CN114311225B - Disc type ceramic membrane and high-pressure grouting forming method thereof - Google Patents
Disc type ceramic membrane and high-pressure grouting forming method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114311225B CN114311225B CN202210065094.5A CN202210065094A CN114311225B CN 114311225 B CN114311225 B CN 114311225B CN 202210065094 A CN202210065094 A CN 202210065094A CN 114311225 B CN114311225 B CN 114311225B
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004151 Calcium iodate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UHWJJLGTKIWIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium iodate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]I(=O)=O.[O-]I(=O)=O UHWJJLGTKIWIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019390 calcium iodate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 fermentation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002836 Ipomoea tricolor Species 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012847 fine chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
The application belongs to the technical field of ceramic membranes, in particular to a disc-type ceramic membrane and a high-pressure grouting molding method thereof, which specifically comprise the following steps: step one: pressurizing and injecting the ceramic slurry into the upper model to form an upper membrane blank; step two: pressurizing and injecting the ceramic slurry into a lower model to form a lower membrane blank; step three: taking out the upper film blank and the lower film blank, and adhering the contact surface of the upper film blank and the upper die and the contact surface of the lower film blank and the lower die together through residual ceramic slurry or coating adhesive; step four: pressing along the direction from the upper film blank to the lower film blank to form a ceramic film semi-finished product; step five: calcining the semi-finished ceramic membrane to form the finished ceramic membrane. And integrally forming the upper film and the lower film by using the upper film residual slurry and the lower film residual slurry. The upper and lower films are integrally formed using a residual slurry or a coating adhesive. The distribution of the water collecting channel is not needed, the position of the water collecting channel is accurate through the model, the distribution process is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of ceramic membranes, and particularly relates to a disc-type ceramic membrane and a high-pressure grouting forming method thereof.
Background
Ceramic membranes (also known as inorganic ceramic membranes) are asymmetric membranes formed from inorganic ceramic materials prepared by a particular process. The ceramic membranes are divided into two types of tubular ceramic membranes and planar ceramic membranes. Micropores are densely distributed on the wall of the tubular ceramic membrane, raw material liquid flows in the membrane tube or outside the membrane under the action of pressure, micromolecular substances (or liquid) permeate the membrane, and macromolecular substances (or solid) are intercepted by the membrane, so that the purposes of separation, concentration, purification, environmental protection and the like are achieved. The plate ceramic membrane has dense micropores, and the permeation rate is different according to different molecular diameters of permeated substances within a certain pore diameter range of the membrane, the pressure difference at two sides of the membrane is used as driving force, the membrane is used as a filter medium, and under the action of certain pressure, when feed liquid flows through the surface of the membrane, only water, inorganic salt and micromolecular substances are allowed to permeate the membrane, and the suspended matters, glue, microorganisms and other macromolecular substances in the water are prevented from passing through. The ceramic membrane has the advantages of high separation efficiency, stable effect, good chemical stability, acid and alkali resistance, organic solvent resistance, bacteria resistance, high temperature resistance, pollution resistance, high mechanical strength, good regeneration performance, simple separation process, low energy consumption, simple and convenient operation and maintenance, long service life and the like, has been successfully applied to various fields of food, beverage, plant (medicine) deep processing, biological medicine, fermentation, fine chemical engineering and the like, and can be used for separation, clarification, purification, concentration, sterilization, desalination and the like in the technical process. The disc-type ceramic membrane has the outer shape of a flying disc, the inside of the disc-type ceramic membrane contains a spiral permeation channel, and a membrane layer with a separation function is arranged on the outer surface of the disc-type ceramic membrane.
The application number 201610945242.7 discloses a ceramic slip casting system, because the slip casting device is used for slip casting of a gypsum mold, the movable branch pipe ascends from one side of the bottom of the gypsum mold while grouting, so that air is mixed in slurry due to the fact that slurry is mutually impacted during grouting, and meanwhile, the rotating part drives the gypsum mold to rotate, so that slurry in the gypsum mold is uniformly distributed; the slurry supplementing device supplements slurry for the gypsum mold, so that unstable size and thickness of a product caused by the fact that the gypsum mold is not filled with the slurry in the slurry injecting device are avoided; the drying device enables the gypsum mold to absorb the slurry for molding; the main pipe in the slurry pumping part is connected with the vacuum pump, so that redundant slurry in the gypsum mold can be pumped out, and the slurry throwing part drives the gypsum mold to rotate, so that a small amount of slurry which is not pumped out from the bottom of the gypsum mold is thrown to the inner wall of the gypsum film and is absorbed by the inner wall. The ceramic grouting system of the scheme has high automation degree, good product quality and high production efficiency.
