CN114220985A - Variable air intake type fuel cell flow field and control method thereof - Google Patents
Variable air intake type fuel cell flow field and control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037351 starvation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Abstract
The invention discloses a variable air intake type fuel cell flow field and a control method thereof, belonging to the field of fuel cells, wherein the variable air intake type fuel cell flow field is a fuel cell flow field based on a Tesla valve; the fuel cell flow field is formed by connecting a plurality of multi-stage Tesla valve uniflow channels in parallel, and reactant inlet/outlet ports are respectively arranged at two ends of the flow field; each multi-stage Tesla valve single flow passage is formed by connecting a plurality of single-stage Tesla valves in series. The Tesla valve has certain fluid one-way conductivity in the flow field of the fuel cell, and the pressure drop generated by reverse air intake is far larger than that generated by forward air intake, so that the inconsistency of the performance of the fuel cell caused by the inconsistency of the pressure drop can timely adjust the air intake direction to adapt to different working conditions of the fuel cell. The invention has better water management and mass transfer performance; the flow channel structure has more adaptability to different working conditions by changing the air inlet mode; the structure is relatively simple, and the processing and the production are easy; has good application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a variable air intake type fuel cell flow field and a control method thereof.
Background
The fuel cell is one of the most promising technologies in the new energy application field nowadays, and consists of a bipolar plate and a membrane electrode. The reaction gases (generally hydrogen and air) are continuously supplied to the membrane electrode through the flow channels on the bipolar plate to participate in the electrochemical reaction, thereby realizing the output of current. The flow field configuration and the gas inlet pattern on the bipolar plates have a significant impact on this process. In order to ensure the long-term safe and efficient operation of the fuel cell, a reasonable and effective flow field structure and air intake mode design are indispensable.
Currently, the most common flow fields in fuel cells include parallel flow fields, serpentine flow fields, interdigitated flow fields, and the like. The parallel flow field has simple structure and convenient processing, but the problem of oxygen starvation caused by too low local oxygen concentration and the problem of water flooding caused by liquid water accumulation easily occur in the reactant transmission process. The serpentine flow field improves pressure drop, performance is improved compared with a parallel flow field, and the problem of uneven reactant distribution of the parallel flow field is also improved in the serpentine flow field (in a structure as shown in application number 202023165390.8), but the serpentine flow field is long in flow channel, and the phenomenon of 'water logging' still easily occurs at the downstream. Currently, interdigitated flow fields are used less and less frequently, because too high a pressure drop will result in too high a pumping power of the system, resulting in a drop in net power of the fuel cell system.
In recent years, new flow field designs have been common, and it is common to add baffles or groove structures to the flow channels to enhance mass transfer and water management. For example, patent CN112038658A proposes a fuel cell flow field plate with discontinuous grooves, based on the turbulence principle, grooves are arranged at intervals on two sides of a ridge to generate local turbulence and enhance the mass transfer of reaction gas to a membrane electrode; the groove divides the wall surface of the flow channel, so that the effective contact area of the liquid drop and the wall surface of the flow channel is reduced, the formation of a continuous water film is avoided, the gas flow velocity is increased, and the occurrence of a water logging phenomenon is relieved. Although the design relieves the problem of 'flooding' and strengthens mass transfer, the design considers single working condition, and the requirements on the flow field performance are different under different working conditions in the operation process of the fuel cell. For example, after low-temperature starting, mass transfer needs to be enhanced to quickly increase the working temperature of the battery, so that the battery has normal output power; when the power is low, a certain water content needs to be kept in the battery to ensure high proton conductivity, and the net power of the battery is reduced due to high voltage drop; under the working condition of high power output, the concentration of reactants in the cell is greatly required, and the water is produced, and the flow field in the fuel cell is required to improve the pressure drop and increase the flow speed to enhance the mass transfer and avoid flooding, so that the cell can be continuously and stably output with high power.
As for the air inlet mode, all the current flow fields have fixed air inlets and air outlets, and the adaptability to different working conditions of the fuel cell is not strong. In view of the above disadvantages, it is necessary to design a flow field structure and an air intake method that can alleviate the flooding phenomenon, strengthen the mass transfer, and meet different requirements of the fuel cell on mass transfer and pressure drop under different working conditions.
