CN114384539A - Absorption spectral line phase shift speed measurement method based on background light synchronous difference - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an absorption spectral line phase shift speed measurement method based on background light synchronous difference, which comprises the following steps: step one, setting the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to zero, and observing the signal energy of the central brightness position of an interference fringe; and adjusting the gain behind the solar telescope and switching the light source back and forth for comparison, so that the interference fringes of the background light and the signal light have basically the same energy amplitude, and recording the amplitude ratio of the background light and the signal light. Modulating the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to a reasonable position, and observing the signal energy of the side lobe position of the interference fringe; and selecting a background light source, amplifying the gain of an image acquisition end, and recording an interference fringe signal generated by the incandescent lamp light source as background reference information. Selecting a signal light source, starting a Doppler velocity generation module, recording an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light, and carrying out difference with the background signal in the step two; and carrying out phase analysis on the difference signal, and verifying the measurement precision.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of aerospace remote sensing and spectrum detection, and particularly relates to an absorption spectral line phase shift speed measurement method based on background light synchronous difference.
Background
With the development of aerospace technology, the artificial aircraft has successively realized the detection of moon and mars, and gradually moves farther and farther, so that the accurate positioning and control of the detector by the foundation equipment becomes more and more difficult, and therefore, the autonomous navigation technology of the deep space detector directly determines the future deep space detection capability of a country and even all human beings, wherein the high-precision autonomous speed measurement capability is a key technical requirement which cannot be avoided in the research and development of a new generation of space aircraft. The traditional Doppler speed measurement spectrometer is used for ground detection based on a large-caliber telescope, has extremely large volume and mass and cannot be loaded on a deep space detector as a flexible device; and the data calculation complexity and the time overhead of the large-scale spectrometer are high, and the measurement requirements of autonomy and instantaneity in a deep space environment cannot be met. The latest DASH spectral velocimetry technology at present has the advantages of miniaturization and high precision and achievement, but the DASH spectral velocimetry technology is realized based on a target source of a transmitting line, and a relatively stable stellar spectrum in a deep space environment is an absorption spectral line.
Based on the doppler effect of light, the speed of relative motion will cause the shift of the incident spectrum, which is reflected as the shift of the spatial frequency of the interference fringe in the measuring spectrometer, and further converted into the phase difference of the signal waveform at the central position in the DASH spectral velocimetry technology. In actual measurement, the acquisition of physical data to be measured is discrete and finite, so that the spectral resolution of the interference fringes corresponding to the frequency domain space is also finite in the signal analysis process, and therefore, an uncertain interval exists in the resolved speed value, namely the signal analysis resolution directly influences the final measurement precision.
According to the characteristics of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the resolution of its spectral analysis typically depends on the width of the spectral interval. The spectral interval is defined as:
Δfx＝Fs/N＝1/(w·N) (1)
wherein Fs is a data sampling rate, N is a number of sampling points entering the conversion calculation, and w is a pixel width of the CCD camera, and it can be seen that the size of the spectrum interval is mainly determined by the number of sampling points N. The traditional spectrum speed measurement method based on the foundation large-caliber telescope mainly obtains a very fine spectrum interval through a large numerical value N, so that the spectral line position and the offset are accurately positioned in a frequency domain space, and high-precision speed measurement is realized.
In the frequency domain space of the interference fringes, the speed variation (speed measurement resolution) corresponding to the dimensional scale of the spatial frequency is as follows:
where Δ fx is the scale interval of the spatial frequency, λ0At the wavelength of the incident light, θLIs the Littrow blaze angle of the grating in a DASH spectrometer, c is the speed of light, Δ vxIs the speed interval (i.e., measurement uncertainty) corresponding to Δ fx. Combined with formula (1), the values "w ═ 13um, θ were taken in the simulationL＝14.318°,λ0411.3nm ", calculated as: when N is 256, Δ vx36316.4 m/s. Even if the DASH-based interference phase method is adopted to improve the speed measurement resolution (the resolution is improved by about 300 times in the same proportion), the speed quantity corresponding to the scale interval is recorded as delta v0Still there is Δ v0120.5 m/s. The error magnitude is obviously different from the requirement of the measuring precision of 1m/s magnitude required by a deep space detector.