According to the scheme, the problem that quality is poor due to the fact that bubbles are easily generated in the ceramic grouting process is solved, the ceramic membrane comprises the supporting body, the top membrane and the bottom membrane are respectively located on the upper surface and the lower surface of the supporting body, the top membrane and the bottom membrane are used for filtering, water collecting channels are respectively arranged between the supporting body and the top membrane, if the ceramic membrane is prepared by the grouting system, the process for manufacturing the water collecting channels is troublesome, the water collecting channels on the two sides of the supporting body need to be manufactured respectively, the water collecting channels are formed by drying, forming and bonding the supporting body, the manufacturing procedure is troublesome, and the production efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The scheme provides the disc-type ceramic membrane with high production efficiency and the high-pressure grouting forming method thereof.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present solution provides a disc ceramic membrane high pressure grouting molding method, which specifically includes the following steps:
step one: pressurizing and injecting ceramic slurry into the upper model to form an upper membrane blank, and forming a plurality of water collecting channels on the lower surface of the upper membrane blank;
step two: pressurizing and injecting the ceramic slurry into a lower model to form a lower film blank, wherein the lower surface of the lower film blank is a smooth surface;
step three: taking out the upper film blank and the lower film blank, and adhering the contact surface of the upper film blank and the upper die and the contact surface of the lower film blank and the lower die together through residual ceramic slurry or coating adhesive;
step four: pressing along the direction from the upper film blank to the lower film blank to form a ceramic film semi-finished product;
step five: calcining the semi-finished ceramic membrane to form the finished ceramic membrane.
Further, the water collecting channel is parabolic, linear, folded linear, spotted, honeycomb or irregular. And selecting an upper model and a lower model with specific shapes according to specific requirements to manufacture the ceramic membrane.
Furthermore, the ceramic slurry is prepared by mixing inorganic materials such as corundum or alumina or silicon carbide or bauxite and the like with calcium iodate solution.
Further, in the first step, the depth of the water collecting channels is equal to the distance between the water collecting channels=1:7-10.
In the fifth step, the ceramic film semi-finished product is dried for 80-300 min at 60-200 ℃ and then calcined at 1250-1750 ℃. The drying procedure can lead the support body, the top film and the bottom film to be layered first, and the subsequent calcination processing can be facilitated.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present solution provides a disc-type ceramic membrane, which is prepared by the above-mentioned method for high-pressure grouting molding of a disc-type ceramic membrane.
The application adopts double modes to prepare ceramic membrane, when the upper membrane blank and the lower membrane blank are used for forming, residual slurry exists on the contact surfaces of the upper membrane blank and the lower membrane blank and the corresponding mould, then the surfaces with the residual slurry are contacted, and the upper membrane and the lower membrane are integrally formed by using the residual slurry or coating adhesive. The distribution of the water collecting channel is not needed, the position of the water collecting channel is accurate through the model, the distribution process is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the residual slurry or the adhesive is integrally formed, so that the integral structure of the ceramic membrane is more stable, and the service life of the ceramic membrane is prolonged.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of embodiment 1 of the present application.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a support body according to embodiment 1 of the present application.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the upper model of embodiment 1 of the present application.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the lower model of embodiment 1 of the present application.
FIG. 5 is a physical diagram of a disc-type ceramic membrane according to example 1 of the present application.
Detailed Description
The following is a further detailed description of the embodiments:
reference numerals in the drawings of the specification include: the water collecting device comprises a top film 1, a bottom film 2, a water collecting through hole 3, a supporting body 4, a water collecting channel 5, an upper model 6 and a lower model 7.
