CN114362829B - PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion method, device and single photon detector - Google Patents
PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion method, device and single photon detector Download PDFInfo
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- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
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Abstract
The invention provides a frequency conversion method and device for realizing signal light polarization independence based on a Periodically Polarized Lithium Niobate (PPLN) waveguide, and a single photon detector realized by the method. The two orthogonal polarized light polarization regions are formed on the same PPLN waveguide chip, so that conversion efficiency adaptation of different orthogonal input polarized light can be realized by only using a single-channel waveguide.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical communication devices, in particular to a frequency conversion method and a device for realizing signal light polarization independence based on a Periodically Polarized Lithium Niobate (PPLN) waveguide, and a single photon detector realized by the method.
Background
Single photon detection technology is a major issue since the development of quantum communication technology. Since the detection capability of a single photon detector for a communication band is limited by various factors, how to improve the detection capability is an important point of research. The traditional photomultiplier and the silicon single photon avalanche photodiode have the problem that the upper limit of the spectral response is less than 1550 nm; the superconducting detector is large in size, high in cost and the like, and is not beneficial to large-scale business, so that people are in turn searching for other more effective technical solutions. Nonlinear conversion of laser is a hot spot studied since the advent of laser technology, and quasi-phase matching technology based on periodically polarized nonlinear lithium niobate waveguide is one of solutions to quantum communication single photon detection problem.
Figures 1-4 show several schemes for implementing polarization independent frequency up-conversion in the prior art, respectively.
In the scheme shown in fig. 1, a depolarizer and two identical PPLN crystals are utilized, and the same nonlinear coefficient d 33 is utilized to frequency multiply the z polarization component and the y polarization component in the fundamental frequency light respectively, so that the obtained frequency multiplication light intensity is independent of the polarization state of the fundamental frequency light. However, in this solution, two identical PPLN crystals must be used for splicing, and based entirely on free space optical paths, the system is complex to build and has poor stability, which is not suitable for commercialization.
In the scheme shown in fig. 2, this frequency up-conversion is achieved with a periodic nonlinear polarization modulated multicycle structured lithium niobate superlattice and power supply. The PPLN crystal is still used, and a power supply is additionally added to realize rotation of the corresponding polarized light, so that the system is completely based on a free space light path, and the system is complex to build and poor in stability, and is not suitable for commercialization.
In the schemes shown in fig. 3 and 4, two-channel frequency conversion is realized by using one waveguide chip, a dual-core polarization maintaining optical fiber and a dual-core multimode optical fiber are respectively adopted at the incident end and the emergent end of the waveguide, and the low-loss advantage of the multimode optical fiber combiner is utilized at the emergent end of the waveguide to finish the combination of two paths of sum-frequency light. However, this solution requires the additional use of a dual channel waveguide, which is complex in structure and difficult to implement and control precisely.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the foregoing problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a method and device for implementing frequency conversion independent of signal light polarization based on Periodically Polarized Lithium Niobate (PPLN) waveguide, and a single photon detector implemented thereby. The two orthogonal polarized light polarization regions are formed on the same PPLN waveguide chip, so that conversion efficiency adaptation of different orthogonal input polarized light can be realized by only using a single-channel waveguide.
In particular, a first aspect of the invention relates to a PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device comprising a wavelength division multiplexing unit and a PPLN waveguide chip;
the wavelength division multiplexing unit is used for performing wavelength division multiplexing on the pump light and the signal light to form combined light;
A V polarization region and an H polarization region are formed on the PPLN waveguide chip; the V polarization region is arranged to allow the V polarization light in the combined beam to sum, the H polarization region is arranged to allow the H polarization light in the combined beam to sum, and the V polarization region and the H polarization region share the same waveguide channel.
Further, the polarization independent frequency conversion device of the present invention may further comprise a polarization controller configured to perform polarization control of the pump light.
Further, the V-polarized region has a first length S1 in the light transmission direction, and the H-polarized region has a second length S2 in the light transmission direction; and
The first length S1 and the second length S2 satisfy (s1+s2)/(C/n g1-V)＝S1/(c/ng2-H)+S2/(c/ng1-H), or (s1+s2)/(C/n g1-H)＝S2/(c/ng2-V)+S1/(c/ng1-V);
Wherein n g1-H and n g1-V are the group refractive indices of the H-polarized light and the V-polarized light in the sum frequency light, n g2-H and n g2-V are the group refractive indices of the H-polarized light and the V-polarized light in the signal light, respectively, and c is the light velocity.
