CN114192969A - Reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method - Google Patents
Reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114192969A CN114192969A CN202111669003.0A CN202111669003A CN114192969A CN 114192969 A CN114192969 A CN 114192969A CN 202111669003 A CN202111669003 A CN 202111669003A CN 114192969 A CN114192969 A CN 114192969A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/1255—Tools therefor, e.g. characterised by the shape of the probe
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
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Abstract
The invention discloses a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, and belongs to the technical field of welding. The method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the end faces of the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of a welded plate to compress a welding workpiece, the stirring pin and the sleeve are rotated, and the rotating speed omega of the sleeve is1Rotational speed omega of the pin2Reverse rotation, omega1＜ω2Preheating the surface of a welding workpiece, rotating a sleeve to insert an upper welded plate downwards, and meanwhile reversely rotating a stirring pin to withdraw upwards until the sleeve rotates to insert the surface of a lower welded plate, so that metal is squeezed into a cavity of the sleeve; the sleeve and the stirring pin change the direction at the same time, and the plastic metal in the cavity of the sleeve is backfilled to the upper surface of the upper side welded plate; the two parts return to the upper surface of the upper welded plate to stop rotating, and welding is completed to obtain a weldment. The method greatly reduces heat input in the welding process and improves the stirring area and the heat engine influence areaAnd the interface is metallurgically bonded, and the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of welding, and particularly relates to a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method.
Background
The backfill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) has the advantages of no splashing, smooth appearance, high welding spot strength and the like in the welding process, and has great application prospect in the field of manufacturing light alloy structures in aerospace, ship, rail train, automobile industry and the like. In the backfill type friction stir spot welding process, the coarsening of the crystal grains in the heat affected zone which undergoes high-temperature circulation becomes one of weak links of welding spots, the coarsening degree of the crystal grains is increased along with the increase of the welding temperature, the mechanical property of the material is reduced, and the quality of a welding joint is directly influenced. Researchers have proposed improved methods and measures directed to improving the strength of backfilled friction stir spot welded joints.
The prior art comprises a backfill type friction stir spot welding method, wherein a welding line temperature field and a welding line force field are changed by changing the movement rate of a shaft sleeve and a stirring pin in stages so as to improve the fluidity and the tightness of materials, thereby eliminating the hole defect generated in the welding process. Although the method has a certain effect on eliminating the hole defect, the problem that the coarsening degree of the crystal grains in the heat affected zone is increased due to the shaft sleeve in the welding process still exists, and the quality of a welded joint cannot be ensured.
In addition, a backfill type friction stir spot welding method utilizes a bump to compensate and eliminate the depression at the welded part after welding, and enhances the material flow and the material exchange between the upper plate and the lower plate through ultrasonic vibration so as to improve the quality of the joint; after welding, ultrasonic vibration is continuously applied to reduce the residual stress of a welding part, but interference exists between ultrasonic equipment and welding equipment related to the method, the accessibility of a complex structure is poor, and the welding difficulty of a curved surface structure is increased due to the complex welding tool.
Meanwhile, the variable-rotating-speed backfill type friction stir spot welding method adopts the synchronous change of the rotating speeds of the sleeve and the stirring needle to control the welding heat input, adopts the relatively high rotating speed at the initial welding stage, and reduces the rotating speed to inhibit the rise of the welding temperature under the condition that the welded material obtains enough heat input to ensure that good welding spot forming is obtained, thereby enhancing the mechanical property of the joint. However, the invention does not consider the problem of material fluidity at different rotating speeds when synchronous rotating speed adjustment is adopted, the material fluidity can be enhanced by high heat generated at the synchronous high rotating speed stage, but the heat affected zone crystal grain coarseness can be increased by the high heat; although the adverse effect of high heat is reduced in the synchronous low-rotation-speed stage, the fluidity of the material is reduced due to low heat, so that the problems of difficult material backfilling, weakened connection between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area and the like are caused; therefore, the invention can not solve the problem that the material has good fluidity while the heat input is reduced at the synchronous low rotating speed, thereby improving the joint strength.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, so that the heat input in the welding process is reduced, the metallurgical bonding of the interface of the stirring area and the heat engine influence area is improved, and the residual stress and the deformation of the test plate after welding are reduced. Provides a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method and a tool.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool is composed of a compression ring, a sleeve and a stirring pin which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing:
(1) a preheating stage:
the welding workpiece is an upper side welded plate and a lower side welded plate, the stirring pin, the sleeve and the end face of the compression ring are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate, and the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plateThe welding workpiece is pressed and fixed, after that the stirring pin and the sleeve begin to rotate, and the sleeve is enabled to rotate by omega1Starts to rotate at omega speed2The rotating speed of the welding machine is reversed to start rotating, and the surface of the welding workpiece is preheated;
(2) a binding stage:
sleeve holding omega1The pin keeps omega2Rotational speed and direction of rotation of1＜ω2The sleeve rotates to be downwards inserted into the upper welded plate, and the stirring pin reversely rotates and upwards withdraws until the sleeve rotates to be inserted into the surface of the lower welded plate, and metal is extruded into a cavity of the sleeve; the withdrawal speed of the stirring pin is the same as the downward binding speed of the sleeve;
(3) and a backfilling stage:
sleeve holding omega1The pin keeps omega2The rotating speed and the rotating direction are changed simultaneously, the sleeve rotates upwards and retracts, the stirring pin rotates reversely and punctures downwards, and the plastic metal in the cavity of the sleeve is backfilled to the upper surface of the upper welded plate;
(4) an evacuation stage:
stopping rotating when the sleeve and the stirring pin return to the upper surface of the welded plate on the upper side, and taking the sleeve and the stirring pin out of the surface of the welded plate to return to the original set position to finish welding to obtain a welded part.
