CN114256953A - Modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system - Google Patents
Modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system Download PDFInfo
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- CN114256953A CN114256953A CN202210087133.1A CN202210087133A CN114256953A CN 114256953 A CN114256953 A CN 114256953A CN 202210087133 A CN202210087133 A CN 202210087133A CN 114256953 A CN114256953 A CN 114256953A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
- H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/42—Cooling means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/2039—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating characterised by the heat transfer by conduction from the heat generating element to a dissipating body
- H05K7/20409—Outer radiating structures on heat dissipating housings, e.g. fins integrated with the housing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of deep space exploration power supplies, in particular to a modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system. The modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system comprises a photoelectric conversion module, a thermal control module and a heat dissipation module; the photoelectric conversion module comprises a heat source part, a radiator, a filter and a photovoltaic cell; the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part from the inside of the heat source part to the outside of the heat source part; the radiator is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part into heat radiation energy, the filter is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion; the thermal control module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source part; the heat dissipation module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and used for dissipating heat on the filter and the photovoltaic cell. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is high, the service cycle is long, and good use stability can be kept in the process of high-efficiency operation.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of deep space exploration power supplies, in particular to a modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system.
Background
At present, in a space detection task implemented in China, an energy source of a spacecraft is mainly a solar power supply. As the space position of the spacecraft is gradually far away from the sun, the solar light intensity in unit area is attenuated in a square mode along with the distance, and the power supply capacity of solar energy is sharply reduced. In five to ten years in the future, deep space exploration tasks such as Jupiter and asteroid are started in China, the electric power requirement of the Jupiter detector is 300-600W, and therefore the use of a space nuclear power supply must be considered.
The space nuclear power supply is a device for converting nuclear heat energy into electric energy for a spacecraft to use through a thermoelectric conversion technology, does not depend on a space illumination environment, and is an ideal energy source for developing deep space exploration tasks. However, the existing implementation scheme has the problems of unstable output, short working period, low photoelectric conversion efficiency and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system to improve the problems.
The invention is particularly such that:
a modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system comprises a photoelectric conversion module, a thermal control module and a heat dissipation module;
the photoelectric conversion module comprises a heat source part, a radiator, a filter and a photovoltaic cell; the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part from the inside of the heat source part to the outside of the heat source part; the radiator is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part into heat radiation energy, the filter is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion;
the thermal control module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source part;
the heat dissipation module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and used for dissipating heat on the filter and the photovoltaic cell.
In one embodiment of the invention, the heat source part comprises a plurality of GPHS heat sources which are sequentially stacked along a preset direction;
the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part in the preset direction.
In one embodiment of the invention, the thermal control module comprises two thermal insulation layers and a plurality of ceramic connectors;
along the preset direction, two insulating layers are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat source part, and a plurality of GPHS heat sources are connected through ceramic connecting pieces.
In one embodiment of the invention, each insulation layer comprises a plurality of insulation panels arranged in a stacked configuration, and an insulation aerogel layer is disposed between any two adjacent insulation panels.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the heat dissipation module includes a plurality of heat dissipation back plates and a plurality of heat dissipation fins;
the plurality of heat dissipation back plates are arranged on the periphery of the photoelectric conversion module and are attached to the photovoltaic cells; each radiating fin is connected with the radiating back plate.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the heat dissipation module includes four heat dissipation back plates and four heat dissipation fins;
the four heat dissipation back plates are distributed around the photoelectric conversion module, and each heat dissipation back plate corresponds to one side face of the photoelectric conversion module;
each radiating fin is correspondingly connected with one radiating back plate.
In one embodiment of the present invention, each of the heat dissipation fins is parallel to the corresponding heat dissipation back plate.
In one embodiment of the present invention, each of the heat dissipation fins includes an aluminum honeycomb core, two aluminum plates, two high thermal conductive composite plates, and a plurality of heat pipes;
along the thickness direction of the aluminum honeycomb core, two aluminum plates are arranged on two sides of the aluminum honeycomb core, and two high-thermal-conductivity composite plates are arranged on two sides of the aluminum plates;
a plurality of heat pipes are embedded within the aluminum honeycomb core.
In one embodiment of the invention, the filter is a one-dimensional photonic crystal filter disposed on an inner side of the photovoltaic cell array.
