CN114378127A - Aluminum profile extrusion forming process - Google Patents
Aluminum profile extrusion forming process Download PDFInfo
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- CN114378127A CN114378127A CN202111508039.0A CN202111508039A CN114378127A CN 114378127 A CN114378127 A CN 114378127A CN 202111508039 A CN202111508039 A CN 202111508039A CN 114378127 A CN114378127 A CN 114378127A
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- aluminum
- heating
- bar
- aluminum profile
- profile extrusion
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYZCLUQMCYZBJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H lead(2+);dicarbonate;dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O RYZCLUQMCYZBJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
- B21C23/08—Making wire, bars, tubes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0075—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rods of limited length
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an aluminum profile extrusion forming process, which comprises the following steps of S1, firstly, batching and charging, and preparing raw materials; s2, pouring the raw materials into a casting furnace for smelting, and casting into aluminum bars; s3, fully heating the aluminum bar; s4, extruding the aluminum bar; s5, stretching and straightening the aluminum bar; s6, performing saw cutting treatment on the aluminum bar; and S7, aging furnace processing. The aluminum profile extruded and processed by the extrusion processing method is good in sealing performance and high in flatness, and electric heating and natural gas heating modes are selected for heating, so that the integral pollution amount is small, the energy is saved, the environment is protected, the process is simple, and the efficiency of mass production is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aluminum profile processing, in particular to an aluminum profile extrusion forming process.
Background
Aluminum is a metal element, the symbol of the element is Al, and the aluminum is a silver white light metal. Is malleable. The commodity is usually made into rod, sheet, foil, powder, strip and thread. An oxide film that prevents corrosion of the metal can be formed in humid air. The aluminum powder is heated in the air to burn violently and emit dazzling white flame. Is easy to dissolve in dilute sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solution, and is difficult to dissolve in water. The relative density was 2.70. Melting point 660 ℃. Boiling point 2327 ℃. The aluminum element is second to oxygen and silicon in the earth crust, and is the most abundant metal element in the earth crust. The development of three important industries, namely aviation, building and automobile, requires the material characteristics to have the unique properties of aluminum and its alloy, which greatly facilitates the production and application of the new metal aluminum.
The aluminum profile needs to be subjected to extrusion forming processing in the processing process, however, the extrusion forming process in the prior art cannot be accurately extruded, the quality of the aluminum profile is affected, and the traditional process is low in processing efficiency and affects production. For this reason, a corresponding technical scheme needs to be designed to solve the existing technical problems.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an aluminum profile extrusion forming process, which solves the problems that: the aluminum profile needs to be subjected to extrusion forming processing in the processing process, however, the extrusion forming process in the prior art cannot be accurately extruded, the quality of the aluminum profile is affected, and the traditional process is low in processing efficiency and affects production.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a process for extruding and shaping aluminium section includes such steps as,
s1, firstly, batching and charging to prepare raw materials;
s2, pouring the raw materials into a casting furnace for smelting, and casting into aluminum bars;
s3, fully heating the aluminum bar;
s4, extruding the aluminum bar;
s5, stretching and straightening the aluminum bar;
s6, performing saw cutting treatment on the aluminum bar;
and S7, aging furnace processing.
In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the aluminum bar, the die, the container, etc. are heated by a heating furnace, wherein the heating furnace uses natural gas as fuel, and the heating furnace uses electricity for the container and the die.
As a further preferred mode of the present invention, in step S3, the heating temperature of the aluminum bar is 440-530 ℃.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heating temperature of the mold and the extrusion cylinder is 400-480 ℃ in step S3.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the heated die is loaded into the die case of the extruder, the heated aluminum rod is placed in the extrusion cylinder, and the aluminum rod is forced to deform by applying pressure to the aluminum rod via the extrusion shaft of the extruder, and the aluminum rod is discharged from the die hole.
In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S5, straightening and drawing is performed on a straightening machine within 2 hours after quenching, and the straightening and drawing elongation is 0.5% to 3%.
In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S6, the aluminum bar cutting process uses one of a torch cutter, a laser cutter, and water cutting.
As a further preferable mode of the invention, in step S7, the section bar is placed into an aging furnace at the temperature of 190-200 ℃, the temperature is maintained for 4 hours, the fuel is natural gas, and the finished or semi-finished aluminum section bar with a specific model can be obtained after heating aging treatment.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention provides an aluminum profile extrusion forming process. The method has the following beneficial effects:
the aluminum profile extruded and processed by the extrusion processing method is good in sealing performance and high in flatness, and electric heating and natural gas heating modes are selected for heating, so that the integral pollution amount is small, the energy is saved, the environment is protected, the process is simple, and the efficiency of mass production is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an overall process flow diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a technical solution: a process for extruding and shaping aluminium section includes such steps as,
s1, firstly, batching and charging to prepare raw materials;
s2, pouring the raw materials into a casting furnace for smelting, and casting into aluminum bars;
s3, fully heating the aluminum bar;
s4, extruding the aluminum bar;
s5, stretching and straightening the aluminum bar;
s6, performing saw cutting treatment on the aluminum bar;
and S7, aging furnace processing.
