CN114262462A - Preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge - Google Patents
Preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge Download PDFInfo
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- CN114262462A CN114262462A CN202111584111.8A CN202111584111A CN114262462A CN 114262462 A CN114262462 A CN 114262462A CN 202111584111 A CN202111584111 A CN 202111584111A CN 114262462 A CN114262462 A CN 114262462A
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- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009777 vacuum freeze-drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 206010016807 Fluid retention Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003916 acid precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
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Images
Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge, wherein the cellulose comprises methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose; the reinforced fiber is absorbent cotton; the water-absorbing sponge comprises a potassium humate/methyl cellulose sponge base material, a potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose sponge base material and a potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose sponge base material; the preparation method of the high water absorption sponge is a hole making technology; the hole making technology adopts a freeze drying method. The sponge prepared by the invention has high liquid absorption rate, high water retention performance and strong acid and alkali resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of material chemistry, in particular to a preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge.
Background
The sponge has the characteristics of heat preservation, heat insulation, sound absorption, shock absorption, flame retardance, static electricity prevention, good air permeability and the like, so the sponge relates to various industries, including the automobile industry, the battery industry, the cosmetic industry, the bra underwear manufacturing industry, the high-grade furniture manufacturing industry and the like. In addition, starch medical sponge, polyurethane and cellulose composite sponge, chitosan composite sponge, PVA and composite sponge which are widely applied to clinical medicine have more demands on the market at present, and the sponge has biocompatibility and degradability.
With the increasing decrease of land resources, the soilless culture technology has become a new agricultural model. In consideration of the water retention capacity and the acid and alkali resistance required in the conventional soil planting process, higher requirements are put forward on the research of the soilless culture substrate.
Cellulose contains a large amount of hydroxyl in molecules, hydrogen bonds are easily formed with water, and the sponge material with good water-based property and excellent degradability can be prepared by taking the cellulose as a raw material. Since cellulose has a melting point higher than its decomposition temperature and cannot be melt-processed, the dissolution regeneration method is an important way to prepare cellulose sponge. Cellulose sponges prepared by the dissolution regeneration method have poor mechanical strength, and reinforcing fibers are usually added to increase the mechanical strength. In addition, cellulose-based sponge matrices lack biostimulant active ingredients and the effect of cellulose type on performance is not clear.
Humic acid is an organic matter macromolecule, contains various active groups, has various characteristics of complexation, cation exchange, surface activity and the like, and has fully accepted growth stimulation effect on crops at home and abroad. Therefore, the application of the potassium humate modified cellulose sponge matrix in soilless culture can be improved, and the potassium humate modified cellulose sponge matrix has important significance for the development of the sponge matrix in the field of soilless culture.
In order to research the liquid absorption rate and the liquid retention of different types of cellulose-based sponges, potassium humate is adopted for modification, and the liquid absorption rate, the liquid retention and the acid and alkali resistance of the potassium humate-modified cellulose-based sponge are researched.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method and a performance research of cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge. The cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge prepared by the invention can effectively improve the liquid absorption rate of cellulose sponge, improve the water retention of cellulose sponge, and improve the water retention of cellulose sponge under different acid and alkali conditions, so that the cellulose sponge has better application prospect in soilless culture.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for preparing cellulose modified and high water absorption sponge and performance research comprises cellulose pulp, reinforcing fiber, solvent and pore-forming agent; the cellulose pulp comprises methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose; the reinforced fiber is absorbent cotton; the solvent is NaOH/urea solution; the pore-making agent is sodium chloride.
The potassium humate is prepared by an alkali dissolution and acid precipitation method, and the purity is higher than 95%.
The cellulose sponge is prepared by a freeze drying method.
A preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and high-water-absorptivity sponge comprise the following steps:
(1) respectively weighing methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, dissolving in aqueous solution of NaOH and urea (1:4-8w: w) to obtain solution with mass fraction of 8%, magnetically stirring until cellulose is fully swelled, and fully dissolving for 12-24h to obtain transparent cellulose solution;
(2) adding the transparent cellulose solution prepared in the step (1) into a glacial acetic acid solution in which chitosan with the mass fraction of 3% is dissolved, and magnetically stirring for 1-2h to fully dissolve the transparent cellulose solution;
(3) and (3) adding 12-20% of potassium humate, 0.1-0.5g of polyethylene glycol, 0.1-0.5g of glycerol and 1-5g of silane coupling agent into the solution prepared in the step (2), magnetically stirring for 1-2h, repeatedly washing with deionized water after the reaction is finished, and centrifugally purifying to obtain three hydrogels with different crosslinking products.
(4) Pouring the three different cross-linked product hydrogels prepared in the step (3) into a mould, freezing for 12-24h at-18 ℃, and vacuum freeze-drying for 24-48h at-40 ℃ to obtain 3 kinds of light porous sponge matrix different celluloses.