Example 1:
the disc-type ceramic membrane comprises a support body 4 and a separation filter layer, wherein the separation filter layer comprises a top membrane 1 and a bottom membrane 2, and the top membrane 1 and the bottom membrane 2 are respectively positioned on the upper surface and the lower surface of the support body 4 as shown in fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 3, fig. 4 and fig. 5. The support body 4, the top film 1 and the bottom film 2 are integrally arranged, the support body 4 is in a flying saucer shape, a water collecting through hole 3 is formed in the center of the support body 4, and the peripheral end of the support body 4 is closed. The support body 4 is internally provided with a water collecting channel 5, the water collecting channel 5 is used for discharging filtered solution, and the water collecting channel 5 is communicated with the water collecting through hole 3.
The solution is permeated from the top film 1 of the separation filter layer, and under the action of the top film 1 or the bottom film 2, the pollutants are left on the top film 1 or the bottom film 2, and the filtered solution enters the water collecting channel 5 and finally enters the water collecting through hole 3. The support body 4 and the separation filter layer are integrated, so that the whole structure of the ceramic membrane is firmer, and the service life of the ceramic is prolonged; the deformation of the ceramic membrane is reduced integrally, so that the filtering effect of the ceramic membrane is better.
The scheme also provides a one-step forming method of the disc ceramic membrane, which comprises the following steps:
step one: pressurizing and injecting ceramic slurry into the upper model 6 to form an upper membrane blank, and forming a plurality of water collecting channels 5 on the lower surface of the upper membrane blank; the ceramic slurry is prepared by mixing inorganic materials such as corundum or alumina or silicon carbide or bauxite and the like with calcium iodate solution. And (5) carrying out vacuum defoaming treatment for 45min before using the ceramic slurry, and removing redundant bubbles. The depth of the water collecting channels 5 and the distance between the water collecting channels 5 are=1:7-10. The upper film blank comprises a top film 1 and a first supporting layer, and a water collecting channel 5 is arranged on the first supporting layer.
Step two: the ceramic slurry is injected into the lower mold 7 under pressure to form a lower film blank, and the lower surface of the lower film blank is a smooth surface. The lower film blank comprises a base film 2 and a second support layer, and the second support layer and the first support layer are bonded together to form a support body 4.
The water collecting channel 5 can be in the shape of straight line, fold line, parabola, spot, hexagon, irregular line, honeycomb and the like, and the upper model 6 and the lower model 7 with specific shapes are selected according to specific requirements for ceramic membrane manufacturing.
Step three: and taking out the upper film blank and the lower film blank, and adhering the contact surface of the upper film blank and the upper mold 6 and the contact surface of the lower film blank and the lower mold 7 together through residual ceramic slurry or coating adhesive. When the upper film and the lower film are formed, residual slurry exists on the contact surfaces of the upper film blank and the lower film blank with corresponding dies, the liquid surface of the residual slurry on the upper film blank is contacted with the liquid surface of the residual slurry on the lower film blank, and the upper film and the lower film are integrally formed by utilizing the residual slurry. The specific principle refers to the toilet bowl molding principle. Or the adhesive can be coated on the contact surfaces of the upper film blank and the lower film blank and the corresponding mold to bond the upper film blank and the lower film blank together.
Step four: pressing along the direction from the upper film blank to the lower film blank to form a ceramic film semi-finished product; the pressing pressure is 20-200 mpa, and the ceramic membrane has better green body strength, high compactness and easier firing under the pressing pressure. Specifically, a 200 ton press can be used for pressing.
Step five: calcining the semi-finished ceramic membrane to form the finished ceramic membrane. In the step, the ceramic film semi-finished product is dried for 80-300 min at 60-200 ℃ and then calcined at 1250-1750 ℃. The drying process can make the support body 4, the top film 1 and the bottom film 2 layered first, and the subsequent calcination processing can be facilitated.
The application adopts double modes to prepare ceramic membrane, when the upper membrane blank and the lower membrane blank are used for forming, residual slurry exists on the contact surfaces of the upper membrane blank and the lower membrane blank and the corresponding mould, then the surfaces with the residual slurry are contacted, and the upper membrane and the lower membrane are integrally formed by using the residual slurry or coating adhesive. The distribution of the water collecting channel 5 is not needed, the position of the water collecting channel 5 is accurate through a model, the distribution process is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the residual slurry or the adhesive is integrally formed, so that the integral structure of the ceramic membrane is more stable, and the service life of the ceramic membrane is prolonged.