In one embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of monolithic dies arranged in an array and connected in a serpentine pattern.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system comprises a photoelectric conversion module, a thermal control module and a heat dissipation module; the photoelectric conversion module comprises a heat source part, a radiator, a filter and a photovoltaic cell; the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part from the inside of the heat source part to the outside of the heat source part; the radiator is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part into heat radiation energy, the filter is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion; the thermal control module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source part; the heat dissipation module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and used for dissipating heat on the filter and the photovoltaic cell. The modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and long service cycle, and can keep good use stability in the process of high-efficiency operation.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present application and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and for those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained from the drawings without inventive effort.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system provided in the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a photoelectric conversion module provided in the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a radiator provided in the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic cell provided herein;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a heat dissipation fin provided in the present application;
FIG. 6 is a microstructure radiator emissivity plot;
FIG. 7 is a spectrum distribution diagram of the modulated radiator when the temperature of the heat source is 1500K;
FIG. 8 is a one-dimensional photon filter spectral transmittance curve;
FIG. 9 is a net radiation spectrum reaching the wafer surface;
FIG. 10 is a graph of the quantum efficiency of a gallium antimonide, indium gallium arsenide semiconductor wafer;
fig. 11 is a graph of system conversion efficiency versus wafer temperature.
Icon: 100-a modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system; 110-a photoelectric conversion module; 120-a thermal control module; 130-a heat dissipation module; 111-a heat source portion; 112-a radiator; 113-a filter; 114-a photovoltaic cell; a 115-GPHS heat source; 121-a thermal insulation layer; 122-ceramic connectors; 131-a heat-dissipating back plate; 132-heat dissipating fins; 133-aluminum honeycomb core; 134-aluminum plate; 135-high thermal conductivity composite board; 116-monolithic die.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present application, generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, can be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present application, presented in the accompanying drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed application, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the application. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, it should be noted that the indication of orientation or positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship which is usually placed when the product of the application is used, or the orientation or positional relationship which is usually understood by those skilled in the art, or the orientation or positional relationship which is usually placed when the product of the application is used, and is only for the convenience of describing the application and simplifying the description, but does not indicate or imply that the indicated device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the application. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used solely to distinguish one from another and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly stated or limited, the terms "disposed," "mounted," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may for example be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood in a specific case by those of ordinary skill in the art.
Referring to fig. 1-5, the present invention provides a modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermo-photovoltaic power supply system 100, which includes a photoelectric conversion module 110, a thermal control module 120 and a heat dissipation module 130;
the photoelectric conversion module 110 includes a heat source portion 111, a radiator 112, a filter 113, and a photovoltaic cell 114; the radiator 112, the filter 113, and the photovoltaic cell 114 are disposed around the heat source unit 111 in a direction from the inside of the heat source unit 111 to the outside of the heat source unit 111; the radiator 112 is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part 111 into heat radiation energy, the filter 113 is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell 114 array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion;
the thermal control module 120 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 110, and the thermal control module 120 is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source unit 111;
the heat dissipation module 130 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 110, and the heat dissipation module 130 is used for dissipating heat on the filter 113 and the photovoltaic cell 114.
The working principle of the modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system 100 is as follows:
referring to fig. 1-5, the modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermo-photovoltaic power supply system 100 includes a photoelectric conversion module 110, a thermal control module 120, and a heat dissipation module 130; the photoelectric conversion module 110 includes a heat source portion 111, a radiator 112, a filter 113, and a photovoltaic cell 114; the radiator 112, the filter 113, and the photovoltaic cell 114 are disposed around the heat source unit 111 in a direction from the inside of the heat source unit 111 to the outside of the heat source unit 111; the radiator 112 is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part 111 into heat radiation energy, the filter 113 is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell 114 array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion; the thermal control module 120 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 110, and the thermal control module 120 is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source unit 111; the heat dissipation module 130 is connected to the photoelectric conversion module 110, and the heat dissipation module 130 is used for dissipating heat on the filter 113 and the photovoltaic cell 114. The modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system 100 is high in photoelectric conversion efficiency and long in service cycle, and can keep good use stability in the process of high-efficiency operation.
