CN114189155A - 具有超低待机功率的电源适配器 - Google Patents

具有超低待机功率的电源适配器 Download PDF

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CN114189155A
CN114189155A CN202011239695.0A CN202011239695A CN114189155A CN 114189155 A CN114189155 A CN 114189155A CN 202011239695 A CN202011239695 A CN 202011239695A CN 114189155 A CN114189155 A CN 114189155A
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response
flyback converter
standby mode
comparator
voltage
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孔鹏举
刘文铎
林永雄
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Dialog Semiconductor Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03KPULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K5/00Manipulating of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H03K5/22Circuits having more than one input and one output for comparing pulses or pulse trains with each other according to input signal characteristics, e.g. slope, integral
    • H03K5/24Circuits having more than one input and one output for comparing pulses or pulse trains with each other according to input signal characteristics, e.g. slope, integral the characteristic being amplitude
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0036Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using connection detecting circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H02J7/04Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • H02J7/06Regulation of charging current or voltage using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0064Magnetic structures combining different functions, e.g. storage, filtering or transformation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33592Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03KPULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/78Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled
    • H03K17/795Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled controlling bipolar transistors
    • H03K17/7955Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled controlling bipolar transistors using phototransistors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/80Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water
    • H04B10/801Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water using optical interconnects, e.g. light coupled isolators, circuit board interconnections
    • H04B10/802Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water using optical interconnects, e.g. light coupled isolators, circuit board interconnections for isolation, e.g. using optocouplers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/165Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
    • G01R19/16533Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application
    • G01R19/16538Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values characterised by the application in AC or DC supplies
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/54Testing for continuity
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0025Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明题为“具有超低待机功率的电源适配器。”本发明公开了一种用于反激转换器的待机功率系统。该反激转换器包括初级侧、次级侧、位于该次级侧的输出端子,以及次级侧控制器,其中该输出端子被配置为电连接到负载。该待机功率系统包括位于该次级侧的比较器、与该初级侧、该次级侧和该比较器进行信号通信的光耦合器,以及电缆脱离检测器(或负载检测器)。该电缆脱离检测器被配置为确定设备是否通过充电电缆电连接到该反激转换器,并且如果该设备与该充电电缆断开连接,则将该反激转换器设置为待机模式。