Further, the polarization independent frequency conversion device of the present invention may further comprise a pump light source, and/or the pump light has a wavelength of 778 nm.
Still further, the polarization independent frequency conversion device of the present invention may further include a fiber channel configured to transmit the pump light, the signal light, and the combined beam light.
A second aspect of the invention relates to a PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion method comprising the steps of:
forming a V polarization region and an H polarization region on the PPLN waveguide chip;
Inputting pump light and signal light into the waveguide chip and transmitting the pump light and the signal light along the same waveguide channel, so that V polarized light in the pump light and the signal light is subjected to frequency summation by utilizing the V polarized region to form first frequency summation light, and H polarized light in the pump light and the signal light is subjected to frequency summation by utilizing the H polarized region to form second frequency summation light;
And combining the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light.
Further, the polarization independent frequency conversion method of the present invention may further include a step of performing wavelength division multiplexing of the pump light and the signal light to form a combined beam light before the input of the waveguide chip.
Further, the polarization independent frequency conversion method of the present invention may further include a step of performing polarization control on the pump light so that the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light have the same intensity.
Further, lengths S1 and S2 of the V-polarized region and the H-polarized region in the light transmission direction are configured according to group refractive indexes of the V-polarized light and/or the H-polarized light in the sum frequency light and the signal light in the waveguide chip.
Still further, the lengths S1 and S2 may be configured according to (S1+S2)/(c/n g1-V)＝S1/(c/ng2-H)+S2/(C/ng1-H) or (S1+S2)/(c/n g1-H)＝S2/(c/ng2-V)+S1/(c/ng1-V);
n g1-H and n g1-V are group refractive indices of H-polarized light and V-polarized light in the sum frequency light, respectively, n g2-H and n g2-V are group refractive indices of H-polarized light and V-polarized light in the signal light, respectively, and c is the light velocity.
A third aspect of the invention relates to a single photon detector comprising a PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device as described above.
Drawings
The following describes the embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the drawings.
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIGS. 1-4 illustrate several prior art schemes for achieving polarization independent frequency conversion, respectively;
fig. 5 shows an example of a PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device and method according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are provided by way of illustration to fully convey the spirit of the invention to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein.
In order to realize frequency up-conversion irrelevant to signal light polarization, the invention provides that polarized areas with different polarization states are reasonably designed on a PPLN waveguide chip, and different polarized lights pass through the different polarized areas by means of the same waveguide channel to respectively perform sum frequency function, so that conversion efficiency adaptation of different input polarized lights of BB84 protocol is realized under the condition that the polarization of the PPLN waveguide is kept unchanged.
Fig. 5 shows an example of a PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device and method according to the present invention.
In particular, the polarization independent frequency conversion method according to the present invention may comprise a PPLN waveguide chip configuration step.
In this configuration step, one PPLN waveguide chip configuration may be formed with polarized regions of two different polarization states, such as a V-polarized region and an H-polarized region.
As shown in fig. 5, the V-polarized region and the H-polarized region may be disposed adjacently in the light transmission direction and share the same waveguide channel.
The V-polarized region is formed to allow the V-polarized light in the pump light and the signal light to perform a sum frequency action to form first sum frequency light, which also has a V-polarized state.
The H polarization region is formed to allow the H polarization light in the pump light and the signal light to perform a sum frequency action to form second sum frequency light which also has an H polarization state.
Therefore, when the pump light and the signal light are input to the PPLN waveguide chip and travel along the same waveguide channel, the pump light will be decomposed into H-polarized light and V-polarized light, and the signal light will also be decomposed into H-polarized light and V-polarized light.
In the waveguide chip, the V polarized light in the pump light and the V polarized light in the signal light perform a summation frequency effect in the V polarized region to form first summation frequency light with a V polarized state; the H polarized light in the pump light and the H polarized light in the signal light can generate a sum frequency effect after reaching the H polarized region, so as to form second sum frequency light with an H polarized state.
The first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light will be finally combined at the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip to form sum frequency light with corresponding polarization states.
Further, before the pump light and the signal light are input to the PPLN waveguide chip, the pump light and the signal light may be wavelength-division multiplexed, for example, by a wavelength division multiplexer, to form a combined beam. At this time, the transmission of the pump light, the signal light and the combined beam light by the optical fiber channel can be better allowed, so that an all-fiber structure is provided, and the integration level and the stability of the frequency conversion device are improved.