N spiral through grooves are uniformly formed in the circumferential direction of the lower end face of the sleeve of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, wherein n is greater than 2; the spiral through groove width is 0.1 ~ 5mm for the degree of depth, the spiral through groove revolve to be unanimous with the sleeve rotation direction, the spiral through groove revolve to in order outside-in to count, realize that sleeve pumpback process terminal surface material level is outside high-speed flow.
The outer side wall of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool sleeve is provided with m large elevation angle grooves, m is greater than 2, and when the sleeve rotates clockwise, the large elevation angle grooves rotate leftwards; when the rotating direction of the sleeve is anticlockwise rotating, the rotating direction of the large-lift-angle groove is rightwards rotating, so that the side wall material flows out obliquely downwards at a high speed in the process of withdrawing the sleeve; the inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30-89 degrees, and the distance between the angle grooves is 0-20 mm.
The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30-45 degrees.
The end face of the stirring pin of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool is provided with a spiral groove, the rotation direction of the spiral groove is the same as that of the stirring pin, and the rotation direction of the spiral groove is measured from outside to inside, so that the horizontal outward high-speed flow of end face materials in the backfill process is realized.
In the step (1), the upper welded plate and the lower welded plate are made of the same material, specifically 2024 aluminum alloy plate, 6082-T6 aluminum alloy plate, 2524-T3 aluminum alloy plate, 7475 aluminum alloy plate or 5083 aluminum alloy plate.
In the step (2), the structural adhesive can be arranged at a position outside the sleeve, and the large elevation angle groove on the outer side wall can enable the structural adhesive to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the process of withdrawing the sleeve, so that the structural adhesive is prevented from remaining in the welding spot.
In the step (2), the rotating speed ranges of the sleeve and the stirring pin are 100-10000 rpm; the rotating speed, direction and inserting/withdrawing moving speed of the sleeve and the stirring pin can be independently adjusted in the welding process.
In the step (2), the sleeve is downwards pricked at a speed of 1-4 mm/min, the depth of the sleeve downwards pricked into the surface of the welded plate is 0.3-1.0 mm, and the holding time is 1-3 s.
In the step (2), the rotating speed omega of the sleeve1100-2500 and 10000 rpm.
In the step (2), preferably, the sleeve rotation speed ω11000-3000 rpm, and the rotating speed omega of the stirring pin2Is 1500 to 4000 rpm.
In the step (3), the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve is the same as the rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve in the step (2), and meanwhile, the reverse rotating and withdrawing speed of the stirring pin is the same as the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve.
In the step (4), through detection, the tensile-shear strength of the weldment welding joint reaches 10-14 KN.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with the conventional backfill type friction stir spot welding, the rotary cutting stress borne by a welding spot in the welding process can be balanced and the residual stress of a test plate after welding can be reduced due to different rotating directions of the sleeve and the stirring needle in the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process, so that the interface distortion and the macroscopic deformation of a welding joint can be reduced, and the quality of the joint can be further enhanced; the welding structure has a remarkable effect particularly for multi-spot welding and welding structures with short spot welding positions.
2. Compared with the conventional backfill type friction stir spot welding, the rotating speeds of the sleeve and the stirring pin in the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process can be different; when the parameter combination of the low sleeve rotating speed and the high stirring pin rotating speed is adopted, the heat input of the whole welding process is reduced while the low flow stress caused by high temperature of the material in the sleeve is ensured, the coarse degree (or softening degree) of crystal grains of the material in a heat engine affected area and a heat affected area outside a welding spot is favorably reduced, the residual stress and the residual deformation after welding are favorably reduced, and the quality of a welding joint is improved.
3. Based on match reasonable sleeve rotation direction, the material level that the groove can be realized respectively in the groove is outwards flowed with the slope is high-speed downwards in the big rising angle groove in many spirals of sleeve terminal surface through groove and sleeve side, effectively strikes the stirring district and influences the interface between the interval with the heat engine, does benefit to the metallurgical bonding effect of interface department, promotes the joint strength of solder joint, especially peel strength. For example, when the sleeve is rotated clockwise, the spiral grooves on the side surface of the sleeve should be left-handed to ensure the material flows obliquely downwards, and the spiral grooves on the end surface of the sleeve should be clockwise rotated from outside to inside to ensure the material flows horizontally outwards.