For the emission spectrum, in the fourier transform calculation process, spectrum positioning can be performed according to the weighted average value of a plurality of sampling points near the energy center, that is, the frequency shift amount of an equivalent single-frequency signal is inverted by fitting the dispersed frequency domain sampling values, so that the measurement resolution capability of the doppler velocity breaks through the limit of the spectrum interval, as shown in fig. 1. Since the velocity modulation does not change the wavelength band selection range and filter response of the monochromator (interference requirement) in the measurement optical path, so that the absorption line entering the measurement system is actually the emission spectral band containing the absorption peak, the velocity measurement based on the absorption line essentially resolves the doppler shift of the absorption peak contained in the fixed spectrum, as shown in fig. 2. Assuming that the frequency domain response of a monochromator at the front end of the system is a superss linear band-pass filter, and the real Doppler translation distance of an absorption peak is F1; and the interference fringes generated by the whole spectrum section entering the speed measurement system are integrally analyzed, the integral equivalent translation distance of the obtained spectrum section is F2, and the two are completely unequal, as shown in fig. 3. It can be seen that the principle of increasing the resolution of signal analysis based on multi-point weighting is no longer applicable to the absorption lines, so that the measurement accuracy is again limited by the spectral resolution of the interference fringe signal data. Therefore, conflicting contradictions are formed among three conditions of absorption spectrum, high measurement precision and instrument miniaturization in practical application. In the DASH spectral velocimetry technology for the absorption spectrum target source, direct measurement calculation cannot be performed, and an indirect measurement method must be found.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the precision defect of direct measurement caused by the signal resolution constraint based on the absorption spectrum line, the method provides an absorption spectrum line phase shift speed measurement method based on the background light synchronous difference, and aims to convert the absorption spectrum line signal into an emission spectrum line signal by adopting a technical means and finish high-precision analysis of the movement speed of the deep space detector by utilizing an indirect measurement mode of a DASH spectral speed measurement technology. The invention improves Doppler velocity measurement based on star absorption spectrum in deep space environment, and is beneficial to realizing high-precision autonomous navigation of a deep space detector.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a phase shift speed measurement method of absorption spectral lines based on background light synchronous difference comprises the following steps:
step one, setting the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to zero, and observing the signal energy of the central brightness position of an interference fringe; adjusting the gain behind the solar telescope and switching the light source back and forth for comparison to make the interference fringes of the background light and the signal light have basically the same energy amplitude, and recording the amplitude ratio of the background light and the signal light;
modulating the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to a reasonable position, specifically calculating the optimal optical path difference by an efficiency function, and observing the signal energy of the side lobe position of the interference fringe; selecting a background light source, amplifying the gain of an image acquisition end, and recording an interference fringe signal generated by an incandescent lamp light source as background reference information;
selecting a signal light source, starting a Doppler velocity generation module, recording an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light, and carrying out difference on the interference fringe signal and the background reference information obtained in the step two after amplitude scale factor adjustment; and carrying out phase analysis on the difference signal, fitting two groups of curves with/without speed, and verifying the matching degree and the measurement precision of the difference between the curves and the calibration speed.
Further, in the first step, the energy amplitudes of the background light and the signal light need to be adjusted and controlled to be in the same order of magnitude, so that the interference of the background noise to the measurement system is substantially consistent, and is cancelled by the differential means.
Further, in the second step, a reasonable modulation position of the optical path difference of the two arms of the DASH spectrometer is set, and if the optical path difference is small, so that a main lobe and a side lobe of an interference fringe exist in a field of view of the detector at the same time, the back-and-forth adjustment operation of the optical path difference can be omitted; and selecting an incandescent lamp background light source, adjusting the environmental parameters of the vacuum low-temperature chamber to keep the interference fringes stable, and recording the waveform information of the background light interference fringes.