Further, referring to fig. 1 to 5, in the present embodiment, when the heat source portion 111 is disposed, the heat source portion 111 includes a plurality of GPHS heat sources 115, and the plurality of GPHS heat sources 115 are sequentially stacked along a preset direction;
the radiator 112, the filter 113, and the photovoltaic cell 114 are disposed around the heat source 111 in a predetermined direction.
The filter 113 is a one-dimensional photonic crystal filter disposed on an inner side of the array of photovoltaic cells 114. And photovoltaic cell 114 includes a plurality of monolithic dies 116, with plurality of monolithic dies 116 arranged in an array and in serpentine series.
The sources of nuclear energy are typically both radioisotope decay energy and nuclear reactor fission energy. For spacecraft with electrical power requirements of less than 1KW, small volume isotope power systems are typically employed. At present, isotope battery systems mainly include three types, namely isotope temperature difference power generation (RTG), stirling cycle power generation (ASRG), and isotope thermo-photovoltaic power generation (RTPV), wherein the stirling cycle power generation technology is a thermoelectric dynamic conversion technology, and the other two technologies are static conversion technologies. The efficiency of a thermoelectric generation technology (RTG) is 3-5%, the engineering application is mature, the product is already available in the model, but the consumption of rare isotope nuclear sources is too much, and the hectowatt-level power requirement of a future task is difficult to match; the efficiency of thermal photovoltaic technology (RTPV) can reach 15% -30%, which is one of the cores of the future development of isotope power sources.
The concept of the principle of thermal-to-photovoltaic conversion technology was first proposed in the 60's of the 20 th century, and the basis of energy conversion is photovoltaic energy conversion, which mainly uses energy conversion of infrared radiation. The system mainly heats the radiator 112 through a generalized energy source (solar energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, etc.), modulates the spectrum of a specific waveband through adjusting the material and the structure of the radiator 112, secondarily modulates the specific spectrum through a filter, and finally the specific spectrum is the spectrum of the waveband which can be absorbed by the photovoltaic cell 114, so that the matching degree of the spectrum is improved, and finally, higher photoelectric conversion efficiency is achieved. Since 1994, space isotope power supply systems of milliwatt, watt and dozens of watts are developed in the United states successively, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of a high-power engineering prototype can be between 15% and 20% through system-level optimization, and the advancement of the space isotope power supply system of thermal photovoltaic is fully proved.
Aiming at the requirements of deep space exploration tasks in China, the design of a hectowatt-level space isotope thermo-photoelectric power supply system is developed, an international universal standard GPHS heat source 115 is selected, the heat power requirement can be expanded from a single heat source to a plurality of heat sources to achieve 2000W of input power, a characteristic radiator 112 and a filter 113 are selected, and a proper photovoltaic element is matched to achieve that the output power of the system is 300-600W. In order to evaluate the service life of the system, the system attenuation rate research is carried out, and a foundation is laid for the engineering design of the system.
The invention adopts a general international GPHS heat source 115, the heat power of a single GPHS heat source 115 is 250W, in order to prevent isotope leakage, the heat sources are sequentially a Pu-238 fuel shot, an iridium metal cladding, an FWPF anti-collision layer, a CBCF heat-insulating layer 121 and a FWPF anti-collision shell from inside to outside, and the sizes are 9.32cm multiplied by 9.72 multiplied by 5.3cm.
238Pu is a typical alpha heat source, the half-life period is as long as 87.6 years, the generated alpha particles are helium nuclei, are heavy charged particles, have high energy, have short range in the substance, are easy to concentrate the energy, only generate secondary electrons on the surface of the substance by the action with the substance, have low shielding requirement, and are the most ideal isotope heat source fuel for an isotope thermo-photoelectric power supply system.
According to the task requirement of 300-600W electric power, the input power of the modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system 100 is 2000W, a mode of superposing 8 standard GPHS heat sources 115 is adopted, and the size of each heat source is 9.32cm multiplied by 9.72 multiplied by 42.4 cm. The power generation is carried out by adopting the four peripheral surfaces, the upper surface and the lower surface of the heat source are controlled by using heat insulation materials, and the supporting part is a ceramic screw with low heat conductivity, so that the heat resistance is effectively improved, and the heat loss of the heat source is reduced. According to simulation calculation, the average temperature of the surface of the heat source can reach 1500K.
The modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system 100 adopts a two-dimensional microstructure radiator 112, and utilizes the microcavity resonance effect when the microstructure of the object surface is matched with the wavelength of light waves to design the radiator 112 with selectivity. For two semiconductor wafers of indium gallium arsenide and gallium antimonide, the radiator 112 is optimized to have r of 0.5 μm, a of 1.3 μm, d of 2 to 8 μm, and r of 0.55 μm, a of 1.3 μm, and d of 2 to 8 μm, respectively.
The two-dimensional microstructure can be directly etched on the surface of the tungsten or tantalum high-temperature metal by an ion beam etching method, the size of the back surface of the radiator 112 is consistent with that of the heat source, so that the radiator can be completely attached to the surface of the heat source to be connected with the heat source, and the modulation effect of the radiator on the spectrum is shown in fig. 6.
The filter 113 is a one-dimensional photonic crystal filter, and is characterized by being formed by 1/4 wave stacks with high and low refractive indexes, and capable of forming a forbidden band with a certain bandwidth, and is formed by specifically adopting materials of Si and SiO2
And then performing optimized film coating on the surface. The one-dimensional photonic crystal filter can be plated on the surface of a wafer through a physical vapor deposition method.
According to simulation calculation, each heat dissipation back plate 131 can use a plate distribution area of 18 × 40cm, infrared wafers such as indium gallium arsenide and gallium antimonide are used as conversion materials, the specification of a single wafer 116 is 1.5 × 1cm, compact array arrangement is adopted, the maximum plate distribution is 12 × 40, in order to avoid power loss in a circuit, snake-shaped series-parallel connection is carried out according to the illumination distribution condition, and therefore power generation output is completed.
Further, referring to fig. 1 to 5, in the present embodiment, when the thermal control module 120 is disposed, the thermal control module 120 includes two thermal insulation layers 121 and a plurality of ceramic connecting members 122;
along the preset direction, two heat insulating layers 121 are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat source part 111, and a plurality of GPHS heat sources 115 are connected through ceramic connecting pieces 122, wherein the ceramic connecting pieces 122 are ceramic screws.
Specifically, each thermal insulation layer 121 includes a plurality of thermal insulation plates stacked one on another, and a thermal insulation aerogel layer is disposed between any two adjacent thermal insulation plates.
The heat insulation layer 121 of the invention is positioned on the upper surface and the lower surface of the photoelectric conversion module 110, the heat insulation material of the heat insulation plate adopts a high-temperature multi-layer heat insulation assembly, aerogel is adopted as a spacing layer, a low-emissivity molybdenum plate, a nickel foil, a stainless steel foil and an aluminum foil are combined to be used as the heat insulation plate, and a ceramic screw with low heat conductivity is used for fixing a heat source. Through the combination mode of the above layers, the heat loss of the heat source from the upper surface and the lower surface of the heat source is reduced. According to simulation calculation, the average temperature of the surface of the heat source can reach 1500K by adopting the heat insulation method.
Further, referring to fig. 1 to 5, in the present embodiment, when the heat dissipation module 130 is disposed, the heat dissipation module 130 includes a plurality of heat dissipation back plates 131 and a plurality of heat dissipation fins 132;
a plurality of heat dissipation back plates 131 are disposed on the periphery of the photoelectric conversion module 110 and attached to the photovoltaic cells 114; each of the heat dissipating fins 132 is connected to the heat dissipating back plate 131.
Specifically, the heat dissipation module 130 includes four heat dissipation back plates 131 and four heat dissipation fins 132;
the four heat dissipation back plates 131 are distributed around the photoelectric conversion module 110, and each heat dissipation back plate 131 corresponds to one side surface of the photoelectric conversion module 110;
each of the heat dissipating fins 132 is correspondingly connected to one of the heat dissipating back plates 131.
Also, each of the heat dissipating fins 132 is parallel to the corresponding heat dissipating back plate 131.
Each of the heat dissipating fins 132 includes an aluminum honeycomb core 133, two aluminum plates 134, two high thermal conductive composite plates 135, and a plurality of heat pipes;
along the thickness direction of the aluminum honeycomb core 133, two aluminum plates 134 are arranged on both sides of the aluminum honeycomb core 133, and two high thermal conductivity composite plates 135 are arranged on both sides of the aluminum plates 134;
a plurality of heat pipes are embedded within the aluminum honeycomb core 133.