4. The method is not only suitable for the conventional backfill type friction stir spot welding, but also suitable for the backfill type friction stir spot welding containing adhesive bonding. Can arrange the structure outside the sleeve and glue, not only increase and connect the leakproofness, the many spirals of sleeve terminal surface lead to the groove simultaneously and can make the structure glue the outside high-speed flow of level, avoid the structure glue remain in the solder joint, strengthen joint strength.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and a welded plate in a preheating stage of a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevation view of a pin of a reverse backfill friction stir spot welding tool;
FIG. 3 is a bottom view of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an elevation view of a sleeve of a reverse backfill friction stir spot welding tool;
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of FIG. 4; wherein:
1-compression ring, 2-sleeve, 3-stirring pin, 4-upper side welded plate, 5-lower side welded plate, 21-spiral through groove, 22-large lift angle groove and 31-spiral groove.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool is composed of a compression ring, a sleeve and a stirring pin which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing:
(1) a preheating stage:
the stirring pin, the sleeve and the end face of the compression ring are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of a welded plate and are fixedly pressed, the stirring pin and the sleeve start to rotate, the welded plate is preheated, and the sleeve is enabled to rotate by omega1Starts to rotate at omega speed2The rotating speed of the welding machine is reversed to start rotating, and the surface of the welding workpiece is preheated;
(2) a binding stage:
sleeve and stirring pin respectively keep omega1、ω2Rotational speed and direction of rotation of1＜ω2The sleeve rotates to be inserted into the welded plate downwards, and the stirring pin rotates reversely and is pulled back at the same time until the sleeve rotates to be inserted into the surface of the welded plate, and the metal is squeezed into a cavity of the sleeve; the withdrawal speed of the stirring pin is the same as the downward binding speed of the sleeve;
(3) and a backfilling stage:
sleeve and stirring pin respectively keep omega1、ω2The rotating speed and the rotating direction are changed simultaneously, and the stirring pin rotates reversely while the sleeve rotates upwards and is pumped backBinding, namely backfilling the plastic metal in the cavity of the sleeve to the upper surface of the upper welded plate;
(4) an evacuation stage:
stopping rotating when the sleeve and the stirring pin return to the upper surface of the welded plate on the upper side, and taking the sleeve and the stirring pin out of the surface of the welded plate to return to the original set position to finish welding to obtain a welded part.
N spiral through grooves are uniformly formed in the circumferential direction of the lower end face of the sleeve of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, wherein n is greater than 2; the spiral through groove width is 0.1 ~ 5mm for the degree of depth, the spiral through groove revolve to be unanimous with the sleeve rotation direction, the spiral through groove revolve to in order outside-in to count, realize that sleeve pumpback process terminal surface material level is outside high-speed flow.
The outer side wall of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool sleeve is provided with m large elevation angle grooves, m is greater than 2, and when the sleeve rotates clockwise, the large elevation angle grooves rotate leftwards; when the rotating direction of the sleeve is anticlockwise rotating, the rotating direction of the large-lift-angle groove is rightwards rotating, so that the side wall material flows out obliquely downwards at a high speed in the process of withdrawing the sleeve; the inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30-89 degrees, and the distance between the angle grooves is 0-20 mm.
The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30-45 degrees.
The end face of the stirring pin of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool is provided with a spiral groove, the rotation direction of the spiral groove is the same as that of the stirring pin, and the rotation direction of the spiral groove is measured from outside to inside, so that the horizontal outward high-speed flow of end face materials in the backfill process is realized.
In the step (1), the upper welded plate and the lower welded plate are made of the same material, specifically 2024 aluminum alloy plate, 6082-T6 aluminum alloy plate, 2524-T3 aluminum alloy plate, 7475 aluminum alloy plate or 5083 aluminum alloy plate.
In the step (2), the rotating speed ranges of the sleeve and the stirring pin are 100-10000 rpm; the rotating speed, direction and inserting/withdrawing moving speed of the sleeve and the stirring pin can be independently adjusted in the welding process.
In the step (2), the sleeve is downwards pricked at a speed of 1-4 mm/min, the depth of the sleeve downwards pricked into the surface of the welded plate is 0.3-1.0 mm, and the holding time is 1-3 s.
In the step (2), the rotating speed omega of the sleeve1100-2500 and 10000 rpm.
In the step (2), preferably, the sleeve rotation speed ω11000-3000 rpm, and the rotating speed omega of the stirring pin2Is 1500 to 4000 rpm.
In the step (3), the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve is the same as the rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve in the step (2), and meanwhile, the reverse rotating and withdrawing speed of the stirring pin is the same as the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve.
In the step (4), through detection, the tensile-shear strength of the weldment welding joint reaches 10-14 KN.