Further, in the third step, sunlight is selected as a signal light source, and the monochromator selects a spectral section with only one absorption line with larger depth in the passband range according to the spectral characteristics of the sunlight; adjusting an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light by adopting the amplitude scale factor marked in the step one, and then carrying out differential processing on the interference fringe signal and the background light interference fringe signal recorded in the step two, wherein the difference signal at the moment is a single-frequency emission spectrum interference waveform; and analyzing the phase information of the signal waveform by adopting discrete Fourier transform or an adaptive frequency tracking algorithm on the difference signal.
Furthermore, in the third step, a verification mode of a simulation experiment is adopted; simulating the running speed of the deep space detector by a Doppler speed generation module, and mapping two states of the deep space detector, namely static state and motion state by adopting an optical fiber beam splitter and a chopper disk to perform optical path switching; and respectively fitting the analyzed phase sequences in the obtained image sequences with state curves, wherein the difference between the two phase curves is the phase difference corresponding to the to-be-measured speed, and the speed measurement value is obtained from the phase difference according to the speed measurement formula of the DASH spectrometer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
with the development of human aerospace technology, the time delay effect and the shielding effect caused by the space distance are more obvious, the traditional non-autonomous speed measurement mode based on a large-scale foundation telescope is not applicable any more, and the autonomous navigation capability of an aircraft is a difficult problem that the aircraft cannot be avoided on a future road of a deep space detection technology. Based on the original DASH spectral speed measurement technology, the invention provides a background light synchronous difference method to realize spectral shift measurement of an absorption spectral line target source so as to determine the space motion state of an aircraft aiming at the problem of autonomous navigation of the aircraft under the deep space exploration environment condition. The invention expands the application range of DASH spectrum speed measurement technology on the basis of the prior art, defines the analysis constraint condition for absorbing spectrum signals, and plays a role in promoting the expansion of a non-autonomous detection mode to an autonomous detection mode in the field of space high-precision detection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of Gaussian fit positioning of emission spectra in the frequency domain;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating Doppler shift of an absorption spectrum, wherein FIG. 2(a) is a shift of a spectral curve profile and FIG. 2(b) is a shift of an absorption peak;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of an equivalent Doppler shift model of an absorption spectrum;
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the detection positions of interference fringe observation;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the measurement band locations of a reference selected solar absorption spectrum;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a functional structure of background light calibration in an absorption spectrum line phase shift velocity measurement method based on background light synchronous difference according to the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a functional structure two of background light calibration in the background light synchronous difference-based absorption spectral line phase shift speed measurement method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to solve the problems that the measurement precision of an absorption spectrum target source is insufficient by the conventional DASH spectrum speed measurement technology and the limitation that stable stellar spectra in a deep space environment are almost absorption spectra, the invention provides an absorption spectrum phase shift speed measurement method based on background light synchronous difference. According to the technical principle, the core content of the method is to construct a set of technical method for realizing the signal waveform synchronous difference of the background light and the signal light, and the feasibility and the accuracy of the method are directly determined by the stability of a measuring system, the interference of environmental noise, the synchronous degree between measuring signals and other factors.
On the basis of utilizing DASH spectrum speed measurement technology to meet the optical-mechanical condition of instrument miniaturization, the difference of emission spectral lines and absorption spectral lines on a mathematical model and the frequency resolution constraint faced in the signal waveform analysis process are determined from the angle of digital signal processing, and a technical route for indirectly measuring an absorption spectral line target source is provided on the basis of the difference. Meanwhile, the design requirement of the circuit on the indirect measurement method is provided, and the method comprises the following steps:
step one, setting the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to zero, and observing the signal energy of the central brightness position (shown as a mark (1) in figure 4) of an interference fringe; the gain of the sun telescope (signal light source) is adjusted and the light source is switched back and forth for comparison, so that the interference fringes of the background light and the signal light have basically the same energy amplitude, and the amplitude ratio of the background light and the signal light is recorded.
Step two, modulating a reasonable position by the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer (calculating the optimal optical path difference by an efficiency function), and observing the signal energy of the interference fringe side lobe position (shown by a mark (2) in fig. 4); and selecting a background light source, amplifying the gain of an image acquisition end, and recording an interference fringe signal generated by the incandescent lamp light source as background reference information.