10. The performance study of claim 1 included the liquid absorption rate, water retention, and acid and base resistance studies of different cellulose-based sponges.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) the cellulose sponge prepared by the application has good water absorption multiplying power, and the liquid absorption multiplying power of three different cellulose sponges is increased in different degrees along with the time extension, wherein the water absorption multiplying power of the potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose sponge is up to 292%.
(2) The cellulose sponge prepared by the application has good water retention property, and the water loss rate is stable along with the time extension. Indicating the role of structural hydrogen bonds in water retention.
(3) The cellulose sponge prepared by the method has excellent acid and alkali resistance, and can keep the high water absorption rate of 120g/g under weak acid, weak alkali and neutral conditions. The water absorption rate of potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose in the whole pH test range is more than 180g/g, which shows that the potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose has excellent acid and alkali resistance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an infrared spectrum of potassium humate/methylcellulose-based sponge.
FIG. 2 is an infrared spectrum of potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based sponge.
FIG. 3 is an infrared spectrum of potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose-based sponge
Figure 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of potassium humate/methylcellulose-based sponge.
Figure 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based sponge.
Figure 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose-based sponge.
Fig. 7 is a water absorption capacity test of potassium humate/methylcellulose-based sponge, potassium humate/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based sponge, and potassium humate/carboxymethylcellulose-based sponge.
Fig. 8 is a water retention test of potassium humate/methylcellulose-based sponges, potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based sponges, and potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose-based sponges.
Fig. 9 is acid and alkali resistance tests of potassium humate/methylcellulose-based sponges, potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based sponges, and potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose-based sponges.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be noted that these embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art should be able to make functional, methodical, or structural equivalents or substitutions according to these embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and high water absorption sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing methyl cellulose, dissolving the methyl cellulose in an aqueous solution of NaOH and urea (1:4-8w: w) to prepare a solution with the mass fraction of 8%, magnetically stirring until the cellulose is fully swelled, and fully dissolving the cellulose for 12-24 hours to prepare a transparent cellulose solution;
(2) adding the transparent cellulose solution prepared in the step (1) into a glacial acetic acid solution in which chitosan with the mass fraction of 3% is dissolved, and magnetically stirring for 1-2h to fully dissolve the transparent cellulose solution;
(3) and (3) adding 12-20% of potassium humate, 0.1-0.5g of polyethylene glycol, 0.1-0.5g of glycerol and 1-5g of silane coupling agent into the solution prepared in the step (2), magnetically stirring for 1-2 hours, repeatedly washing with deionized water after the reaction is finished, and centrifugally purifying to obtain the hydrogel-like crosslinked product of potassium humate and methylcellulose.
(4) And (4) pouring the crosslinked product hydrogel prepared in the step (3) into a mold, freezing for 12-24h at-18 ℃, and carrying out vacuum freeze drying for 24-48h at-40 ℃ to obtain the potassium humate/methylcellulose sponge.
Example 2
A preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and high water absorption sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, dissolving into aqueous solution of NaOH and urea (1:4-8w: w) to obtain solution with mass fraction of 8%, magnetically stirring until cellulose is fully swelled, and dissolving for 12-24h to obtain transparent cellulose solution;
(2) adding the transparent cellulose solution prepared in the step (1) into a glacial acetic acid solution in which chitosan with the mass fraction of 3% is dissolved, and magnetically stirring for 1-2h to fully dissolve the transparent cellulose solution;
(3) and (3) adding 12-20% of potassium humate, 0.1-0.5g of polyethylene glycol, 0.1-0.5g of glycerol and 1-5g of silane coupling agent into the solution prepared in the step (2), magnetically stirring for 1-2 hours, repeatedly washing with deionized water after the reaction is finished, and centrifugally purifying to obtain a hydrogel-like crosslinked product of the potassium humate and the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
(4) And (4) pouring the crosslinked product hydrogel prepared in the step (3) into a mold, freezing for 12-24h at-18 ℃, and carrying out vacuum freeze drying for 24-48h at-40 ℃ to obtain the potassium humate/hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose sponge.
Example 3
A preparation method and performance research of cellulose modified and high water absorption sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing carboxymethyl cellulose, dissolving the carboxymethyl cellulose in an aqueous solution of NaOH and urea (1:4-8w: w) to prepare a solution with the mass fraction of 8%, magnetically stirring until the cellulose is fully swelled, and fully dissolving the cellulose for 12-24 hours to prepare a transparent cellulose solution;
(2) adding the transparent cellulose solution prepared in the step (1) into a glacial acetic acid solution in which chitosan with the mass fraction of 3% is dissolved, and magnetically stirring for 1-2h to fully dissolve the transparent cellulose solution;
(3) and (3) adding 12-20% of potassium humate, 0.1-0.5g of polyethylene glycol, 0.1-0.5g of glycerol and 1-5g of silane coupling agent into the solution prepared in the step (2), magnetically stirring for 1-2 hours, repeatedly washing with deionized water after the reaction is finished, and centrifugally purifying to obtain the hydrogel-like crosslinked product of potassium humate and carboxymethyl cellulose.
