CN114293283B - Composite inorganic nanofiber, preparation method thereof and application thereof in photo-thermal conversion film - Google Patents

Composite inorganic nanofiber, preparation method thereof and application thereof in photo-thermal conversion film Download PDF

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CN114293283B
CN114293283B CN202111532445.0A CN202111532445A CN114293283B CN 114293283 B CN114293283 B CN 114293283B CN 202111532445 A CN202111532445 A CN 202111532445A CN 114293283 B CN114293283 B CN 114293283B
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CN114293283A (en
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王利环
张成霖
甘峰
梅瑞娴
林名泉
苏泰考
于晖
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Wuyi University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a composite inorganic nanofiber, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a photothermal conversion film, wherein the nanofiber contains SiO 2 CaO and MO x Wherein M is selected from long-period metal elements, x>0. The method adopts polymer to assist in electrostatic spinning and is obtained through calcination, compared with high-temperature melt spinning, the method has low temperature requirement and higher biological activity of the obtained fiber, and the nanofiber prepared by the method has good flexibility and high stability, simultaneously has good photo-thermal conversion capability, is simple in preparation process operation, and is suitable for industrial mass production.

Description

Composite inorganic nanofiber, preparation method thereof and application thereof in photo-thermal conversion film
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tumor photothermal treatment, and particularly relates to a composite inorganic nanofiber, a preparation method thereof and application thereof in a photothermal conversion film.
Background
Photothermal treatment of tumors is an emerging tumor treatment method. Compared with the traditional treatment mode, the photothermal treatment has higher specificity and accurate space-time selectivity, and has excellent effect in tumor treatment. Photothermal therapy is a treatment method that uses a material with high photothermal conversion efficiency, injects it into the inside of a human body, gathers near tumor tissue using a targeting recognition technique, and converts light energy into heat energy under irradiation of an external light source (typically near infrared light) to kill cancer cells. Therefore, the properties of the photothermal conversion material have an important influence on photothermal treatment.
Currently, the photo-thermal conversion materials in the related art mainly include the following four types: (1) carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene; (2) gold materials such as gold nanorods and gold nanoshells; (3) copper sulfide semiconductor materials; (4) Organic compounds such as porphyrin liposome and high molecular polymer. However, these conventional photothermal conversion materials have some defects, such as very expensive gold materials and carbon materials, poor biocompatibility, etc., and for example, the preparation conditions of these materials are very severe, which increases the production cost and is not beneficial to mass production, and these defects greatly limit the wide application.
Therefore, the development of the photothermal conversion material with low cost, simple preparation and high in vivo biological safety has important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems in the prior art described above. Therefore, the invention provides a composite inorganic nanofiber which can be used for photothermal treatment of tumors and has low production cost.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the composite inorganic nanofiber.
The invention also provides application of the composite inorganic nanofiber.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composite inorganic nanofiber comprising SiO 2 CaO and MO x Wherein M is selected from long-period metal elements, x>0。
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is at least the following advantageous effect: the nanofiber containing the components of the scheme of the invention has low manufacturing cost, good flexibility, stability, good photothermal conversion capability and excellent biocompatibility, and can be prepared into a nanofiber membrane for photothermal treatment of tumors; meanwhile, the material is nontoxic and degradable, is environment-friendly and has wide application prospect.
In some embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from a transition metal element or a group VA metal element.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from rare earth elements.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from at least one of Er, bi, mn, fe, co, ni or Cu. M may be a transition metal element or other metal element, all of which may have similar properties.
In some embodiments of the invention, x is not less than 1.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, x is not greater than 2.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the diameter of the nanofiber is between 100 and 2000 nm. The diameter is 100-2000 nm, and the fiber can simulate the structure of extracellular matrix in form and structure, and has good biocompatibility.
In some embodiments of the invention, the SiO in the nanofibers 2 CaO and MO x The molar ratio of (0.01-0.99): (0.01-0.5).
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the SiO in the nanofibers 2 CaO and MO x The molar ratio of (0.5-0.99): (0.01-0.5).