In the present invention, because PPLN waveguide chips may exhibit different sum frequency effective nonlinear coefficients for different polarized light, such as V-polarized light and H-polarized light, for example, the ratio of the sum frequency effective nonlinear coefficient of a z-cut lithium niobate waveguide for V-polarized light to the sum frequency effective nonlinear coefficient for H-polarized light may be about 9.4:1. Thus, the frequency conversion method of the present invention may further comprise the step of polarization controlling the pump light, for example by a polarization controller, thereby controlling the intensities of the H-polarized light and the V-polarized light in the PPLN waveguide chip to allow compensating for the difference in conversion efficiency between the two, thereby for example ensuring that the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light have the same light intensity at the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip.
Further, when the PPLN waveguide chip is configured, lengths of the V polarization region and the H polarization region (i.e., lengths in the optical transmission direction) may be reasonably configured according to group refractive indexes of different polarized lights (such as V polarized light and H polarized light) in the sum frequency light and the signal light, so as to control time when the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light reach the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip.
For example, in the example of fig. 5, the length S1 of the V-polarized region and the length S2 of the H-polarized region may be determined according to the following relation:
(S1+S2)/(c/ng1-V)＝S1/(c/ng2-H)+S2/(c/ng1-H)，
Wherein n g1-V is the refractive index of the V-polarized light group in the sum frequency light, n g2-H is the refractive index of the H-polarized light group in the signal light, n g1-H is the refractive index of the H-polarized light group in the sum frequency light, and c is the light velocity.
Therefore, in the example of fig. 5, when the pump light of 778nm and the signal light of 1550nm are subjected to the sum frequency action to form 518nm sum frequency light, for a waveguide chip having a total length of 20mm, S1 may be set to 8.39mm and S2 may be set to 11.61mm, thereby ensuring that the time difference between the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light having different polarization states having wavelengths of 518nm reaches the output end of the waveguide chip does not exceed 0.4ps.
In another example, the lengths S1 and S2 of the V and H polarized regions may be set to satisfy the relation (s1+s2)/(c/n g1-H)＝S2/(c/ng2-V)+S1/(c/ng1-V), where n g2-V is the V polarized light group refractive index in the signal light.
With continued reference to fig. 5, the structure of the polarization independent frequency conversion device of the present invention will be described.
As shown in fig. 5, the polarization independent frequency conversion device according to the present invention may include a pump light source, a polarization controller, a Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM), and a PPLN waveguide chip.
The pump light source is used to generate pump light, which may be coupled to a wavelength division multiplexer, for example, via a fibre channel. As an example, the pump light source may be a 778nm laser.
The wavelength division multiplexer is used for receiving the pump light and the signal light to perform wavelength division multiplexing to form combined beam light. By way of example, the wavelength division multiplexer may be connected to a signal light source, such as a 1550nm laser, through a fibre channel.
The combined light output by the wavelength division multiplexer may also be input into the PPLN waveguide chip, for example, through a fiber channel.
In the present invention, the PPLN waveguide chip may be formed with two polarized regions of different polarization states, such as a V polarized region and an H polarized region.
In this case, for example, the pump light having a wavelength of 778nm and +polarized light and the signal light having a wavelength of 1550nm and +polarized light are decomposed into two components of H polarized light and V polarized light in the waveguide chip.
When the pump light and the signal light travel in the waveguide chip along the same waveguide channel, the 778nm V polarized light and 1550nm V polarized light are subjected to frequency summation in the V polarized region to form first frequency summation light, wherein the first frequency summation light has a wavelength of 518nm and a V polarized state.
In the H-polarized region, 778nm H-polarized light and 1550nm H-polarized light will form a second sum frequency light by sum frequency action, which likewise has a wavelength of 518nm, but has an H-polarized state.
Finally, the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light may be combined at an output end of the waveguide chip to form sum frequency light having a wavelength of 518nm and a +polarization state.
Similarly, the lengths of the V-polarized region and the H-polarized region can be reasonably configured according to the group refractive indexes of different polarized lights in the sum frequency light and the signal light in the waveguide chip, so as to control the time when the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light reach the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip, for example, to enable the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light to reach the output end at the same time.
For example, in the example of fig. 5, the length S1 of the V-polarized region and the length S2 of the H-polarized region may be configured according to the relation (s1+s2)/(c/n g1-V)＝S1/(c/ng2-H)+S2/(c/ng1-H) so that the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light reach the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip at the same time, so as to control the light combination of the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light. Wherein n g1-V is the refractive index of the V-polarized light group in the sum frequency light, n g2-H is the refractive index of the H-polarized light group in the signal light, n g1-H is the refractive index of the H-polarized light group in the sum frequency light, and c is the light velocity.