Example 1
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring 1, a sleeve 2 and a stirring pin 3 which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing: in the preheating stage of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, the schematic sectional structure of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and the welded plate is shown in fig. 1, the front view of the stirring pin 3 is shown in fig. 2, and the bottom view is shown in fig. 3; the sleeve 2 is shown in a front view in fig. 4 and in a bottom view in fig. 5; the spot welding targets are an upper welded plate 4 and a lower welded plate 5. The end face of the sleeve 2 is provided with a spiral through groove 21, and the outer side face of the sleeve is provided with a large elevation angle groove 22. The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30 degrees, the distance is 2.5mm, and the width and depth of the spiral through groove are 2 mm. The end face of the stirring pin 3 is provided with 6 spiral grooves 31.
The upper welded plate 4 and the lower welded plate 5 are both 2024 aluminum alloy plates, and both thicknesses are 2 mm. The downward pricking amount is 2.5mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve 2 is 8mm, the diameter of the stirring pin 3 is 5mm, and the outer diameter of the compression ring 1 is 15 mm;
a preheating stage: the end faces of the compression ring 1, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the compression ring, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate 4 on the upper side, the welded plate 4 on the upper side is compressed and fixed, and then the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin are positionedThe pin 3 starts to rotate, wherein the sleeve 2 is at omega1Starts to rotate clockwise at the rotational speed of (3) and the pin (3) rotates at omega2Starts to rotate anticlockwise to preheat the upper welded plate 4, omega1Is 1000rpm, omega2Is 1500 rpm.
And (3) a pricking stage: the sleeve 2 is rotated at a rotational speed omega1The upper side welded plate 4 is downwards pricked, the sleeve downwards pricking speed is 2mm/s until the depth of the lower side welded plate 5 is pricked to be 0.5mm, and meanwhile, the stirring pin 3 rotates at the speed omega2The stirring pin rotates anticlockwise and moves upwards, the rotating speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the downward pricking speed of the sleeve, and the metal is extruded into a cavity in the sleeve 2; the residence time was 1.5 s.
And a backfilling stage: the sleeve 2 rotating at a speed omega1The upward rotating speed is 2mm/s, and the stirring pin 3 rotates and withdraws clockwise at the rotating speed omega2Rotating counterclockwise to press down, wherein the pressing speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the rotating speed of the sleeve, gradually backfilling the material in a cavity formed by the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 to a welding spot area, and rotating the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 in different directions can reduce the acting force of a welding tool on a test plate in the welding process and reduce the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding; in the backfilling process, the spiral through groove 21 (figure 5) with the lower end surface of the sleeve 2 in a clockwise rotation direction from outside to inside enables materials in the through groove to flow outwards horizontally; meanwhile, the left-handed large elevation angle groove 22 (figure 4) on the outer side surface of the sleeve 2 enables the material to flow obliquely downwards at a high speed, and the material with the end surface flowing outwards and the side surface flowing obliquely downwards can effectively impact the interface between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area to strengthen the metallurgical bonding of welding spots; at the final moment of the backfilling stage, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are synchronously close to the upper surface of the upper plate; the spiral groove 31 on the end surface of the stirring pin 3 enables the end surface material to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the backfilling process, so that the interface between a stirring area and a heat engine influence area can be effectively impacted, the metallurgical bonding of welding spots is strengthened, and the joint strength is improved;
an evacuation stage: and stopping rotating when the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 synchronously reach the upper surface of the upper plate, and pulling the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 away from the surface of the upper welded plate 4 to return to the original set position, thereby completing the whole reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process. The tensile-shear strength of the welding joint reaches 13-14 KN.
Comparative examples 1 to 1
The difference from the example 1 is that the existing mode of high-speed and low-speed co-rotating is adopted, the specific rotating speed of each section is 3000rpm, 2500rpm, 1500rpm and 1000rpm, the grain size of the material in the heat affected zone is obviously increased through detection, the metallurgical bonding effect at the interface is poor, and the tensile and shearing strength of the welding joint is only 7 KN.
Comparative examples 1 to 2
The difference from the example 1 is that the sleeve and the stirring pin rotate in opposite directions, wherein the sleeve and the stirring pin rotate at the same speed, the rotating speed is 1500rpm, the detection shows that the interface distortion and the macroscopic deformation of the welded joint are serious, the metallurgical bonding effect is poor, and the tensile-shear strength of the welded joint is 7.5 KN.
Comparative examples 1 to 3
With embodiment 1, the difference lies in that, the big lift angle inclination is 20 °, through detecting, welded joint draws and cuts intensity to be 6.6KN, because the inclination design is unreasonable, can't realize effectual impact stirring district and the interval interface effect of heat engine influence, and then can't realize the performance promotion.
Example 2
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring 1, a sleeve 2 and a stirring pin 3 which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing: in the preheating stage of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, the schematic sectional structure of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and the welded plate is shown in fig. 1, the front view of the stirring pin 3 is shown in fig. 2, and the bottom view is shown in fig. 3; the sleeve 2 is shown in a front view in fig. 4 and in a bottom view in fig. 5; the spot welding targets are an upper welded plate 4 and a lower welded plate 5. The end face of the sleeve 2 is provided with a spiral through groove 21, and the outer side face of the sleeve is provided with a large elevation angle groove 22. The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30 degrees, the distance is 2.5mm, and the width and depth of the spiral through groove are 2 mm. The end face of the stirring pin 3 is provided with spiral grooves 31, and the number of the spiral grooves 31 is 6.