In some more preferred embodiments of the invention, the SiO in the nanofibers 2 CaO and MO x The molar ratio of (2) is 0.84-0.86:0.1-0.14:0.01-0.05.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a composite inorganic nanofiber, comprising the steps of:
s1, preparing spinning solution: mixing a solution I containing a silicon source, a calcium source, an M source and a catalyst with a solution II containing a polymer to obtain a spinning solution;
s2, electrostatic spinning: carrying out electrostatic spinning on the spinning solution in the step S1 to obtain a fiber felt;
s3, calcining: drying and calcining the fiber felt obtained in the step S2 to obtain the nanofiber;
wherein M is selected from long-period metal elements.
The preparation method according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention has at least the following advantageous effects: the method adopts polymer to assist in electrostatic spinning and is obtained through calcination, compared with high-temperature melt spinning, the method has low temperature requirement and higher biological activity of the obtained fiber, and the nanofiber prepared by the method has good flexibility and high stability, simultaneously has good photo-thermal conversion capability, is simple in preparation process operation, and is suitable for industrial mass production.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the catalyst is selected from at least one of an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
In some more preferred embodiments of the present invention, the catalyst is selected from at least one of formic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, adipic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, or maleic acid.
In some embodiments of the invention, the silicon source is a silicon dioxide precursor.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the silicon source is selected from silicate esters; more preferably, the silicon source is selected from at least one of ethyl orthosilicate, propyl orthosilicate, tetrabutyl orthosilicate, and ethyl polysilicate.
In some embodiments of the invention, the calcium source is selected from calcium salts.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the calcium source is selected from at least one of calcium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium gluconate, calcium nitrate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium bisulfate, calcium hypochlorite, or calcium chlorate.
In some embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from a transition metal element or a group VA metal element.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from rare earth elements.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the M is selected from at least one of Er, bi or Cu.
In some embodiments of the invention, the M source is selected from erbium salts.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the M source is selected from at least one of erbium chloride, erbium nitrate, erbium bromide.
In some embodiments of the invention, the solvent of solution I or solution II is each independently water and/or a water-soluble solvent.
In some embodiments of the invention, the solvent is selected from at least one of water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, isopropanol, t-butanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methylamine, acetic acid, dioxane, acetone, pyridine, or Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
In some embodiments of the invention, the polymer is selected from at least one of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid, gelatin, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, or polyacrylonitrile.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the mass percentage concentration of the polymer in the solution II is 1% -50%.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the volume ratio of the solution I to the solution II is (0.1-10): 1.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the volume ratio of solution I to solution II is about 2:1.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrospinning in step S2 is performed by an electrospinning machine comprising the following parameters: the distance of the left and right movement of the sliding table is adjusted to be 5-40 cm; the advancing speed of the electrostatic spinning is 0.1-10 mL/h; the rotation speed of the roller is 50-1000 r/min; the spinning voltage is 5-50 kV, the ambient temperature is 10-40 ℃, and the relative humidity is 10-90%.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the electrospinning in step S2 is performed by an electrospinning machine comprising the following parameters: the distance of the left and right movement of the adjusting sliding table is about 10cm; the advancing speed of electrostatic spinning is 1-2 mL/h; the rotation speed of the roller is 50-80 r/min. The nano fiber prepared by the invention is prepared into an inorganic solution by adopting a sol-gel method, the polymer is used for assisting in electrostatic spinning, and finally the nano fiber is prepared by calcining, and the shape and the size of the fiber can be effectively controlled by controlling the parameters of the spinning solution, the spinning parameters and the calcining parameters.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the drying process is 20 to 200 ℃.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the drying treatment is 50 to 100 ℃.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the drying time is 2 to 24 hours.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the drying time is 5-10 hours.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the calcination treatment is 500 to 1400 ℃.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the calcination treatment is 600 to 1000 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, the calcination treatment is for 2 to 24 hours.
In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the calcination treatment is performed for a period of 2 to 8 hours.