(4) And (4) pouring the crosslinked product hydrogel prepared in the step (3) into a mold, freezing for 12-24h at-18 ℃, and carrying out vacuum freeze drying for 24-48h at-40 ℃ to obtain the potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose sponge.
Test example:
and (3) measuring the liquid absorption rate performance of different cellulose-based sponges:
weighing appropriate amount of the prepared material and recording as m0Soaking for 0,30,60,90,120 and 150min respectively, filtering out residual water by a screen, and weighing the wet weight as m1The water absorption (g/g) of the test material under different time conditions is calculated according to the following formula:
water absorption multiplying power (g/g) ═ m1-m0)/m0 (1)
Water retention testing of different cellulose-based sponges:
weighing the sponge material with the water absorption reaching the saturated state and recording as m1Placing in a 40 ℃ oven, weighing every 3h and recording as miThe calculation is carried out according to the formula:
water retention (%) - (m)1-m0)/(mi-m0)×100％ (2)
Acid and alkali resistance test of different cellulose-based sponges:
6 groups of solutions with different pH values are prepared, and the water absorption multiplying power after 3 hours of testing is calculated according to the formula (1).
As shown in FIGS. 4-6, the cellulose-based modified water-absorbing sponges all have interpenetrating crosslinked networks and corrugated rough surfaces, and the dense and dense mesh structure effectively increases the specific surface area of the sponge matrix, enables water molecules to rapidly diffuse into the internal network of the sponge matrix, and endows the sponge matrix with good water-absorbing and water-retaining properties.
As can be seen from fig. 7: the cellulose sponge prepared in the examples 1-3 has good water absorption rate, and the liquid absorption rate of three different cellulose-based sponges increases to different degrees along with the time, wherein the water absorption rate of potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose sponge is up to 292%.
As can be seen from fig. 8: the cellulose sponges prepared in examples 1-3 had good water retention properties and, over time, had a relatively stable rate of water loss. Indicating the role of structural hydrogen bonds in water retention.
As can be seen from fig. 9: the cellulose sponge prepared in examples 1 to 3 has excellent acid and alkali resistance, and maintains a high water absorption rate of 120g/g under weak acid, weak alkali and neutral conditions. The water absorption rate of potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose in the whole pH test range is more than 180g/g, which shows that the potassium humate/carboxymethyl cellulose has excellent acid and alkali resistance.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method and the performance research of the cellulose modified and high water absorption sponge are characterized in that the preparation process of the cellulose sponge comprises the steps of dissolving a cellulose system and freezing to prepare pores.
2. The cellulose system of claim 1 comprising a methylcellulose system, a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose system, and a carboxymethyl cellulose system.
3. Dissolution of the cellulose system according to claim 1 using NaOH/urea as solvent for the cellulose sponge.
4. The cellulose sponge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pore former is sodium chloride.
5. The properties of the cellulose sponge of claim 1 include absorbency, water retention, and acid and alkali resistance.
6. The cellulose sponge of claim 5 having a liquid absorbency greater than 250 g/g.
7. The cellulose sponge of claim 5 having an increase in water retention over time.
8. The cellulose sponge according to claim 5, wherein the acid and alkali resistance is such that the liquid-absorbing capacity is maintained at 120g/g or more at pH 4 to 9.
9. The method for preparing cellulose modified and super absorbent sponge according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
(1) respectively weighing methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, dissolving in aqueous solution of NaOH and urea (1:4-8w: w) to obtain solution with mass fraction of 8%, magnetically stirring until cellulose is fully swelled, and fully dissolving for 12-24h to obtain transparent cellulose solution;
(2) adding the transparent cellulose solution prepared in the step (1) into a glacial acetic acid solution in which chitosan with the mass fraction of 3% is dissolved, and magnetically stirring for 1-2h to fully dissolve the transparent cellulose solution;
(3) and (3) adding 12-20% of potassium humate, 0.1-0.5g of polyethylene glycol, 0.1-0.5g of glycerol and 1-5g of silane coupling agent into the solution prepared in the step (2), magnetically stirring for 1-2h, repeatedly washing with deionized water after the reaction is finished, and centrifugally purifying to obtain three hydrogels with different crosslinking products.
(4) Pouring the three different cross-linked product hydrogels prepared in the step (3) into a mould, freezing for 12-24h at-18 ℃, and vacuum freeze-drying for 24-48h at-40 ℃ to obtain 3 kinds of light porous sponge matrix different celluloses.
10. The performance study of claim 1 included the liquid absorption rate, water retention, and acid and base resistance studies of different cellulose-based sponges.
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