CN114243021B - Lithium iron phosphate material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Lithium iron phosphate material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery materials, and discloses coated modified lithium iron phosphate and a preparation method thereof. The coating layer of the lithium iron phosphate is composed of three layers of materials, the layer close to the lithium iron phosphate is made of conductive carbon material, and the middle layer is In2O3The outermost layer is ZrO2. Inner layer of conductive carbon material and In2O3Has high conductivity and ZrO layer as outer layer2Has high temperature resistance. In the preparation process, three layers of different materials are coated on the surface of the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer by a one-by-one coating technical means. The coated and modified lithium iron phosphate has good conductivity, and the preparation method is simple, low in cost and less in environmental pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery materials, and particularly relates to coating of a lithium iron phosphate material.
Background
Due to the strong demand for renewable energy utilization and the popularization of smart grids in modern society, the demand for large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems has received significant attention in the past decade. The rechargeable lithium ion battery technology is hopeful to be the power source of the electric automobile, and among a few cathode materials, the lithium iron phosphate material has the advantages of excellent safety performance and long cycle life, and is widely applied to power batteries.
LiFePO4The battery material has many advantages, but also has many defects, LiFePO4The general phenomenon of low conductivity, only 10 per centimeter-8Siemens. The conductivity of the positive electrode material is generally closely related to the cycle performance and rate performance of the positive electrode material. In order to obtain a cathode material with excellent cycle performance and rate performance, it is a hot spot of current research to improve the conductivity performance of the cathode material. The modification of the lithium iron phosphate material is a main way for improving the electric conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate material at present. The main modifying means includes doping and coating, but the problem of poor conductivity cannot be well solved by single doping and coating.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problem of poor conductivity of the existing lithium iron phosphate, the invention mainly aims to provide a lithium iron phosphate material with good conductivity, rate capability and excellent cycle performance. The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the lithium iron phosphate material.
Firstly, the invention provides a lithium iron phosphate material, which comprises a lithium iron phosphate matrix layer and a coating layer, wherein the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer is LiFePO4The coating layer is composed of three layers of materials, a conductive carbon material is arranged near the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer, and an In intermediate layer is arranged2O3The outermost layer is ZrO2(ii) a The total thickness of the coating layer is 2.5-20 nm.
Coating a coating layer consisting of three layers of materials on the surface of a lithium iron phosphate matrix material, wherein the conductive carbon material close to the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer has higher conductivity, and can accelerate the conduction of electrons in crystals and the diffusion process of lithium ions; intermediate metal oxide In2O3The function of supporting the inner and outer layers of frameworks is achieved, and lithium ions are further conducted; outer layer of ZrO2Has high temperature resistance and can improve the high-temperature stability of the material. Due to the design of the coating layer formed by the three layers of materials, the lithium iron phosphate material not only has higher conductivity, but also has outstanding stability and high-temperature performance.
Based on the same inventive concept, the invention provides a preparation method of the lithium iron phosphate material, which comprises the following steps:
step S1, mixing and calcining the iron phosphate precursor, the lithium source and the carbon source to obtain a positive electrode material A coated by the conductive carbon material;
step S2, ball-milling and uniformly mixing the anode material A and an indium source, and sintering to obtain an anode material B with a coating layer made of indium oxide and a conductive carbon material;
step S3, uniformly dispersing a zirconium source in an organic solvent, then adding the positive electrode material B, stirring and evaporating the organic solvent to obtain black slurry; and (3) drying the black slurry in vacuum, and sintering the black slurry in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material with the outer layer being zirconium oxide, the middle layer being indium oxide and the inner layer being a conductive carbon material.
In the above preparation method, the calcination process in step S1 is preferably: calcining at 200-500 ℃ for 5-10 h, and then calcining at 400-650 ℃ for 4-8 h.
In the above preparation method, the carbon source is preferably at least one of graphene or carbon nanotubes.