In some embodiments of the invention, the calcination is performed at a temperature increase schedule of 1 to 20 ℃/min.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the calcination is programmed to heat up at a rate of 10 ℃/min. The nanofiber with better flexibility and stability can be obtained by regulating and controlling the calcination process.
In some embodiments of the invention, the calcination is under an air atmosphere.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of the above-described nanofibers in the preparation of a photothermal conversion film.
The use according to a preferred embodiment of the invention has at least the following advantages: the scheme of the invention has good photo-thermal effect, so that the invention has good application prospect in the field of photo-thermal conversion, especially in the photo-thermal treatment of tumors.
A photothermal conversion film comprising the above nanofiber.
A tumor photothermal therapeutic agent comprising the above nanofiber.
Drawings
The invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is an SEM image of nanofibers produced in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a physical diagram of nanofibers prepared in example 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the flexibility test effect of the nanofibers prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a thermal image of the temperature change of the nanofibers produced in example 1 of the present invention after irradiation with different light intensities;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the temperature rise-power relationship of nanofibers produced in example 3 and comparative example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of stability test of nanofibers produced in example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The conception and the technical effects produced by the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the embodiments below to fully understand the objects, features and effects of the present invention. It is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments, and that other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort are within the scope of the present invention based on the embodiments of the present invention. The test methods used in the examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the materials, reagents and the like used, unless otherwise specified, are those commercially available.
In the description of the present invention, the meaning of a number is one or more, the meaning of a number is two or more, and greater than, less than, exceeding, etc. are understood to exclude the present number, and the meaning of a number is understood to include the present number. The description I, II if provided is for the purpose of distinguishing between technical features and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated or implicitly indicating the precedence of the technical features indicated.
In the description of the present invention, the descriptions of the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "about" refers to plus or minus 2%, unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
This example prepared a SiO 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 The flexible nanofiber comprises the following specific processes:
1) Preparing a spinning solution: weighing 0.354g of calcium nitrate and 0.088g of erbium (III) nitrate pentahydrate, dissolving in 1.26g of ethyl silicate (the silicon dioxide content is 40%, the mass of silicon dioxide is 1.26g of 0.4/60=0.0084 mol), forming a solution I in a mixed solution of 0.1g of acetic acid, 0.3g of distilled water and 2g of absolute ethyl alcohol, weighing 5g of B-72 polyvinyl butyral, dissolving in 45g of absolute ethyl alcohol solution, and stirring for 2.5 days (all 2-3 days can be carried out) to form a transparent solution II; then the volume ratio of the solution II to the solution I is 2:1, mixing, stirring for 1h to uniformly mix, and driving out bubbles in the solution by means of ultrasound to obtain spinning solution;
2) And (3) electrostatic spinning: loading the prepared spinning solution into an electrostatic spinning device, wherein the propelling speed is 1mL/h, the rotating speed of a roller is 50r/min, the spinning voltage is 15kV, the ambient temperature is 20-25 ℃, the relative humidity is 15-25%, electrostatic spinning is carried out by regulating and controlling the distance between a sliding table and the sliding table to be 7cm, and the SiO after spinning is obtained 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 PVB fiber mat;
3) And (3) calcining: siO is made of 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 Drying PVB fiber felt in vacuum drying oven at 80deg.C for 6 hr, heating to 800deg.C at 10deg.C/min under air atmosphere, calcining for 2 hr, naturally cooling to room temperature, and taking out to obtain SiO 2 CaO and Er 2 O 3 The molar ratio of 0.84:0.15:0.01.