And step S3, heating, namely heating the aluminum bar, the die, the extrusion container and the like by a heating furnace, wherein the heating furnace for the aluminum bar uses natural gas as fuel, and the heating furnace for the extrusion container and the die uses electric heating.
In step S3, the heating temperature of the aluminum rod is 440-530 ℃.
In step S3, the heating temperature of the mold and the extrusion cylinder is 400-480 ℃.
In step S4, the heated die is placed in a die sleeve of an extruder, a heated aluminum rod is placed in an extrusion cylinder, and a pressure is applied to the aluminum rod by an extrusion shaft of the extruder to force the aluminum rod to deform and discharge the aluminum rod from a die hole.
In step S5, stretching and straightening are carried out on a straightening machine within 2h after quenching, and the stretching and straightening elongation is 0.5-3%.
And step S6, the aluminum bar cutting process uses one of a flame cutting machine, a laser cutting machine and water cutting.
In step S7, the section bar is placed into an aging furnace at the temperature of 190-.
Example one
Heating, namely heating the aluminum bar, the die, the extrusion cylinder and the like by a heating furnace, wherein the heating furnace for the aluminum bar uses natural gas as fuel, the heating furnace for the extrusion cylinder and the die uses electric heating, the heating temperature for the aluminum bar is 530 ℃, and the heating temperature for the die and the extrusion cylinder is 480 ℃.
And (3) extruding and discharging, namely, putting the heated die into a die sleeve of an extruder, putting the heated aluminum bar into an extrusion cylinder, and applying pressure to the aluminum bar through an extrusion shaft of the extruder to force the aluminum bar to deform so as to discharge from a die hole.
And (3) straightening, namely straightening and drawing on a straightening machine within 2h after quenching in order to eliminate knife bending and longitudinal bending generated during extrusion and warping during quenching, wherein the elongation of straightening and drawing is 3%.
And (4) cutting the length of the section according to the order requirement.
Aging, namely putting the section into an aging furnace, preserving heat for a period of time at a certain temperature, and changing the physical structure of the aluminum material to ensure that the hardness of the aluminum material meets the use requirement; the temperature is 200 ℃, the heat preservation is carried out for 4 hours, the fuel is natural gas, and the finished product or semi-finished product of the aluminum profile with specific model can be obtained after the heating and aging treatment.
Water point analysis:
the round cast rod heating furnace and the aging furnace can generate fuel waste gas during the operation process, and the main pollutant is S02、 N02And smoke dust. The equipments such as extruder, straightening machine and sawing machine can generate certain noise in the running process, about 80-85dB (A). And returning leftover materials generated in the extruding and sawing processes to the furnace for remelting.
Example two
Heating, namely heating the aluminum bar, the die, the extrusion cylinder and the like by a heating furnace, wherein the heating furnace for the aluminum bar uses natural gas as fuel, the heating furnace for the extrusion cylinder and the die uses electric heating, the heating temperature for the aluminum bar is 440 ℃, and the heating temperature for the die and the extrusion cylinder is 400 ℃.
And (3) extruding and discharging, namely, putting the heated die into a die sleeve of an extruder, putting the heated aluminum bar into an extrusion cylinder, and applying pressure to the aluminum bar through an extrusion shaft of the extruder to force the aluminum bar to deform so as to discharge from a die hole.
And (3) straightening, namely straightening and drawing on a straightening machine within 2h after quenching in order to eliminate knife bending and longitudinal bending generated during extrusion and warping during quenching, wherein the elongation of straightening and drawing is 0.5%.
And (4) cutting the length of the section according to the order requirement.
Aging, namely putting the section into an aging furnace, preserving heat for a period of time at a certain temperature, and changing the physical structure of the aluminum material to ensure that the hardness of the aluminum material meets the use requirement; the temperature is 190 ℃, the heat preservation is carried out for 4 hours, the fuel is natural gas, and the finished product or semi-finished product of the aluminum profile with specific model can be obtained after the heating and aging treatment.
Water point analysis:
the round cast rod heating furnace and the aging furnace can generate fuel waste gas during the operation process, and the main pollutant is S02、 N02And smoke dust. The equipments such as extruder, straightening machine and sawing machine can generate certain noise in the running process, about 80-85dB (A). And returning leftover materials generated in the extruding and sawing processes to the furnace for remelting.
