipitate, drying the precipitate at 35 ℃ in vacuum, and collecting a sample.
(4) Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti prepared by adopting electrostatic self-assembly method3C2The photocatalyst comprises the following specific decomposition steps:
weighing 0.1-0.2 g of Ti3C2The slices are placed in a 100mL dry and clean three-neck flask, 50-55 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol is weighed and added into the three-neck flask, a device is sealed, and ultrasonic treatment is carried out for 20 min.
And secondly, slowly dripping 0.5-1 mL of APTES into the three-neck bottle. Connecting a condensing device, placing the condensing device in an IKA heating magnetic stirrer preheated to 60-75 ℃, setting the rotating speed at 500rpm, and heating the mixture in a reflux manner for 4 hours.
③ cooling to room temperature, centrifuging to collect the product, repeatedly washing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and modifying Ti3C2The nano-thin slice is washed into a 1L dry clean big beaker by using 200-300 mL of ultrapure water, and a rotor forms a stable vortex at the center.
Dripping the porous Au @ Ag @ Pd colloidal solution into a beaker drop by drop, stirring vigorously after finishing dripping, and reacting for 1.5-3 h in a dark place.
Fifthly, centrifugally collecting a product, repeatedly washing the product by using deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying the precipitate for 2-4 hours in vacuum at the temperature of 30-45 ℃ to obtain a black solid Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti3C2A photocatalyst.
(5)Au@Ag@Pd/Ti3C2The nitrobenzene is reduced by photocatalysis to prepare the aniline.
10mg of the catalyst was suspended in 25 to 30mL of a 1.855mM nitrobenzene solution (1 mL of methanol per 100mL of the solution), purged with nitrogen under dark conditions for 0.5h, and then charged into a reactor with 1 atmosphere of nitrogen. Weighing 17.54-18.8 mg NaBH4Adding the mixture into a reactor quickly in 1mL of cold water, wherein n (nitrobenzene) to n (NaBH)4) The suspension was irradiated (ice bath) with a 300W xenon lamp (PLS-SXE300) at 1: 10. Illuminating for 10s, 20s, 30s, 1min, 1.5min, 3min, 5min, 10min, 20min and 30min, sequentially taking 1mL of sample, 7000rpm/min, centrifuging for 20min, performing solid-liquid separation, performing liquid ultraviolet test on the supernatant, and taking the supernatant to determine the concentrations of nitrobenzene and aniline by an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph.
FIG. 1 is a high power electron microscope image of Au @ Ag core-shell structure, the Au core size is about 15nm, the Ag shell thickness is 3nm, and no pore structure exists.
FIG. 2 is a high power electron microscope image of a porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure, with pores of about 0.5-1nm in size existing between the Au core and the Ag layer, and with the metal Pd deposited outside the Ag shell layer.
The liquid ultraviolet-visible spectrogram (figure 3) confirms that the Au @ Ag core-shell structure has two obvious SPR absorption peaks when H is2PdCl4When the Ag-Ag complex reacts with Au @ Ag to form an Au @ Ag @ Pd structure, the absorption peak range is widened and red shift appears integrally, the existence of a porous structure is proved, in addition, partial Ag is dissolved to form silver ions to enter a solution due to the replacement reaction between palladium ions and outer-layer Ag, and the SPR absorption peak of the Ag is caused to follow H2PdCl4The addition amount is increased and decreased or even disappeared.
FIG. 4 shows Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti3C2Electron microscopic image of (1), Ti3C2Is a two-dimensional transparent lamellar structure, and porous Au @ Ag @ Pd particles are successfully loaded on Ti3C2A surface.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance of different catalysts for photocatalytic nitrobenzene reduction, Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti after 5 minutes of low temperature 0 ℃ illumination3C2In series of catalystsThe best photocatalysis performance is shown, and the conversion rate of nitrobenzene and the selectivity of aniline both reach 100 percent.
Claims (5)
1. A preparation method of a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet modified porous Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell structure photocatalyst comprises the following specific steps:
a preparation method of Au nanoparticles is characterized by comprising the following steps: au nanoparticles are prepared by adopting a sodium citrate reduction method.
2. A preparation method of Au @ Ag core-shell nanoparticles is characterized by comprising the following steps: preparing Au @ Ag core-shell nano-particles by adopting a seed-mediated growth method, taking the Au nano-particles as 'seeds' in claim 1, and chemically reducing AgNO3Ag in solution+Reducing and coating on the surface of the Au core.
3. A preparation method of Au @ Ag @ Pd nanoparticles is characterized by comprising the following steps: preparing Au @ Ag @ Pd core-shell nano-particles by adopting a sol-gel method, taking the Au @ Ag core-shell nano-particles as the original solution as described in claim 2, and adding H by adjusting2PdCl4The amount of the Ag shell is used for partially dissolving and replacing the Ag shell to form Au @ Ag @ Pd porous core-shell nano particles, and H is changed in the experiment2PdCl4The thickness of the outer Pd shell is adjusted by the dosage of the Pd shell.
4. Ti3C2The preparation method of the nano-flake is characterized by comprising the following steps: by subjecting a raw material Ti3AlC2Carrying out two treatments of layer opening and intercalation, and etching the Al layer in the Ti layer so as to obtain single-layer or few-layer micro-nano Ti3C2A sheet.
5. Au @ Ag @ Pd/Ti3C2The preparation method of the photocatalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps: by adding APTES to Ti3C2The surface charge is modified by the method, so that the Au @ Ag @ Pd porous core-shell nano-particles and Ti3C2The nano thin sheets are combined by a method of electrostatic self-assembly, thereby forming a nano-composite materialA composite noble metal photocatalyst.
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| CN115942728A (en) * | 2022-11-15 | 2023-04-07 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Fusiform Co @ C-Mxene electromagnetic shielding material and preparation method thereof |
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