Example 2:
the embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that in the fifth step, the ceramic film semi-finished product is calcined for 1-2 hours at 1250-1300 ℃ and simultaneously subjected to ultrasonic dispersion; and heating for 30min to raise the calcining temperature to 1300-1750 ℃ for calcining and molding.
When the temperature is 1250-1300 ℃, the combustible material burns, oxygen in a space formed by the first supporting layer and the second supporting layer is consumed, a channel for circulating the space formed by the first supporting layer and the second supporting layer with outside air is smaller, the oxygen in the space formed by the first supporting layer and the second supporting layer is smaller, and when the temperature is 1250-1300 ℃, the combustible material burns to mainly generate CO gas, and the generated CO gas escapes to the outside through the first supporting layer and the second supporting layer to form CO at high temperature 2 Under the action of CO gasSo as to improve the porosity, membrane flux and filtration efficiency of the support body 4, and ensure that the ceramic membrane has better separation performance, and particularly can ensure that bacteria and heavy metals are adsorbed in the pore structure of the support body 4 in the process of medical wastewater and heavy metals. In the process, the combustible substances are fully contacted with oxygen by ultrasonic dispersion to form more CO gas, so that the porosity, membrane flux and filtration efficiency of the support body 4 are improved, and the sewage filtration efficiency of the top membrane 1 and the bottom membrane 2 is conveniently improved.
The temperature is increased for a period of time, the temperature is stabilized by 30min, the calcining temperature is increased to 1300-1750 ℃, ultrasonic dispersion is stopped at the temperature, the combustible is prevented from being dispersed, the formation of the water collecting channel 5 is influenced, the oxygen content in a space formed by the first supporting layer and the second supporting layer is extremely low and approaches to an anaerobic environment, at the moment, C substances in the combustible can react with titanium oxide and zirconium oxide, a layer of titanium carbide and zirconium carbide can be generated on the surface of the pore structure of the supporting body 4, and the rigidity of the pore structure of the supporting body 4 is increased.
The foregoing is merely exemplary embodiments of the present application, and specific structures and features that are well known in the art are not described in detail herein. It should be noted that modifications and improvements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the structure of the present application, and these should also be considered as the scope of the present application, which does not affect the effect of the implementation of the present application and the utility of the patent. The protection scope of the present application is subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (6)
1. The disc type ceramic membrane high-pressure grouting molding method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one: pressurizing and injecting ceramic slurry into the upper model to form an upper membrane blank, and forming a plurality of water collecting channels on the lower surface of the upper membrane blank;
step two: pressurizing and injecting the ceramic slurry into a lower model to form a lower film blank, wherein the lower surface of the lower film blank is a smooth surface;
step three: taking out the upper film blank and the lower film blank, and adhering the contact surface of the upper film blank and the upper die and the contact surface of the lower film blank and the lower die together through residual ceramic slurry or coating adhesive;
step four: pressing along the direction from the upper film blank to the lower film blank to form a ceramic film semi-finished product;
step five: calcining the semi-finished ceramic membrane to form a finished ceramic membrane; firstly, calcining a ceramic film semi-finished product at 1250-1300 ℃ for 1-2 hours, and simultaneously performing ultrasonic dispersion; heating for 30min to raise the calcining temperature to 1300-1750 deg.c for calcining and forming.
2. The disc ceramic membrane high pressure slip casting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the water collecting channel is parabolic, linear, folded linear, spotted, honeycomb or irregular.
3. The disc ceramic membrane high pressure slip casting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the ceramic slurry is prepared by mixing inorganic materials such as corundum or alumina or silicon carbide or bauxite and the like with calcium iodate solution.
4. The disc ceramic membrane high pressure slip casting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and in the first step, the depth of the water collecting channels is equal to the distance between the water collecting channels=1:7-10.
5. The disc ceramic membrane high pressure slip casting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and in the fifth step, the ceramic film semi-finished product is dried for 80-300 min at the temperature of 60-200 ℃ and then calcined at the temperature of 1250-1750 ℃.
6. Disc ceramic membrane, characterized in that it is produced by a method according to any one of claims 1-5.
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