The heat dissipation fins 132 are adopted for heat dissipation in a heat radiation mode, the total heat of the hectowatt-level nuclear battery is 2000W, (400W is task required electric power, 1600W needs to be dissipated by heat dissipation), in order to maintain the working temperature of the back plate to be 20 ℃, a material with the average emissivity close to 0.9 is selected, the heat dissipation fins 132 adopt a sandwich structure, the center of the heat dissipation fins is an aluminum honeycomb core 133 (embedded with four Al/NH3 heat pipes), the inner sides of the surfaces of the two sides of the aluminum honeycomb core are provided with aluminum plates 134 to prevent the fins from being bent, and the outer sides of the heat dissipation fins are provided with a C-C composite material with high heat conductivity. The structure can perform double-sided heat dissipation, reduce the weight and the area of the heat dissipation fins 132, and the weight of the unit area of the fins is 1.8kg/m2. The total net area of the heat dissipation fins 132 is 4.25m calculated according to the total radiation power of the hemisphere of the actual object2. The design is carried out according to four radiating fins 132, each radiating fin 132 is connected with four power generation face back plates of the system, and the single-face heat radiation of the connection part (0.1 m)2) And the rest positions are used for heat dissipation in two directions, and the outward extending area of each heat dissipation fin 132 is 0.48m2The weight of the single heat dissipating fin 132 is 1.04kg, and the total weight of the heat dissipating fin 132 is 4.18 kg.
Based on the above, referring to fig. 1-5, the shape of the empty-modular hectowatt-level space isotope thermo-photovoltaic power supply system 100 is a cuboid with a size of about 20cm × 20cm × 50cm, the heat source temperature is 1200K-1500K, the inner surface of the housing 3cm away from the heat source is fully covered with the filter 113 and the wafer array, and the housing temperature is-20 ℃ to 20 ℃.
The heat source is formed by overlapping 8 international standard GPHS heat sources 115, the input power is 2000W, power generation is realized around the heat source body, heat insulating materials with low emissivity are used for controlling the temperature of the upper layer and the lower layer of the system, and the upper supporting part and the lower supporting part of the heat source are low-heat-conductivity ceramic screws, so that the heat resistance is effectively improved, the heat loss of the heat source is reduced, and the temperature of the heat source is kept stable at about 1200-1500K.
When the operating environment of the present invention is a deep space environment, the outside environment is a vacuum environment, and in order to improve the system efficiency, the temperature of the filter 113 and the wafer needs to be maintained at a normal temperature, and the heat dissipation fins 132 are used for heat dissipation by means of heat radiation. Four heat dissipation fins 132 with the same area are arranged on the back plates of the four power generation surfaces, so that the temperature of the filter 113 and the wafer is maintained at-20 ℃ to 20 ℃.
Based on the above, the physical design principle of the photoelectric conversion module 110 is as follows:
the isotope thermo-photoelectric technology mainly utilizes the decay energy of the isotope to deposit on the surface of the radiator 112, and the spectrum of the specific waveband modulated by the radiator 112 is secondarily modulated through the optical filter and finally reaches the surface of the wafer to be subjected to photoelectric conversion. According to the blackbody radiation formula, the radiation formula of λ - λ + d λ is as follows:
in the formula:
q (lambda) is the energy density of lambda wave with wavelength per unit area, unit W/m2；
λ is the wavelength of light, in m;
h is the Planck constant in J/K;
k is Boltzmann constant in units J.S;
c is the speed of light in m/s;
the photoelectric conversion module 110 radiates heat through the radiator 112, part of the light passes through the filter 113, and part of the wavelength band of the light is reflected by the filter 113 to the secondary heating source, so that a superposition balance exists between the two. At equilibrium, the radiation equations for the radiator 112 and the filter 113 are:
in the formula:
qSis the radiation power of the surface of the radiator 112, qCIs the radiation of the surface of the filter 113Power;
εS(lambda) is the emissivity of the radiator 112, epsilonC(λ) is the surface emissivity of the filter 113;
RS(λ) is the surface reflectivity, R, of the radiator 112C(λ) is the surface reflectance of the filter 113;
Tsis the surface temperature, T, of the radiator 112CIs the surface temperature of the filter 113.