In the preparation method, the sintering temperature in the step S2 is preferably 500-700 ℃, the sintering time is preferably 10-20 hours, and the sintering atmosphere is an oxygen atmosphere.
In the above production method, the indium source is preferably at least one of indium nitrate and indium sulfate.
In the above production method, the zirconium source is preferably at least one of zirconium nitrate and zirconium sulfate.
In the above production method, the organic solvent is preferably at least one of methanol, absolute ethanol, and propanol.
In the above preparation method, preferably, the solid-to-liquid ratio of the mixed slurry of the organic solvent and the positive electrode material is 1g: 6-15 ml.
In the preparation method, the evaporation temperature is preferably 50-150 ℃, and the evaporation time is 10-60 min.
In the preparation method, the sintering temperature in the step S3 is preferably 500-700 ℃, the sintering time is preferably 10-20 hours, and the sintering atmosphere is an oxygen atmosphere.
Obviously, compared with the prior art, the lithium iron phosphate cathode material provided by the invention has good conductivity, excellent rate capability and cycle performance, and the preparation method of the cathode material is simple, low in cost and less in environmental pollution, and is suitable for industrial production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of the cathode material prepared in example 1 after cycling for 100 cycles at 1C.
Fig. 2 is a graph of cycle performance of the positive electrode materials of example 1 and comparative example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are given by way of illustration and explanation only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
It is to be noted that, unless otherwise specified, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
Example 1
(1) In terms of mole ratios, as Fe: p is 1:1, mixing 1 mol of ferrous oxalate and 1 mol of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a mixed solution; carrying out coprecipitation reaction on the mixed solution to obtain an iron phosphate precursor; mixing the iron phosphate precursor with 1 mol of lithium acetate and 0.01 mol of graphene, heating and calcining, calcining at 300 ℃ for 5h, then calcining at 600 ℃ for 8h, and obtaining the graphene-coated lithium iron phosphate cathode material after calcining.
(2) In terms of mole ratios, In: weighing 0.02 mol of indium nitrate according to the proportion of 0.02:1, ball-milling and mixing the 0.02 mol of indium nitrate and 1 mol of the anode material prepared in the step (1), uniformly mixing, and sintering at 600 ℃ for 10 hours in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the two-layer coated anode material.
(3) In terms of mole ratios, as Zr: weighing 0.01 mol of zirconium nitrate according to the proportion of 0.01:1, uniformly dispersing 0.01 mol of zirconium nitrate in absolute ethyl alcohol, slowly adding the positive electrode material prepared in the step (2), adjusting the solid-to-liquid ratio to be 1g:10mL, stirring and evaporating at 100 ℃ for 60min to obtain black slurry; vacuum drying to obtain pre-sintered product. Then sintering the mixture for 12 hours at the temperature of 600 ℃ in the oxygen atmosphere to obtain three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material LiFePO4 • 0.01C@0.01In2O3@0.01ZrO2。
Further, the thickness of the coating layer of the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material was measured by a transmission electron microscope, and the result was about 2.59 nm.
The three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material prepared in this example was assembled into a CR2025 button cell according to conventional methods for assembling button cells in the art. Testing the battery at a high temperature of 50 ℃ within a voltage range of 2.5-4.3V: under the multiplying power of 0.1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 158.6 mAh/g; under the multiplying power of 1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 138.9 mAh/g; the capacity is 137.177mAh/g and the capacity retention rate reaches 98.76 percent after 100 cycles under 1C. Therefore, the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material has good cycle performance and rate capability, and the improvement of the electric conductivity based on the anode material is not difficult to find according to the design concept of the anode material.
The positive pole piece of the battery which is cycled for 100 circles under 1C is directly detected by a scanning electron microscope, and the result is shown in figure 1. As can be seen from fig. 1, the positive electrode material on the positive electrode plate still maintains the perfect particle shape, and the collapse phenomenon does not occur. It can be confirmed that the positive electrode material does not change significantly before and after the cycle, which also indicates that the structure of the positive electrode material is very stable.