The conventional flow field of the fuel cell cannot completely solve the problems of water management and mass transfer of the cell, and is not suitable for increasingly mature fuel cells; although mass transfer and water management are enhanced in the novel flow field, the considered working condition is too simple, the air inlet form is too single, and the inconsistency of the fuel cell on the requirements of mass transfer and pressure drop under multiple working conditions is not considered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a variable air inlet type fuel cell flow field and a control method thereof, which are characterized in that the variable air inlet type fuel cell flow field is a fuel cell flow field based on a Tesla valve; the fuel cell flow field is formed by connecting a plurality of multi-stage Tesla valve uniflow channels 2 in parallel, and a reactant inlet/outlet 1 and a reactant inlet/outlet 3 are respectively arranged at two ends of the flow field; each multi-stage Tesla valve single flow passage is formed by connecting a plurality of single-stage Tesla valves in series; two ends of a single flow passage of the multistage Tesla valve are respectively provided with a reactant inlet/outlet 5 and a reactant inlet/outlet 4; the specific number of flow channels in the single flow channel 2 of the multi-stage tesla valve, the number of single stage tesla valves used in each flow channel, and the spacing L between each two single stage tesla valves are determined by the size of the flow field and the desired pressure drop.
The single-stage Tesla valve is a basic unit forming a fuel cell flow field and is formed by connecting two direct current channels with an included angle beta through an arc-shaped bent pipe flow channel; the cross-sectional parameters of the flow channel need to be determined according to the sizes of the bipolar plates of the fuel cells and the flow rates of reactants, and the sizes of the cross-sectional parameters are not unique.
An air inlet control method for a flow field of a variable air inlet type fuel cell is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the first step is as follows: the fuel cell is in a normal operation state, the air inlet mode is determined according to the output power state, and when the fuel cell outputs high power, reactants enter from the inlet/outlet 1, namely reverse air inlet; when the fuel cell outputs low power, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet 3, namely, the forward air inlet;
the second step is that: the external load changes, the fuel cell output power needs change, either at low power output or at high power output;
the third step: after the power output of the fuel cell changes, judging whether the air intake mode needs to be changed or not, wherein the judgment basis can be the power change, if the power is changed from high power to low power output or from low power to high power output, the air intake mode needs to be changed, entering the next step, and if the power is not changed, the original air intake mode is maintained;
the fourth step: if the air inlet mode needs to be changed, preparation before the air inlet mode is changed is made at the moment, the air flow can be reduced, the reaction gas supply is stopped, the protective gas is introduced, and the like, so that the battery is protected;
the fifth step: when it is determined that the fuel cell is changed to a high power output, the reactant is introduced from the inlet/outlet port 1, and the reverse air-intake operation mode is entered; when it is determined that the fuel cell is changed to a low power output, the reactant is introduced from the inlet/outlet port 3, and the forward air intake operation mode is entered;
and a sixth step: after the air inlet mode is changed, the fuel cell runs stably until the external load is changed again, and the output power of the fuel cell changes again, so that the fuel cell can work stably in the optimal flow field air inlet mode all the time.
The Tesla valve in the fuel cell flow field has certain fluid one-way conductivity, the pressure drop generated by reverse air intake is far larger than that generated by forward air intake, and the inconsistency of the fuel cell performance caused by the inconsistency of the pressure drop can be used for different working conditions of the fuel cell by timely adjusting the air intake direction.
Compared with other methods, the method has the following advantages that: 1. compared with a conventional flow field structure, the invention brings better water management and mass transfer performance to the fuel cell; 2. based on a Tesla valve flow field, the flow channel structure can be more adaptive to various working conditions by changing an air inlet mode; 3. the structure is relatively simple, and the processing and the production are easy. The invention has good application prospect in fuel cells.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell flow field configuration.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a single stage tesla valve configuration.
FIG. 3 is a graph of flow rates for different inlet directions of a single flow path of a multi-stage Tesla valve, wherein a is a reverse inlet mode of operation; and b, a positive air inlet working mode is adopted.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the working flow of the fuel cell flow field under different working conditions.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a variable air intake type fuel cell flow field and a control method thereof; the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a fuel cell flow field configuration. The flow field structure shown in the figure is formed by connecting a plurality of multistage tesla valve single flow channels 2 in parallel, a reactant inlet/outlet 1 and a reactant inlet/outlet 3 are respectively arranged at two ends of the flow field structure, and each multistage tesla valve single flow channel is formed by connecting a plurality of single-stage tesla valves (shown in figure 2) in series; the two ends of the single flow passage of the multistage Tesla valve are respectively provided with a reactant inlet/outlet port 5 and a reactant inlet/outlet port 4 (shown as a and b in figure 3); the specific number of flow channels in the single flow channel 2 of the multi-stage tesla valve, the number of single-stage tesla valves used in each flow channel, and the spacing L between each two single-stage tesla valves are determined by the size of the flow field and the required pressure drop. For example, a flow field of 7cm multiplied by 7cm can be designed to be formed by connecting 10 single-stage tesla valves in parallel, and the interval between every two single-stage tesla valves is 1.14 mm.