Examples the upper welded plate 4 and the lower welded plate 5 were aluminum alloy plates 6082-T6 each having a thickness of 2 mm. The downward pricking amount is 2.7mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve 2 is 9mm, the diameter of the stirring pin 3 is 5mm, and the outer diameter of the compression ring 1 is 18 mm;
a preheating stage: the end faces of the compression ring 1, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are located on the same horizontal plane, the compression ring, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate 4 on the upper side and are compressed and fixed with the welded plate 4 on the upper side, and then the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 start to rotate, wherein the sleeve 2 rotates with omega1Starts to rotate clockwise at the rotational speed of (3) and the pin (3) rotates at omega2Starts to rotate anticlockwise to preheat the upper welded plate 4, omega1Is 1500rpm, omega2At 2000 rpm.
And (3) a pricking stage: the sleeve 2 is rotated at a rotational speed omega1The upper welded plate 4 is downwards pricked, the sleeve pricking speed is 2mm/s until the lower welded plate 5 is pricked to the depth of 0.7mm, and simultaneously the stirring pin 3 rotates at the speed omega2The stirring pin rotates anticlockwise and moves upwards, the rotating speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the downward pricking speed of the sleeve, and the metal is extruded into a cavity in the sleeve 2; the residence time was 1.5 s.
And a backfilling stage: the sleeve 2 rotating at a speed omega1The upward rotating speed is 2mm/s, and the stirring pin 3 rotates and withdraws clockwise at the rotating speed omega2Rotating counterclockwise to press down, wherein the pressing speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the rotating speed of the sleeve, gradually backfilling the material in a cavity formed by the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 to a welding spot area, and rotating the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 in different directions can reduce the acting force of a welding tool on a test plate in the welding process and reduce the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding; in the backfilling process, the spiral through groove 21 (figure 5) with the lower end surface of the sleeve 2 in a clockwise rotation direction from outside to inside enables materials in the through groove to flow outwards horizontally; meanwhile, the left-handed large elevation angle groove 22 (figure 4) on the outer side surface of the sleeve 2 enables the material to flow obliquely downwards at a high speed, and the material with the end surface flowing outwards and the side surface flowing obliquely downwards can effectively impact the interface between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area to strengthen the metallurgical bonding of welding spots; at the final moment of the backfilling stage, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are synchronously close to the upper surface of the upper plate; the spiral groove 31 on the end surface of the stirring pin 3 enables the end surface material to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the backfilling process, so that the interface between a stirring area and a heat engine influence area can be effectively impacted, the metallurgical bonding of welding spots is strengthened, and the joint strength is improved;
an evacuation stage: and stopping rotating when the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 synchronously reach the upper surface of the upper plate, and pulling the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 away from the surface of the upper welded plate 4 to return to the original set position, thereby completing the whole reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process. The tensile-shear strength of the welding joint reaches 11-12 KN.
Comparative example 2-1
The difference from the embodiment 2 is that the existing mode of high-speed and low-speed co-rotating is adopted, the specific rotating speed of each section is 3000rpm, 2500rpm, 1500rpm and 1000rpm, the grain size of the material in the heat affected zone is obviously increased through detection, the metallurgical bonding effect at the interface is poor, and the tensile and shearing strength of the welding joint is only 6-7 KN.
Example 3
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring 1, a sleeve 2 and a stirring pin 3 which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing: in the preheating stage of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, the schematic sectional structure of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and the welded plate is shown in fig. 1, the front view of the stirring pin 3 is shown in fig. 2, and the bottom view is shown in fig. 3; the sleeve 2 is shown in a front view in fig. 4 and in a bottom view in fig. 5; the spot welding targets are an upper welded plate 4 and a lower welded plate 5. The end face of the sleeve 2 is provided with a spiral through groove 21, and the outer side face of the sleeve is provided with a large elevation angle groove 22. The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30 degrees, the distance is 2.5mm, and the width and depth of the spiral through groove are 2 mm. The end face of the stirring pin 3 is provided with spiral grooves 31, and the number of the spiral grooves 31 is 6.
In the examples, the thickness of the upper welded plate 4 was 1.5mm, and the thickness of the lower welded plate 5 was 2mm, which were 2524-T3 aluminum alloy plates. The downward pricking amount is 1.8mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve 2 is 9mm, the diameter of the stirring pin 3 is 5mm, and the outer diameter of the compression ring 1 is 14.5 mm;
a preheating stage: the end faces of the compression ring 1, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the compression ring, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate 4 on the upper side, the welded plate 4 on the upper side is compressed and fixed, and then the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin are used for stirringThe mixing needle 3 starts to rotate, wherein the sleeve 2 rotates by omega1Starts to rotate clockwise at the rotational speed of (3) and the pin (3) rotates at omega2Starts to rotate anticlockwise to preheat the upper welded plate 4, omega1Is 1800rpm, omega2At 2500 rpm.