Selecting a signal light source, starting a Doppler velocity generation module, recording an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light, and carrying out difference with the background signal (after amplitude scale factor adjustment) in the step two; and carrying out phase analysis on the difference signal, fitting two groups of curves with/without speed, and verifying the matching degree and the measurement precision of the difference between the curves and the calibration speed.
The core function of the first step is to ensure the energy consistency of the background light and the signal light. Since the background environmental noise cannot be completely eliminated and there is a data truncation error for the energy AD conversion in the image information finally acquired by the camera, various interference factors will seriously affect the accuracy of the measured signal. Synchronous differentiation of the signals can reduce the ambient noise to some extent, but it is premised that the background light has nearly the same energy as the signal light. In the first step, firstly, it is ensured that an interference fringe signal generated by a light source (generally an incandescent lamp) with relatively weak energy still has higher energy under the condition that the gain is not opened at the camera end; then, switching the light source to be a relatively strong one, and adjusting the energy attenuation device behind the light source to enable the energy of the light source to be approximately the same as that of the other light source (if the energy of the light source is not completely consistent with that of the other light source, recording the proportionality coefficients of the two light sources); and adjusting parameters of the vacuum low-temperature box and the acquisition camera to control the measurement environment, so that after the obtained image is kept stable, the light sources are switched back and forth to observe whether the image difference waveforms of different light sources are close to relatively smooth sine and cosine signals, and the attenuation gain is finely adjusted to the optimal state.
The core function of the second step is to acquire an accurate background light signal. The invention belongs to the technical field of ultra-high precision spectrum detection, a measured value solved in the DASH spectrum speed measurement theory corresponds to the center position of an optical path, and obvious errors can be caused by the deviation of pixel positions in interference fringe images, so the arm path difference of the DASH must be set in advance in formal measurement. On the other hand, since the energy at the center of the interference fringe is much larger than the position of the side lobe, as shown in fig. 4, (so the energy intensity at the center position is adopted for consistency matching in the first step), and the detection camera has a data truncation error of AD conversion, the gain of the image acquisition end needs to be increased on the premise of keeping the front end control unchanged.
And step three, a signal light source is required to be replaced, and phase information is calculated after the interference fringes containing the absorption peak signals and the background light interference fringes are differentiated. Considering the influence of environmental noise such as camera dark current and the like and the inaccurate signal energy regulation in the step one, the two paths of light beams with/without speed modulation are switched back and forth by adopting the chopper disk, and the waveform information of the obtained image shows the modulation state with/without speed in a time-sharing manner. And respectively clustering and fitting the analyzed phase signal sequences into two synchronously-changed curves (if no noise interference exists, the curves are represented as two horizontal straight lines), wherein the gap between the two curves corresponds to the simulated Doppler velocity value of the spectrum frequency shifter.
In addition, it is worth noting that the background light synchronous difference-based absorption spectral line phase shift speed measurement method aims to be used for state measurement of a space flight vehicle, but the Doppler speed simulation generating device is built in a laboratory on the earth only when the rigor of the space experimental environment and the cost of the real operation of the space flight vehicle are too high. Natural vacuum low-temperature state in space environment and uniform linear motion (refer to first/second/third cosmic velocities) of the aerospace craft in 10000m/s magnitude are difficult to match in the earth environment, so a series of problems such as errors of a velocity simulation device, errors of curve fitting, influences of environmental noise and the like all affect experimental measurement results, and when the system has no input or the simulation velocity value is too small, the possibility that measured signals are submerged by various interference signals exists.
In the experimental environment construction process, firstly, the requirement of low temperature in vacuum (natural low temperature environment in space) needs to be met as much as possible on the measurement control level, and a double-circulation refrigeration type high-stability EMCCD camera is adopted as an image acquisition unit. Secondly, the light source and the spectrum band of the background light and the signal light are selected, for example, the background light source can adopt an incandescent lamp, the signal light source selects a central light spot acquired by the solar telescope, and the band to be measured selects the periphery of a relatively single absorption peak with strong depth, such as 589nm or the vicinity of 589.6nm shown in fig. 5. And in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the interference fringes, a polaroid can be added behind the light source on the premise of sufficient energy of the light source, so that incident light becomes linearly polarized light to reduce noise interference of the measuring system.