Example 2
This example prepared a SiO 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 The flexible nanofiber comprises the following specific processes:
1) Preparing a spinning solution: weighing 0.59g of calcium nitrate and 0.44g of erbium (III) nitrate pentahydrate, dissolving in 1.05g of ethyl silicate (the silicon dioxide content is 40%, the mass of silicon dioxide is 1.05g of 0.4/60=0.007 mol), forming a solution I in a mixed solution of 0.1g of acetic acid, 0.3g of distilled water and 2g of absolute ethyl alcohol, weighing 5g of B-72 polyvinyl butyral, dissolving in 45g of absolute ethyl alcohol solution, and stirring for 2-3 days to form a transparent solution II; then the volume ratio of the solution II to the solution I is 2:1, mixing, stirring for 1h to uniformly mix, and driving out bubbles in the solution by means of ultrasound to obtain spinning solution;
2) And (3) electrostatic spinning: loading the prepared spinning solution into an electrostatic spinning device, wherein the propelling speed is 1mL/h, the rotating speed of a roller is 50r/min, the spinning voltage is 15kV, the ambient temperature is 20-25 ℃, the relative humidity is 15-25%, electrostatic spinning is carried out by regulating and controlling the distance between a sliding table and the sliding table to be 10cm, and the SiO after spinning is obtained 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 PVB fiber mat;
3) And (3) calcining: siO is made of 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 Drying PVB fiber felt in vacuum drying oven at 80deg.C for 6 hr, and taking off under air atmosphereHeating to 800 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃/min, calcining for 2 hours at the temperature, naturally cooling to room temperature, and taking out to obtain SiO 2 CaO and Er 2 O 3 Is 0.70:0.25:0.05 by mole ratio
Example 3
This example prepared a SiO 2 -CaO-Er 2 O 3 A flexible nanofiber which differs from example 1 in that: siO (SiO) 2 CaO and Er 2 O 3 The molar ratio of the spinning solution to the spinning solution is 0.80:0.15:0.05, the propelling speed is 2mL/h, the rotating speed of the roller is 100r/min, the electrostatic spinning is carried out by regulating the distance of a sliding table to be 10cm, the spinning voltage is 20kV, the ambient temperature is 25-30 ℃, and the relative humidity is 30-40%.
Example 4
This example prepared a SiO 2 -CaO-Bi 2 O 3 A flexible nanofiber which differs from example 1 in that: bismuth nitrate is used to replace erbium nitrate in the same amount.
Example 5
This example prepared a SiO 2 CaO-CuO flexible nanofibers, which differ from example 1 in that: copper nitrate is substituted for erbium nitrate in equal amounts.
Example 6
This example prepared a SiO 2 CaO-CuO flexible nanofibers, which differ from example 1 in that: the erbium nitrate is replaced by ferric nitrate in the same amount.
Comparative example 1
This example prepared a SiO 2 CaO nanofibers, which differ from example 1 in that: no erbium source or calcium source is added.
Test examples
This test example tests the properties and performance of nanofibers produced in the above examples and comparative examples. Wherein:
the microstructure of the nanofiber prepared in example 1 was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the result is shown in fig. 1. The nanofibers produced in examples 2-6 also had similar microstructures, redundancy was not avoided, and are not shown one by one.
A physical diagram of the nanofiber prepared in example 4 is shown in FIG. 2.
The nanofibers produced in example 1 were tested for flexibility and the results are shown in fig. 3. As can be seen from fig. 3, the nanofiber prepared by the embodiment of the invention has good flexibility. The nanofibers produced in examples 2-6 also have similar flexibility, redundancy is not avoided, and are not shown one by one.
The thermal imaging effect of temperature change after irradiation with different light intensities was tested for the nanofibers prepared in examples 1 to 6, wherein the imaging effect of the nanofibers prepared in example 1 is shown in fig. 4. As can be seen from fig. 4, the heating capacity of the fiber gradually increases with increasing light intensity. Other effects are similar, redundancy is not avoided, not shown here one by one.
The nanofibers prepared in examples 1 to 6 and comparative example 1 were tested for their photothermal heating effect after irradiation with laser light of different powers, and the heating curves of the nanofibers prepared in example 3 and comparative example 1 are shown in fig. 5. As can be seen from fig. 5, the heating capacity of the fiber prepared in example 3 was significantly improved over that of the fiber in comparative example as the laser power and light intensity were increased.