The single-stage Tesla valve is a basic unit forming a flow field and is formed by connecting two direct current channels with an included angle beta through an arc-shaped bent pipe flow channel; the cross-sectional parameters of the flow channel need to be determined according to the sizes of the bipolar plates of the fuel cells and the flow rates of reactants, and the sizes of the cross-sectional parameters are not unique.
As shown in fig. 4, which is a schematic diagram of a working flow of a fuel cell flow field under different working conditions, for a conventional flow field, pressure drop generated by a flow channel is generally consistent no matter which end the fuel cell enters or exits, and because a tesla valve has a certain fluid one-way conductivity, pressure drop generated by reverse air intake is much larger than that generated by forward air intake, and the inconsistency of performance of the fuel cell caused by the inconsistency of pressure drop can be applied to various working conditions of the fuel cell by timely adjusting an air intake direction. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: the fuel cell is in a normal operation state, the air inlet mode is determined according to the output power state, and when the fuel cell outputs high power, reactants enter from the inlet/outlet 1, namely reverse air inlet; when the fuel cell outputs low power, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet 3, namely, the forward air inlet;
the second step is that: the external load changes, the fuel cell output power needs change, either at low power output or at high power output;
the third step: after the power output of the fuel cell changes, judging whether the air intake mode needs to be changed or not, wherein the judgment can be based on the change of the power, if the power is changed from high power to low power output or from low power to high power output, the air intake mode needs to be changed, and the next step is carried out, otherwise, the original air intake mode is maintained unchanged;
the fourth step: if the air inlet mode needs to be changed, preparation before the air inlet mode is changed is made at the moment, the air flow can be reduced, the reaction gas supply is stopped, the protective gas is introduced, and the like, so that the battery is protected;
the fifth step: when it is determined that the fuel cell is changed to a high power output, the reactant is introduced from the inlet/outlet port 1, and the reverse air-intake operation mode is entered; when the fuel cell is determined to change to low power output, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet (3) and enters a forward air inlet working mode;
and a sixth step: after the air inlet mode is changed, the fuel cell runs stably until the external load is changed again, and the output power of the fuel cell changes again, so that the fuel cell can work stably in the optimal flow field air inlet mode all the time.
The flow field structure of the fuel cell has certain unidirectional fluid conductivity due to the Tesla valve, the pressure drop generated by reverse air intake is far larger than that generated by forward air intake, and the inconsistency of the performance of the fuel cell caused by the inconsistency of the pressure drop can be applied to various working conditions of the fuel cell by timely adjusting the air intake direction.
FIG. 3 is a flow velocity diagram of a single flow passage of a multistage Tesla valve in different air intake directions, and it can be seen from the diagram that paths through which forward air intake and reverse air intake fluids mainly pass are different, the path of the forward air intake is similar to a wave-shaped structure, and the path is shorter; the path of the reverse intake air is relatively winding, and the path is relatively long. After the flow field is applied to a fuel cell, compared with a conventional flow field, the flow field of the Tesla valve can accelerate the flow velocity of reactants due to the increase of pressure drop no matter the flow field is fed forward or reversely, so that the removal of liquid water in a flow channel is accelerated, and the phenomenon of 'water flooding' can be effectively prevented. On the other hand, compared with the conventional flow field, the Tesla valve flow field can enable the reactant to generate speeds in multiple directions when flowing, enhances mass transfer of the reactant in multiple directions, and can improve the uniformity of reactant distribution and the output performance of the battery. Compared with forward air intake, reverse air intake of the Tesla valve flow field has larger pressure drop in a reverse air intake mode, faster flow speed, more obvious removal efficiency and mass transfer enhancement of liquid water, and is suitable for a high-power output working condition with higher requirements on mass transfer and water management of a fuel cell; and the pressure drop brought by the forward air inlet mode is small, the pumping power loss is small, and the net power loss in the low-power output process can be reduced.