Example 2
(1) In terms of mole ratios, as Fe: p is 1:1, mixing 1 mol of ferrous oxalate and 1 mol of phosphoric acid to obtain a mixed solution; carrying out coprecipitation reaction on the mixed solution to obtain an iron phosphate precursor; mixing the iron phosphate precursor with 1 mol of lithium carbonate and 0.02 mol of carbon nano tube, then heating and calcining, firstly calcining at 350 ℃ for 5h, then calcining at 620 ℃ for 8h, and obtaining the carbon nano tube coated lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material after calcining.
(2) In terms of mole ratios, In: weighing 0.02 mol of indium sulfate according to the proportion of 0.04:1, ball-milling and mixing the 0.02 mol of indium sulfate and 1 mol of the cathode material prepared in the step (1), uniformly mixing, and sintering at 610 ℃ for 10h in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the two-layer coated cathode material.
(3) In terms of mole ratios, as Zr: weighing 0.02 mol of zirconium sulfate according to the proportion of 0.02:1, uniformly dispersing 0.02 mol of zirconium sulfate in absolute ethyl alcohol, slowly adding the two-layer coated positive electrode material prepared in the step (2), adjusting the solid-to-liquid ratio to be 1g:11mL, stirring and evaporating at 100 ℃ for 60min to obtain black slurry; vacuum drying to obtain the calcined substance. Then sintering the mixture for 11.2h at 610 ℃ in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material LiFePO4 • 0.02C@0.02In2O3@0.02ZrO2。
Further, the thickness of the coating layer of the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material was measured by a transmission electron microscope, and the result was about 8.6 nm.
The positive electrode material obtained in the embodiment is used for assembling a button cell of CR 2025. Testing the battery at a high temperature of 50 ℃ within a voltage range of 2.5-4.3V: under the multiplying power of 0.1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 158.9 mAh/g; under the multiplying power of 1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 139.1 mAh/g; the capacity is 137.46mAh/g and the capacity retention rate reaches 98.82 percent after 100 cycles of circulation at 1C.
Example 3
(1) In terms of mole ratios, as Fe: p is 1:1, mixing 1 mol of ferrous oxalate and 1 mol of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a mixed solution; carrying out coprecipitation reaction on the mixed solution to obtain an iron phosphate precursor; mixing the iron phosphate precursor with 1 mol of lithium acetate and 0.03 mol of graphene, heating and calcining, calcining at 280 ℃ for 6h, then calcining at 650 ℃ for 7.5h, and obtaining the graphene-coated lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material after the calcination is completed.
(2) In terms of mole ratios, In: weighing 0.06 mol of indium nitrate according to the proportion of 0.06:1, ball-milling and mixing the 0.06 mol of indium nitrate and 1 mol of the anode material prepared in the step (1), uniformly mixing, and sintering at 600 ℃ for 12h in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the two-layer coated anode material.
(3) In terms of mole ratios, as Zr: weighing 0.03 mol of zirconium nitrate according to the proportion of 0.01:1, uniformly dispersing 0.03 mol of zirconium nitrate in absolute ethyl alcohol, slowly adding the positive electrode material prepared in the step (2), and adjusting the solid-to-liquid ratioStirring and evaporating at 100 ℃ for 60min to obtain black slurry, wherein the amount of the black slurry is 1g:12 mL; vacuum drying to obtain the calcined substance. Then sintering the mixture for 12 hours at the temperature of 620 ℃ in the oxygen atmosphere to obtain the three-layer sphere-coated lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 • 0.03C@0.03In2O3@0.03ZrO2。
Further, the thickness of the coating layer of the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material was measured by a transmission electron microscope, and the result was about 18.5 nm.
The positive electrode material obtained in the example was assembled into a CR2025 button cell. Testing the battery at a high temperature of 50 ℃ within a voltage range of 2.5-4.3V: under the multiplying power of 0.1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 157.14 mAh/g; under the multiplying power of 1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 137.22 mAh/g; the capacity is 133.76mAh/g and the capacity retention rate reaches 97.48 percent after 100 cycles of circulation at 1C.