The net amount of radiation transmitted through the filter 113 to the wafer surface can thus be found to be:
qnet(λ)dλ＝[qs(λ)-qC(λ)]dλ
substituting the corresponding formula to obtain:
due to the temperature T of the heat source (radiator 112)sThe temperature T of the filter 113 is about 1200K to 1500KCNeeds to be controlled between 253K and 293K, so TC＜＜TSThe second term in the brackets of the above formula can be omitted, and the following can be obtained:
from this formula, it can be seen that the main factor affecting the net illumination intensity is TS、εS(lambda) and RC(lambda). Wherein T issThe temperature of the heat source, which mainly affects the peak position of the black body, the working temperature T of the invention according to the wafer usedsThe temperature of the heat source may be achieved by the power density of the isotope, 1200K to 1500K.
The other two factors are key points of the spectrum efficient matching technology.
εS(λ) represents the emissivity of the radiator 112. the present invention obtains the curve of the radiator 112 with modulation characteristics by selecting materials and processing the surface of the radiator 112In order to radiate light with a wavelength of 1-2 μm as much as possible, light with other wavelength bands is not radiated, and thus the emissivity curve of the radiator 112 designed by the invention is shown in fig. 6;
if the radiator 112 is heated using a heat source of 1500K, the emission spectrum of the radiator 112 at this time can be obtained by the black body radiation formula, as shown in fig. 7.
RC(lambda) represents the reflectivity of the filter 113, the invention designs an optical filter with a special film system and structure to secondarily modulate the emission spectrum modulated by the radiator 112, and reduces the spectrum of the wave band beyond 1-2 μm as much as possible to form a high-pass band-pass filter 113 with 1-2 μm, and the specific effect is shown in fig. 8.
The filter 113 designed by the invention hardly absorbs short wave and absorbs high long wave, but the light of long wave band is greatly reduced by the modulation of the radiator 112, meanwhile, the average level of transmittance at 1-2 μm is 95%, the forbidden band width can reach 1.8 μm, the transmittance of near infrared light which cannot be used is effectively inhibited, and the clean spectrum of the 1500K radiator 112 emission spectrum after secondary modulation is shown in figure 9.
At the moment, the net spectrum basically only has available spectrum of 1-2 μm, and the radiation intensity is relatively high. The net radiation light reaches the surface of the wafer and the wafer to generate a photoelectric effect, and photon energy flow is converted into electron energy flow to obtain the following electron energy flow flux: hv ═ hc/λ
In the formula:
alpha is the effective wafer distribution rate of the wafer;
q (λ) is the extra-wafer quantum efficiency.
The wafers used by the invention are infrared wave band wafers of gallium antimonide, indium gallium arsenide and the like, the external quantum curves of the wafers are concentrated at 0.8-2.2 mu m, which is the wave band modulated by the radiator 112 and the filter 113, so that a high-efficiency photovoltaic matching technology can be formed, and the quantum efficiency curves of the indium gallium arsenide and the gallium antimonide wafers are shown in figure 10.
The current converted by the photoelectric effect is as follows:
in the formula:
e is a unit of charge.
The open circuit voltage of the cell is as follows:
Voc＝(kTc/e)ln[(Jsc/J0)-1]
in the formula:
J0for saturation current density, the empirical formula is as follows:
J0＝[2.555×10-4TC 3exp(-Fg/kTc)]
Egthe forbidden bandwidth of indium gallium arsenide (gallium antimonide).
Since the filter 113 is close to the wafer, the temperature of the wafer is close to the temperature of the filter 113, i.e. the working temperature of the wafer affects the output characteristics of the wafer, so the temperature of the wafer is controlled between-20 ℃ and 20 ℃ in the invention.
The output efficiency of the final die is:
Pmax＝JscVocFF
where FF is the fill factor reflecting the actual output level of the die-connected load.
The efficiency curve of a thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to the present invention is designed as shown in fig. 1.
In summary, the photoelectric conversion design efficiency of the photoelectric conversion module 110 can reach 15-30%.
Referring to fig. 1-5, the performance attenuation rate of the modular hectowatt space isotope thermo-photovoltaic power supply system 100 provided by the present invention can be analyzed from the thermal power attenuation of a heat source and the performance attenuation of a system sensitive device under irradiation.