Extrusion forming table:
rod diameter | Temperature of extrusion | Total time of formation | Extrusion speed | Exhaust emission |
100mm | 435℃ | 6.5h | 110mm/min | Is low in |
110mm | 445℃ | 7h | 120mm/min | Is low in |
125mm | 485℃ | 7.5h | 130mm/min | Is low in |
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the fundamental principles and essential features of the invention and its advantages, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing exemplary embodiments, but is capable of other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (8)
1. An aluminum profile extrusion forming process is characterized in that: the specific manufacturing method comprises the following steps of,
s1, firstly, batching and charging to prepare raw materials;
s2, pouring the raw materials into a casting furnace for smelting, and casting into aluminum bars;
s3, fully heating the aluminum bar;
s4, extruding the aluminum bar;
s5, stretching and straightening the aluminum bar;
s6, performing saw cutting treatment on the aluminum bar;
and S7, aging furnace processing.
As a further preferable mode of the invention, in step S7, the section bar is placed into an aging furnace at the temperature of 190-200 ℃, the temperature is maintained for 4 hours, the fuel is natural gas, and the finished or semi-finished aluminum section bar with a specific model can be obtained after heating aging treatment.
2. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: and step S3, heating, namely heating the aluminum bar, the die, the extrusion container and the like by a heating furnace, wherein the heating furnace for the aluminum bar uses natural gas as fuel, and the heating furnace for the extrusion container and the die uses electric heating.
3. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 2, characterized in that: in step S3, the heating temperature of the aluminum rod is 440-530 ℃.
4. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 2, characterized in that: in step S3, the heating temperature of the mold and the extrusion cylinder is 400-480 ℃.
5. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S4, the heated die is placed in a die sleeve of an extruder, a heated aluminum rod is placed in an extrusion cylinder, pressure is applied to the aluminum rod by an extrusion shaft of the extruder, and the aluminum rod deforms and is discharged from a die hole.
6. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S5, the casting temperature is controlled at 710-750 ℃, the aluminum liquid after standing passes through a launder, the heat is preserved for 6-8 hours, and the aluminum bar formed by casting is directly cooled by water.
7. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S5, stretching and straightening are carried out on a straightening machine within 2h after quenching, and the stretching and straightening elongation is 0.5-3%.
8. The aluminum profile extrusion molding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: and step S6, the aluminum bar cutting process uses one of a flame cutting machine, a laser cutting machine and water cutting.
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CN202111508039.0A CN114378127A (en) | 2021-12-10 | 2021-12-10 | Aluminum profile extrusion forming process |
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Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3874213A (en) * | 1974-05-23 | 1975-04-01 | Alusuisse | Extrusion method for high strength heat treatable aluminum alloys |
US4495001A (en) * | 1981-12-11 | 1985-01-22 | Alcan International Limited | Production of age hardenable aluminum extruded sections |
CN103203596A (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2013-07-17 | 成都阳光铝制品有限公司 | Aluminum alloy section production process for IT (information technology) industry |
CN107008763A (en) * | 2017-05-22 | 2017-08-04 | 新疆源盛科技发展有限公司 | A kind of extrusion process of aluminium alloy extrusions |
CN108620445A (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2018-10-09 | 天津金鹏铝材制造有限公司 | A kind of production method being suitable for 6063 aluminium section bars |
CN111778462A (en) * | 2020-07-16 | 2020-10-16 | 北京博创朔方科技有限公司 | Heat treatment process for high-toughness aluminum alloy section |
-
2021
- 2021-12-10 CN CN202111508039.0A patent/CN114378127A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3874213A (en) * | 1974-05-23 | 1975-04-01 | Alusuisse | Extrusion method for high strength heat treatable aluminum alloys |
US4495001A (en) * | 1981-12-11 | 1985-01-22 | Alcan International Limited | Production of age hardenable aluminum extruded sections |
CN103203596A (en) * | 2013-03-27 | 2013-07-17 | 成都阳光铝制品有限公司 | Aluminum alloy section production process for IT (information technology) industry |
CN108620445A (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2018-10-09 | 天津金鹏铝材制造有限公司 | A kind of production method being suitable for 6063 aluminium section bars |
CN107008763A (en) * | 2017-05-22 | 2017-08-04 | 新疆源盛科技发展有限公司 | A kind of extrusion process of aluminium alloy extrusions |
CN111778462A (en) * | 2020-07-16 | 2020-10-16 | 北京博创朔方科技有限公司 | Heat treatment process for high-toughness aluminum alloy section |
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