Comparative example 1
In terms of mole ratios, as Fe: p is 1:1, mixing 1 mol of ferrous oxalate and 1 mol of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain a mixed solution; carrying out coprecipitation reaction on the mixed solution to obtain an iron phosphate precursor; mixing the iron phosphate precursor with 1 mol of lithium acetate, heating and calcining, calcining at 300 ℃ for 5h, then calcining at 600 ℃ for 8h, and obtaining the lithium iron phosphate battery positive electrode material after calcining.
The positive electrode material obtained in comparative example 1 was assembled into a CR2025 button cell. Testing the battery at a high temperature of 50 ℃ within a voltage range of 2.5-4.3V: under the multiplying power of 0.1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 152.13 mAh/g; under the multiplying power of 1C, the first discharge gram capacity reaches 131.26 mAh/g; the product is circulated for 100 circles under 1C, the capacity is 125.17mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate reaches 95.36%.
The cycling performance profiles of the assembled button cell of example 1 and the assembled button cell of comparative example 1 were compared and the results are shown in figure 2. As is apparent from the figure, the battery assembled using the three-layer coated modified lithium iron phosphate material prepared in example 1 as a positive electrode active material has more excellent cycle performance.
By comparing the examples and the comparative examples, it is clearly confirmed that the conductive carbon material is present near the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer and the In is present In the intermediate layer2O3The outermost layer is ZrO2The three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate cathode material has excellent cycle performance and rate capability.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The lithium iron phosphate material is characterized by comprising a lithium iron phosphate matrix layer and a coating layer, wherein the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer is LiFePO4(ii) a The coating layer is composed of three layers of materials, a conductive carbon material is arranged near the lithium iron phosphate matrix layer, and the middle layer is In2O3The outermost layer is ZrO2(ii) a The total thickness of the coating layer is 2.5-20 nm.
2. The preparation method of the lithium iron phosphate material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step S1, mixing and calcining the iron phosphate precursor, the lithium source and the carbon source to obtain a positive electrode material A coated by the conductive carbon material;
step S2, ball-milling and uniformly mixing the anode material A and an indium source, and sintering to obtain an anode material B with a coating layer made of indium oxide and a conductive carbon material;
step S3, uniformly dispersing a zirconium source in an organic solvent, then adding the positive electrode material B, stirring and evaporating the organic solvent to obtain black slurry; and (3) drying the black slurry in vacuum, and sintering the black slurry in an oxygen atmosphere to obtain the three-layer coated lithium iron phosphate material with the outer layer being zirconium oxide, the middle layer being indium oxide and the inner layer being a conductive carbon material.
3. The method for preparing a lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 2, wherein the calcination process in step S1 is: calcining at 200-500 ℃ for 5-10 h, and then calcining at 400-650 ℃ for 4-8 h.
4. The method for preparing a lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 2, wherein the carbon source is at least one of graphene or carbon nanotubes; the indium source is at least one of indium nitrate and indium sulfate; the zirconium source is at least one of zirconium nitrate and zirconium sulfate; the organic solvent is at least one of methanol, absolute ethyl alcohol and propanol.
5. The method for preparing a lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 2, wherein the sintering temperature in step S2 is 500 to 700 ℃, the sintering time is 10 to 20 hours, and the sintering atmosphere is an oxygen atmosphere.
6. The preparation method of the lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 2 or 4, wherein a solid-to-liquid ratio of the mixed slurry of the organic solvent and the cathode material B is 1g: 6-15 ml.
7. The method for preparing a lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 6, wherein the evaporation temperature is 50 to 150 ℃ and the evaporation time is 10 to 60 min.
8. The method for preparing a lithium iron phosphate material according to claim 2, wherein the sintering temperature in step S3 is 500-700 ℃ and the sintering time is 10-20 hours.
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