The decay of the power of the heat source follows the exponential decay law of the radioactive isotope:
wherein, T1/2Is the half life of the nuclide, W0Is the initial power of the heat source. The thermal power is reduced to 1708.8W when the 2000W heat source is in service for 20 years, and the annual attenuation rate of the system efficiency attenuation caused by the thermal power attenuation is 0.5%.
The attenuation research of the irradiated performance of the system sensitive device can be evaluated according to the irradiation field distribution in the system and can be used for calculating 2000W238PuO2Neutron, photon and electron intensity generated by nuclear reaction in a heat source, energy spectrum distribution and proton irradiation intensity in space cosmic rays are calculated by using a Monte Carlo method to obtain the damage conditions of key sensitive devices in the system, including a radiator 112, a filter 113 and a semiconductor wafer, so as to judge the influence of particle irradiation on the performance of the key sensitive devices. Through calculation, the particle irradiation has small influence on the performance of the radiator 112 and the filter 113, mainly resulting in the performance attenuation of the semiconductor wafer, and the annual attenuation rate of the conversion efficiency is 0.7%.
Therefore, the annual attenuation rate of the 2000W thermophotovoltaic system is 1.2%, if the system conversion efficiency at the initial stage of the mission is 30%, after 20 years of service, the system conversion efficiency is attenuated to 22.8%, and the electric power is 456W, so that the electric power requirement at the final stage of the Mars detection mission is met.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A modular hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system is characterized in that:
the modularized hectowatt-level space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system comprises a photoelectric conversion module, a thermal control module and a heat dissipation module;
the photoelectric conversion module comprises a heat source part, a radiator, a filter and a photovoltaic cell; the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part from the inside of the heat source part to the outside of the heat source part; the radiator is used for converting heat generated by the heat source part into heat radiation energy, the filter is used for filtering photons, and the photovoltaic cell array is used for realizing photoelectric conversion;
the thermal control module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and is used for controlling the temperature of the heat source part;
the heat dissipation module is connected with the photoelectric conversion module and used for dissipating heat on the filter and the photovoltaic cell.
2. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 1, wherein:
the heat source part comprises a plurality of GPHS heat sources which are sequentially stacked along a preset direction;
the radiator, the filter and the photovoltaic cell are arranged around the heat source part in the preset direction.
3. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 2, wherein:
the thermal control module comprises two heat insulation layers and a plurality of ceramic connecting pieces;
along the preset direction, the two heat insulation layers are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat source part, and the GPHS heat sources are connected through the ceramic connecting piece.
4. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 3, wherein:
each thermal-insulated layer all includes the heat insulating board of a plurality of range upon range of settings, and two arbitrary neighbours all be provided with thermal-insulated aerogel layer between the heat insulating board.
5. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 1, wherein:
the heat dissipation module comprises a plurality of heat dissipation back plates and a plurality of heat dissipation fins;
the plurality of heat dissipation back plates are arranged on the periphery of the photoelectric conversion module and are attached to the photovoltaic cells; each radiating fin is connected with the radiating back plate.
6. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 5, wherein:
the heat dissipation module comprises four heat dissipation back plates and four heat dissipation fins;
the four heat dissipation back plates are distributed around the photoelectric conversion module, and each heat dissipation back plate corresponds to one side face of the photoelectric conversion module;
each radiating fin is correspondingly connected with one radiating back plate.
7. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 6, wherein:
each radiating fin is parallel to the corresponding radiating back plate.
8. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 5, wherein:
each radiating fin comprises an aluminum honeycomb core, two aluminum plates, two high-heat-conductivity composite plates and a plurality of heat pipes;
along the thickness direction of the aluminum honeycomb core, the two aluminum plates are arranged on two sides of the aluminum honeycomb core, and the two high-thermal-conductivity composite plates are arranged on two sides of the aluminum plates;
a plurality of the heat pipes are embedded within the aluminum honeycomb core.
9. A modular hectowatt space isotope thermo-photovoltaic power supply system as in any one of claims 1-8, wherein:
the filter is a one-dimensional photonic crystal filter arranged on the inner side surface of the photovoltaic cell array.
10. The modular hectowatt space isotope thermophotovoltaic power supply system according to claim 9, wherein:
the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of single-chip wafers which are arranged in an array mode and are connected in a snake-shaped series mode.
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