Stability tests were performed on the nanofibers produced in examples 1 to 6. By 2W/cm 2 The nanofiber prepared in example 3 was irradiated with the power of (3), and the effect of temperature rise in three cycles was shown in FIG. 6. From the graph, the temperature rising performance of the nanofiber is hardly changed, so that the nanofiber prepared by the embodiment of the invention has good stability.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.

Claims (23)

1. A preparation method of a composite inorganic nanofiber is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing spinning solution: mixing a solution I containing a silicon source, a calcium source, an M source and a catalyst with a solution II containing a polymer to obtain a spinning solution;
s2, electrostatic spinning: carrying out electrostatic spinning on the spinning solution in the step S1 to obtain a fiber felt;
s3, calcining: drying and calcining the fiber felt obtained in the step S2 to obtain the nanofiber;
wherein the composite inorganic nanofiber contains SiO 2 CaO and MO x The MO is provided with x Is Er 2 O 3 、Bi 2 O 3 Or CuO, wherein the diameter of the nanofiber is 100-2000 nm, the polymer is at least one selected from chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid, gelatin, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide or polyacrylonitrile, and the solvent of the solution I or the solution II is water and/or a water-soluble solvent respectively and independently; siO in the nanofiber 2 CaO and MO x The molar ratio of (0.5-0.99): (0.01-0.5); the mass percentage concentration of the polymer in the solution II is 1% -50%; the volume ratio of the solution I to the solution II is (0.1-10): 1; the temperature of the calcination treatment is 500-1400 ℃, and the temperature-raising program of the calcination is to raise the temperature at a speed of 1-20 ℃/min.
2. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the catalyst is selected from at least one of an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
3. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 2, wherein: the catalyst is at least one selected from formic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, adipic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid or maleic acid.
4. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the silicon source is selected from silicate esters.
5. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 4, wherein: the silicon source is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethyl orthosilicate, propyl orthosilicate, tetrabutyl orthosilicate and ethyl polysilicate.
6. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the calcium source is selected from calcium salts.
7. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 6, wherein: the calcium source is at least one selected from calcium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, calcium gluconate, calcium nitrate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium bisulfate, calcium bisulfide, calcium hypochlorite or calcium chlorate.
8. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the water-soluble solvent is at least one selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, isopropanol, tertiary butanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, methylamine, acetic acid, dioxane, acetone, pyridine or dimethyl sulfoxide.
9. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the volume ratio of the solution I to the solution II is 2:1.
10. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the electrostatic spinning in the step S2 is completed through an electrostatic spinning machine, and the electrostatic spinning machine comprises the following parameters: the distance of the left and right movement of the sliding table is adjusted to be 5-40 cm; the advancing speed of the electrostatic spinning is 0.1-10 mL/h; the rotation speed of the roller is 50-1000 r/min; the spinning voltage is 5-50 kV, the ambient temperature is 10-40 ℃, and the relative humidity is 10-90%.
11. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the electrostatic spinning in the step S2 is completed through an electrostatic spinning machine, and the electrostatic spinning machine comprises the following parameters: the distance of the left and right movement of the sliding table is adjusted to be 10cm; the advancing speed of electrostatic spinning is 1-2 mL/h; the rotation speed of the roller is 50-80 r/min.
12. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the drying treatment is 20-200 ℃.
13. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the drying treatment is 50-100 ℃.
14. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the drying treatment time is 2-24 hours.
15. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the drying treatment time is 5-10 h.
16. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the calcination treatment is 600-1000 ℃.
17. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the calcination treatment time is 2-24 hours.
18. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the calcination treatment time is 2-8 hours.
19. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature-rising program of the calcination is to rise at a speed of 10 ℃/min.
20. The method for preparing the composite inorganic nanofiber according to claim 1, wherein: the calcination is under an air atmosphere.
21. A composite inorganic nanofiber produced by the production method according to claim 1.
22. Use of a nanofiber according to claim 21 or a nanofiber obtainable by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 20 in the preparation of a photothermal conversion film.
23. A photothermal conversion film, characterized in that: a nanofiber comprising the nanofiber of claim 21 or made by the method of any one of claims 1 to 20.
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