In another example, the lengths S1 and S2 of the V and H polarized regions may be set to satisfy the relation (s1+s2)/(C/n g1-H)＝S2/(c/ng2-V)+S1/(c/ng1-V), where n g2-V is the V polarized light group refractive index in the signal light.
In the present invention, a polarization controller is used to allow control of the polarization state of the pump light to thereby control the intensities of the H-polarized light and V-polarized light in the PPLN waveguide chip.
For example, the difference of conversion efficiency of the H polarized light and the V polarized light in the waveguide chip can be compensated by the polarization state control, so that the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light have the same light intensity at the output end of the PPLN waveguide chip, so as to control the finally output combined light.
Further, the invention also discloses a single photon detector, wherein the frequency up-conversion of the signal light is realized through the frequency conversion device.
In the invention, by forming the polarized regions of two orthogonal polarized lights on the same PPLN waveguide chip, the conversion efficiency adaptation of different orthogonal input polarized lights can be realized by only using a single-channel waveguide. Wherein, the length of each polarization area in the waveguide chip and the polarization state of the pump light can be configured, so that the traveling time and the intensity of the orthogonal polarized light component in the waveguide chip can be conveniently controlled, thereby obtaining the required sum frequency light.
It can further be noted that the present invention employs PPLN waveguide chips rather than pure PPLN crystals, thus allowing for higher conversion efficiencies. In addition, the invention can be realized by using only one pumping light source without adding additional power supply equipment, and only a single-channel waveguide is needed, so that the invention can be realized at lower cost and in smaller space, and is beneficial to the productive design of the technical scheme.
While the invention has been described in connection with the specific embodiments illustrated in the drawings, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and various combinations, modifications and equivalents of the above embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device comprising a wavelength division multiplexing unit and a PPLN waveguide chip;
the wavelength division multiplexing unit is used for performing wavelength division multiplexing on the pump light and the signal light to form combined light;
A V polarization region and an H polarization region are formed on the PPLN waveguide chip; the V polarization region is arranged to allow the V polarization light in the combined beam to sum, the H polarization region is arranged to allow the H polarization light in the combined beam to sum, and the V polarization region and the H polarization region share the same waveguide channel;
the V polarized region has a first length S1 in the light transmission direction, and the H polarized region has a second length S2 in the light transmission direction; and, in addition, the processing unit,
The first length S1 and the second length S2 satisfy Or/>
Wherein,And/>Group refractive indices of H-polarized light and V-polarized light in sum frequency light, respectively,/>And/>The group refractive indices of the H-polarized light and the V-polarized light in the signal light are respectively, and c is the light velocity.
2. The polarization independent frequency conversion device of claim 1, further comprising a polarization controller configured to polarization control the pump light.
3. The polarization independent frequency conversion device of claim 1, further comprising a pump light source and/or the pump light has a wavelength of 778 nm.
4. A polarization independent frequency conversion device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a fibre channel arranged to transmit the pump light, signal light and combined light.
5. A PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion method comprising the steps of:
forming a V polarization region and an H polarization region on the PPLN waveguide chip;
Inputting pump light and signal light into the waveguide chip and transmitting the pump light and the signal light along the same waveguide channel, so that V polarized light in the pump light and the signal light is subjected to frequency summation by utilizing the V polarized region to form first frequency summation light, and H polarized light in the pump light and the signal light is subjected to frequency summation by utilizing the H polarized region to form second frequency summation light;
and combining the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light;
Wherein lengths S1 and S2 of the V-polarized region and the H-polarized region in the light transmission direction are configured according to group refractive indexes of the V-polarized light and/or the H-polarized light in the sum frequency light and the signal light in the waveguide chip;
According to Or/> Configuring the lengths S1 and S2;
And/> Group refractive indices of H-polarized light and V-polarized light in sum frequency light, respectively,/> And/>The group refractive indices of the H-polarized light and the V-polarized light in the signal light are respectively, and c is the light velocity.
6. The polarization independent frequency conversion method according to claim 5, further comprising the step of wavelength division multiplexing the pump light and the signal light to form a combined beam light before inputting the waveguide chip.
7. The polarization independent frequency conversion method according to claim 5, further comprising the step of polarization controlling the pump light so that the first sum frequency light and the second sum frequency light have the same intensity.
8. A single photon detector comprising the PPLN-based polarization independent frequency conversion device of any one of claims 1-4.
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