In the actual measurement process, the background light state needs to be calibrated firstly, including the adjustment of the light source gain and the back-and-forth switching comparison, the reasonable degree of the gain can be judged according to the signal difference curve of the image in the comparison process, and the difference between the two is the optimal value of the gain coefficient when the difference is closest to the single-frequency emission line, as shown in fig. 6. In the process of measuring the speed, the effect of the spectrum frequency shifter as a speed simulation device needs to be considered, firstly, whether a speed value with enough size and not submerged by noise can be generated is checked, secondly, the attenuation degree of the speed simulator to the light energy needs to be checked, if the attenuation degree cannot be met, other speed simulation modes can be considered, and the structure shown in fig. 7 is only a reference of a system principle level.
Claims (5)
1. A method for measuring speed by phase shift of absorption spectral line based on background light synchronous difference is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, setting the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to zero, and observing the signal energy of the central brightness position of an interference fringe; adjusting the gain behind the solar telescope and switching the light source back and forth for comparison to make the interference fringes of the background light and the signal light have basically the same energy amplitude, and recording the amplitude ratio of the background light and the signal light;
modulating the optical path difference of two arms of a Doppler Asymmetric Space Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometer to a reasonable position, specifically calculating the optimal optical path difference by an efficiency function, and observing the signal energy of the side lobe position of the interference fringe; selecting a background light source, amplifying the gain of an image acquisition end, and recording an interference fringe signal generated by an incandescent lamp light source as background reference information;
selecting a signal light source, starting a Doppler velocity generation module, recording an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light, and carrying out difference on the interference fringe signal and the background reference information obtained in the step two after amplitude scale factor adjustment; and carrying out phase analysis on the difference signal, fitting two groups of curves with/without speed, and verifying the matching degree and the measurement precision of the difference between the curves and the calibration speed.
2. The method for measuring the speed of the absorption spectrum line phase shift based on the background light synchronous difference as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the energy amplitudes of the background light and the signal light are firstly required to be adjusted and controlled to be in the same order of magnitude, so that the interference of the background noise to the measurement system is basically consistent, and the interference is cancelled by a difference means.
3. The method for measuring the speed of the absorption spectrum line phase shift based on the background light synchronous difference as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the two arms of the DASH spectrometer are arranged at reasonable optical path difference modulation positions, and if the optical path difference is small, the back-and-forth adjustment operation of the optical path difference can be omitted; and selecting an incandescent lamp background light source, adjusting the environmental parameters of the vacuum low-temperature chamber to keep the interference fringes stable, and recording the waveform information of the background light interference fringes.
4. The method for measuring the speed of the absorption spectrum line phase shift based on the background light synchronous difference as claimed in claim 1, wherein: selecting sunlight as a signal light source in the third step, and selecting a spectral section with only one absorption line with larger depth in a passband range by a monochromator according to the spectral characteristics of the sunlight; adjusting an interference fringe signal generated by the signal light by adopting the amplitude scale factor marked in the step one, and then carrying out differential processing on the interference fringe signal and the background light interference fringe signal recorded in the step two, wherein the difference signal at the moment is a single-frequency emission spectrum interference waveform; and analyzing the phase information of the signal waveform by adopting discrete Fourier transform or an adaptive frequency tracking algorithm on the difference signal.
5. The method for measuring the speed of the absorption spectrum line phase shift based on the background light synchronous difference as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the third step, a verification mode of a simulation experiment is adopted; simulating the running speed of the deep space detector by a Doppler speed generation module, and mapping two states of the deep space detector, namely static state and motion state by adopting an optical fiber beam splitter and a chopper disk to perform optical path switching; and respectively fitting the analyzed phase sequences in the obtained image sequences with state curves, wherein the difference between the two phase curves is the phase difference corresponding to the to-be-measured speed, and the speed measurement value is obtained from the phase difference according to the speed measurement formula of the DASH spectrometer.
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