And (3) a pricking stage: the sleeve 2 is rotated at a rotational speed omega1The upper side welded plate 4 is downwards pricked, the sleeve downwards pricking speed is 2mm/s until the depth of the lower side welded plate 5 is pricked to be 0.3mm, and meanwhile, the stirring pin 3 rotates at the speed omega2The stirring pin rotates anticlockwise and moves upwards, the rotating speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the downward pricking speed of the sleeve, and the metal is extruded into a cavity in the sleeve 2; the residence time was 2.5 s.
And a backfilling stage: the sleeve 2 rotating at a speed omega1The upward rotating speed is 2mm/s, and the stirring pin 3 rotates and withdraws clockwise at the rotating speed omega2Rotating counterclockwise to press down, wherein the pressing speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the rotating speed of the sleeve, gradually backfilling the material in a cavity formed by the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 to a welding spot area, and rotating the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 in different directions can reduce the acting force of a welding tool on a test plate in the welding process and reduce the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding; in the backfilling process, the spiral through groove 21 (figure 5) with the lower end surface of the sleeve 2 in a clockwise rotation direction from outside to inside enables materials in the through groove to flow outwards horizontally; meanwhile, the left-handed large elevation angle groove 22 (figure 4) on the outer side surface of the sleeve 2 enables the material to flow obliquely downwards at a high speed, and the material with the end surface flowing outwards and the side surface flowing obliquely downwards can effectively impact the interface between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area to strengthen the metallurgical bonding of welding spots; at the final moment of the backfilling stage, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are synchronously close to the upper surface of the upper plate; the spiral groove 31 on the end surface of the stirring pin 3 enables the end surface material to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the backfilling process, so that the interface between a stirring area and a heat engine influence area can be effectively impacted, the metallurgical bonding of welding spots is strengthened, and the joint strength is improved;
an evacuation stage: and stopping rotating when the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 synchronously reach the upper surface of the upper plate, and pulling the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 away from the surface of the upper welded plate 4 to return to the original set position, thereby completing the whole reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process. . The tensile-shear strength of the welding joint reaches 11-13 KN.
Comparative example 3-1
The difference from the embodiment 3 is that the existing mode of high-speed and low-speed co-rotating is adopted, the specific rotating speed of each section is 3000rpm, 2500rpm, 1500rpm and 1000rpm, the grain size of the material in the heat affected zone is obviously increased through detection, the metallurgical bonding effect at the interface is poor, and the tensile and shearing strength of the welding joint is only 7.5-8 KN.
Example 4
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring 1, a sleeve 2 and a stirring pin 3 which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing: in the preheating stage of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, the schematic sectional structure of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and the welded plate is shown in fig. 1, the front view of the stirring pin 3 is shown in fig. 2, and the bottom view is shown in fig. 3; the sleeve 2 is shown in a front view in fig. 4 and in a bottom view in fig. 5; the spot welding targets are an upper welded plate 4 and a lower welded plate 5. The end face of the sleeve 2 is provided with a spiral through groove 21, and the outer side face of the sleeve is provided with a large elevation angle groove 22. The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 45 degrees, the distance is 2.5mm, and the width and depth of the spiral through groove are 2 mm. The end face of the stirring pin 3 is provided with spiral grooves 31, and the number of the spiral grooves 31 is 6.
In the examples, the upper welded plate 4 and the lower welded plate 5 were 7475 aluminum alloy plates each having a thickness of 2 mm. The downward pricking amount is 3.0mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve 2 is 8.9mm, the diameter of the stirring pin 3 is 5.2mm, and the outer diameter of the compression ring 1 is 14.5 mm;
a preheating stage: the end faces of the compression ring 1, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are located on the same horizontal plane, the compression ring, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate 4 on the upper side and are compressed and fixed with the welded plate 4 on the upper side, and then the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 start to rotate, wherein the sleeve 2 rotates with omega1Starts to rotate clockwise at the rotational speed of (3) and the pin (3) rotates at omega2Starts to rotate anticlockwise to preheat the upper welded plate 4, omega1Is 2000rpm, omega2At 2500 rpm.
And (3) a pricking stage: the sleeve 2 is rotated at a rotational speed omega1Prick downwards intoThe side welded plate 4 is pierced at the sleeve piercing speed of 2mm/s until the lower side welded plate 5 is pierced to the depth of 1.0mm, and the stirring pin 3 rotates at the speed omega2The stirring pin rotates anticlockwise and moves upwards, the rotating speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the downward pricking speed of the sleeve, and the metal is extruded into a cavity in the sleeve 2; the residence time was 1.5 s.