The application of different air inlet modes of the Tesla valve flow field in the fuel cell flow field structure is not limited to output power change, and the working temperature of the cell is quickly increased by different air inlet modes under other working conditions such as low-temperature cold start; or the 'flooding' state is monitored, different air inlet modes are adopted to adapt to different 'flooding' degrees, and the method can be applied to the aspects of improving the water management of the battery and the like.
The Tesla valve flow field has the technical effects that the Tesla valve flow field is relatively simple in structure, has strong one-way conductivity, and enhances water management and mass transfer performance on the basis of not increasing structural complexity and production cost compared with a conventional flow field. The change of the air inlet mode is relatively simple, only the inlet/outlet is changed in time on the basis of the traditional air inlet mode, but the flow field can better adapt to different working conditions of the fuel cell, and the matching of multiple air inlet modes and multiple working conditions is realized.
Claims (5)
1. A variable air inlet type fuel cell flow field is characterized in that the variable air inlet type fuel cell flow field is based on a Tesla valve, the fuel cell flow field is formed by connecting a plurality of multi-stage Tesla valve single flow channels (2) in parallel, and a reactant inlet/outlet (1) and a reactant inlet/outlet (3) are respectively arranged at two ends of the flow field; each multi-stage Tesla valve single flow passage is formed by connecting a plurality of single-stage Tesla valves in series; two ends of a single flow passage of the multistage Tesla valve are respectively provided with a reactant inlet/outlet (5) and a reactant inlet/outlet (4); the specific number of flow channels of the single flow channel (2) of the multi-stage Tesla valve, the number of single-stage Tesla valves used in each flow channel and the interval L between every two single-stage Tesla valves are determined by the size of the flow field and the required pressure drop.
2. The variable inlet fuel cell flow field according to claim 1, wherein the single stage tesla valve is a basic unit constituting the fuel cell flow field, and is formed by connecting two straight flow channels with an included angle β through an arc-shaped elbow flow channel; the cross-sectional parameters of the flow channel need to be determined according to the sizes of the bipolar plates of the fuel cells and the flow rates of reactants, and the sizes of the cross-sectional parameters are not unique.
3. The inlet control method for the flow field of the variable inlet fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the specific number of the multi-stage tesla valve single flow channels, the number of the single-stage tesla valves used in each flow channel, and the spacing L between every two single-stage tesla valves are determined by the size of the flow field and the required pressure drop, when the flow field of the fuel cell is 7cm × 7cm, 10 х 10 multi-stage tesla valve single flow channels can be connected in parallel, and the spacing L between every two single-stage tesla valves is 1.14 mm.
4. An air inlet control method for a flow field of a variable air inlet type fuel cell is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the first step is as follows: the fuel cell is in a normal operation state, the air inlet mode is determined according to the output power state, and when the fuel cell outputs high power, reactants enter from the inlet/outlet (1), namely reverse air inlet; when the fuel cell outputs low power, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet (3), namely, the forward air inlet is formed;
the second step is that: the external load changes, the fuel cell output power needs change, either at low power output or at high power output;
the third step: after the power output of the fuel cell changes, judging whether the air intake mode needs to be changed or not, wherein the judgment is based on the change of the power, if the power is changed from high power to low power output or from low power to high power output, the air intake mode needs to be changed, and the next step is carried out, otherwise, the original air intake mode is maintained unchanged;
the fourth step: if the air inlet mode needs to be changed, preparation before the air inlet mode is changed is made at the moment, the air flow can be reduced, the reaction gas supply is stopped, the protective gas is introduced, and the like, so that the battery is protected;
the fifth step: when the fuel cell is determined to change to a high power output, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet (1) and enters a reverse air inlet working mode; when the fuel cell is determined to change to low power output, the reactant enters from the inlet/outlet (3) and enters a forward air inlet working mode;
and a sixth step: after the air inlet mode is changed, the fuel cell runs stably until the external load is changed again, and the output power of the fuel cell changes again, so that the fuel cell can work stably in the optimal flow field air inlet mode all the time.
5. The air intake control method of the variable air intake type fuel cell flow field according to claim 4, wherein the fuel cell flow field has a certain fluid one-way conductivity due to the Tesla valve, the pressure drop generated by reverse air intake is much larger than that generated by forward air intake, and the inconsistency of the fuel cell performance caused by the inconsistency of the pressure drop is applicable to different working conditions of the fuel cell by timely adjusting the air intake direction.
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