And a backfilling stage: the sleeve 2 rotating at a speed omega1The upward rotating speed is 2mm/s, and the stirring pin 3 rotates and withdraws clockwise at the rotating speed omega2Rotating counterclockwise to press down, wherein the pressing speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the rotating speed of the sleeve, gradually backfilling the material in a cavity formed by the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 to a welding spot area, and rotating the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 in different directions can reduce the acting force of a welding tool on a test plate in the welding process and reduce the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding; in the backfilling process, the spiral through groove 21 (figure 5) with the lower end surface of the sleeve 2 in a clockwise rotation direction from outside to inside enables materials in the through groove to flow outwards horizontally; meanwhile, the left-handed large elevation angle groove 22 (figure 4) on the outer side surface of the sleeve 2 enables the material to flow obliquely downwards at a high speed, and the material with the end surface flowing outwards and the side surface flowing obliquely downwards can effectively impact the interface between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area to strengthen the metallurgical bonding of welding spots; at the final moment of the backfilling stage, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are synchronously close to the upper surface of the upper plate; the spiral groove 31 on the end surface of the stirring pin 3 enables the end surface material to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the backfilling process, so that the interface between a stirring area and a heat engine influence area can be effectively impacted, the metallurgical bonding of welding spots is strengthened, and the joint strength is improved;
an evacuation stage: and stopping rotating when the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 synchronously reach the upper surface of the upper plate, and pulling the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 away from the surface of the upper welded plate 4 to return to the original set position, thereby completing the whole reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process. The tensile-shear strength of the welding joint reaches 11-12 KN.
Comparative example 4-1
The difference from the embodiment 4 is that the existing mode of high-speed and low-speed co-rotating is adopted, specifically, the rotating speed of each section is 3000rpm, 2500rpm, 1500rpm and 1000rpm, and through detection, the grain size of the material in the heat affected zone is obviously increased, the metallurgical bonding effect at the interface is poor, and the tensile and shearing strength of the welding joint is only 7-8 KN.
Example 5
A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring 1, a sleeve 2 and a stirring pin 3 which are coaxially arranged, and the welding process comprises four stages of preheating, pricking down, backfilling and withdrawing: in the preheating stage of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method, the schematic sectional structure of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool and the welded plate is shown in fig. 1, the front view of the stirring pin 3 is shown in fig. 2, and the bottom view is shown in fig. 3; the sleeve 2 is shown in a front view in fig. 4 and in a bottom view in fig. 5; the spot welding targets are an upper welded plate 4 and a lower welded plate 5. The end face of the sleeve 2 is provided with a spiral through groove 21, and the outer side face of the sleeve is provided with a large elevation angle groove 22. The inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 45 degrees, the distance is 3.0mm, and the width and the depth of the spiral through groove are 3 mm. The end face of the stirring pin 3 is provided with spiral grooves 31, and the number of the spiral grooves 31 is 6.
In the examples, 5083 aluminum alloy plates were used, in which the thickness of the upper welded plate 4 was 2.5mm and the thickness of the lower welded plate 5 was 4 mm. The downward pricking amount is 2.9mm, the outer diameter of the sleeve 2 is 9mm, the diameter of the stirring pin 3 is 6mm, and the outer diameter of the compression ring 1 is 18 mm;
a preheating stage: the end faces of the compression ring 1, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are located on the same horizontal plane, the compression ring, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate 4 on the upper side and are compressed and fixed with the welded plate 4 on the upper side, and then the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 start to rotate, wherein the sleeve 2 rotates with omega1Starts to rotate clockwise at the rotational speed of (3) and the pin (3) rotates at omega2Starts to rotate anticlockwise, preheats the prefabricated boss 6 and the upper side welded plate 4, omega1Is 2000rpm, omega2At 2500 rpm.
And (3) a pricking stage: the sleeve 2 is rotated at a rotational speed omega1The upper side welded plate 4 is downwards pricked, the sleeve downwards pricking speed is 2mm/s until the depth of the lower side welded plate 5 is pricked to be 0.4mm, and meanwhile, the stirring pin 3 rotates at the speed omega2The stirring pin rotates anticlockwise and moves upwards, the rotating speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the downward pricking speed of the sleeve, and the metal is extruded into a cavity in the sleeve 2; the residence time was 3 s.
Backfilling stage: the sleeve 2 rotating at a speed omega1The upward rotating speed is 2mm/s, and the stirring pin 3 rotates and withdraws clockwise at the rotating speed omega2Rotating counterclockwise to press down, wherein the pressing speed of the stirring pin is consistent with the rotating speed of the sleeve, gradually backfilling the material in a cavity formed by the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 to a welding spot area, and rotating the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 in different directions can reduce the acting force of a welding tool on a test plate in the welding process and reduce the residual stress and deformation of the test plate after welding; in the backfilling process, the spiral through groove 21 (figure 5) with the lower end surface of the sleeve 2 in a clockwise rotation direction from outside to inside enables materials in the through groove to flow outwards horizontally; meanwhile, the left-handed large elevation angle groove 22 (figure 4) on the outer side surface of the sleeve 2 enables the material to flow obliquely downwards at a high speed, and the material with the end surface flowing outwards and the side surface flowing obliquely downwards can effectively impact the interface between the stirring area and the heat engine influence area to strengthen the metallurgical bonding of welding spots; at the final moment of the backfilling stage, the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 are synchronously close to the upper surface of the upper plate; the spiral groove 31 on the end surface of the stirring pin 3 enables the end surface material to flow outwards horizontally at a high speed in the backfilling process, so that the interface between a stirring area and a heat engine influence area can be effectively impacted, the metallurgical bonding of welding spots is strengthened, and the joint strength is improved;
an evacuation stage: and stopping rotating when the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 synchronously reach the upper surface of the upper plate, and pulling the sleeve 2 and the stirring pin 3 away from the surface of the upper welded plate 4 to return to the original set position, thereby completing the whole reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding process. The tensile-shear strength of the welding joint reaches 10-11 KN.
Comparative example 5-1
The difference from the embodiment 5 is that the existing mode of high-speed and low-speed co-rotating is adopted, the specific rotating speed of each section is 3000rpm, 2500rpm, 1500rpm and 1000rpm, the grain size of the material in the heat affected zone is obviously increased through detection, the metallurgical bonding effect at the interface is poor, and the tensile and shearing strength of the welding joint is only 6-7 KN.
Claims (10)
1. A reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method is characterized by being carried out by adopting a reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, wherein the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool consists of a compression ring, a sleeve and a stirring pin which are coaxially arranged, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) a preheating stage:
the welding workpiece is an upper side welded plate and a lower side welded plate, the end faces of the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are positioned on the same horizontal plane, the stirring pin, the sleeve and the compression ring are integrally pressed down to the upper surface of the welded plate and compress and fix the welding workpiece, and the stirring pin and the sleeve start to rotate and enable the sleeve to rotate in omega1Starts to rotate at omega speed2The rotating speed of the welding machine is reversed to start rotating, and the surface of the welding workpiece is preheated;
(2) a binding stage:
sleeve holding omega1The pin keeps omega2Rotational speed and direction of rotation of1＜ω2The sleeve rotates to be downwards pricked into the upper welded plate, and the stirring pin reversely rotates and is pumped back at the same time until the sleeve rotates to be pricked into the surface of the lower welded plate, and metal is extruded into a cavity of the sleeve; the withdrawal speed of the stirring pin is the same as the downward binding speed of the sleeve;
(3) and a backfilling stage:
sleeve holding omega1The pin keeps omega2The rotating speed and the rotating direction are changed simultaneously, the sleeve rotates upwards and retracts, the stirring pin rotates reversely and punctures downwards, and the plastic metal in the cavity of the sleeve is backfilled to the upper surface of the upper welded plate;
(4) an evacuation stage:
stopping rotating when the sleeve and the stirring pin return to the upper surface of the welded plate on the upper side, and taking the sleeve and the stirring pin out of the surface of the welded plate to return to the original set position to finish welding to obtain a welded part.
2. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein n spiral through grooves are uniformly arranged on the lower end surface of the sleeve of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool in the circumferential direction, wherein n is greater than 2; the spiral through groove width is 0.1 ~ 5mm for the degree of depth, the spiral through groove revolve to be unanimous with the sleeve rotation direction, the spiral through groove revolve to in order outside-in to count, realize that sleeve pumpback process terminal surface material level is outside high-speed flow.
3. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein the outer side wall of the sleeve of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool is provided with m large lift angle grooves, m is greater than 2, and when the rotation direction of the sleeve is clockwise rotation, the rotation direction of the large lift angle grooves is left rotation; when the rotating direction of the sleeve is anticlockwise rotating, the rotating direction of the large elevation angle groove is rightwards rotating; the inclination of the large elevation angle groove is 30-89 degrees, and the distance between the angle grooves is 0-20 mm.
4. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein a spiral groove is arranged on the end face of the stirring pin of the reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding tool, the spiral direction of the spiral groove is the same as the spiral direction of the stirring pin, and the spiral direction of the spiral groove is measured from outside to inside.
5. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the upper welded plate and the lower welded plate are made of the same material, specifically 2024 aluminum alloy plate, 6082-T6 aluminum alloy plate, 2524-T3 aluminum alloy plate, 7475 aluminum alloy plate or 5083 aluminum alloy plate.
6. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the sleeve penetration speed is 1-4 mm/min, the penetration depth into the surface of the welded plate is 0.3-1.0 mm, and the holding time is 1-3 s.
7. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in step (2), the sleeve rotation speed ω is higher than the sleeve rotation speed ω1100-2500 and 10000 rpm.
8. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 7, wherein in step (2), the sleeve rotation speed ω is higher than the sleeve rotation speed ω11000-3000 rpm, and the rotating speed omega of the stirring pin2Is 1500 to 4000 rpm.
9. The backfilling type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve is the same as the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve in the step (2), and the reverse rotating and withdrawing speed of the stirring pin is the same as the upward rotating and withdrawing speed of the sleeve.
10. The reverse backfill type friction stir spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the tensile shear strength of a weldment welding joint is detected to reach 10-14 KN.
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