Description

具有超低待机功率的电源适配器
技术领域
本申请涉及开关电源转换器,并且更具体地讲,涉及用于降低开关电源转换器在待机模式下的功率消耗的系统。
背景技术
诸如用于对移动设备的电池进行充电的反激转换器包括用于在正常操作模式和待机操作模式两者下调节输出电压的反馈回路。在这两种操作模式下,该反激转换器连接到交流(AC)电源线(即,AC干线)。在正常操作模式下,移动设备连接到该反激转换器。但是在待机操作模式下,该反激转换器与移动设备(例如,智能电话)断开连接。为了在这两种操作模式下调节输出电压,该反激转换器包括具有误差放大器的反馈回路,该误差放大器基于输出电压与输出电压的期望值之间的差值生成误差电压。回路滤波器对误差电压进行滤波以产生控制电压。由于反馈回路在待机模式期间必须是活动的以调节输出电压,因此反激转换器在待机模式期间仍然消耗功率,该功率通常被称为待机功率或待机损耗。
为了减少待机损耗,现有技术方法通常关注减小集成电路(IC)电流。当反激转换器检测到无负载条件时,已知的方法包括通过关闭电路的各种功能块来减小IC静态电流。然而,反馈回路必须保持接通,这在待机操作模式期间消耗大部分功率。此外,在其中在反激转换器的次级侧上生成并跨光耦合器传输控制电压的实施方案中,光耦合器随后传导连续电流,这也增加了损耗。
因此,本领域需要在待机模式期间具有降低的功率消耗的反激转换器。
发明内容
为了提供降低的待机模式功率消耗,提供了可在反激转换器变压器的任一侧(或两侧)上实现的待机功率系统。在电缆脱离检测器触发待机操作模式之后,该待机功率系统使用比较器来控制功率开关晶体管的开关。该电缆脱离检测器被配置为诸如通过监测充电接口诸如USB电缆或lightning电缆中的数据通道来确定设备(例如,移动设备或用于移动设备的无线充电器)是否通过该充电接口电连接到反激转换器。如果该电缆脱离检测器检测到设备断开连接,则该电缆脱离检测器将反激转换器设置为待机操作模式,在待机操作模式下,用于正常操作模式的反馈回路掉电。例如,该电缆脱离检测器响应于设备断开连接而触发反馈回路中的误差放大器和回路滤波器的掉电。在另选的实施方案中,该电缆脱离检测器可由负载检测器替换,该负载检测器确定设备是否正在施加负载。如果负载检测器检测到负载不存在或低于阈值负载电平,则负载检测器将反激转换器设置为待机操作模式。
在比较器为次级侧比较器的实施方案中,该次级侧比较器在待机模式期间起作用,以将反激转换器输出电压与阈值电压进行比较。如果次级侧比较器检测到输出电压低于阈值电压,则次级侧比较器通过接地隔离通道驱动数字信号。例如,次级侧比较器可使电流流过光耦合器中的光电二极管。但是如果输出电压大于阈值电压,则没有电流在光耦合器中流动。响应于光电二极管电流,初级侧控制器触发功率开关晶体管循环以对输出电压充电。由于在待机模式期间不存在负载,因此输出电压将非常快速地充电至高于阈值电压。因此,通过光耦合器发信号的占空比相对较小,因为除了输出电压小于阈值电压的相对短的时间段之外,光耦合器不传导电流。
初级侧比较器可用于代替次级侧比较器或与次级侧比较器结合使用。电缆脱离检测器(或负载检测器)保留在次级侧上以通过(例如)光隔离器向待机功率系统发信号通知设备与充电电缆断开连接。响应于该检测,正常模式反馈回路掉电。初级侧控制器由反激转换器变压器中的辅助绕组所产生的电源电压供电。为了在调节中保持输出电压,初级侧比较器将该电源电压与阈值电压进行比较。因此,相对于初级侧比较器的调节,该电源电压充当输出电压的代理。如果该电源电压降至低于阈值电压,则初级侧比较器使功率开关晶体管开始循环,直到达到所需的峰值初级电流。因此,所得待机模式有利地消耗极低功率,因为初级侧比较器不触发任何光耦合器发信号。
通过阅读下面的具体实施方式,将会更全面地理解本发明的这些和其他方面。在结合附图阅读以下对具体示例性实施方案的描述时,其他方面、特征和实施方案对于本领域普通技术人员而言将变得显而易见。尽管可以相对于某些实施方案和以下附图讨论特征,但所有实施方案可以包括本文所讨论的有利特征中的一个或多个。换句话说,尽管可以将一个或多个实施方案讨论为具有某些有利特征,但根据本文所讨论的各种实施方案,也可以使用此类特征中的一个或多个。以类似的方式,尽管下文可以将示例性实施方案讨论为设备、系统或方法实施方案,但应当理解,此类示例性实施方案可以在各种设备、系统和方法中实现。
附图说明
通过参考以下附图可以更好地理解本发明。通过参考以下具体实施方式来最好地理解本公开的实施方案及其优点。附图中的部件不一定按比例绘制,而是将重点放在示出本发明的原理上。在附图中,贯穿不同的视图,类似的附图标号表示对应的部分。
图1A示出了根据本公开的一个方面的用于反激转换器的待机功率系统的系统框图,该待机功率系统利用反激转换器的次级侧上的比较器。
图1B示出了根据本公开的一个方面的次级侧控制器内的反馈回路的正常模式部分。
图2示出了根据本公开的一个方面的用于待机模式期间的反激转换器的一些示例性波形。
图3示出了根据本公开的一个方面的由图1A所示的待机功率系统执行的方法的流程图。
图4示出了根据本公开的一个方面的利用初级侧比较器的反激转换器的系统框图。
具体实施方式
为了提供降低的待机模式功率消耗,提供了包括次级侧比较器和/或初级侧比较器的待机功率系统。电缆脱离检测器用于通过例如监测通向充电电缆(诸如USB电缆或lightning电缆)的充电接口中的数据通道来确定设备(例如,移动设备诸如智能电话,或用于移动设备的无线充电器)是否通过该充电接口电连接到反激转换器。在另选的实施方案中,电缆脱离检测器可由负载检测器替换,该负载检测器检测设备是否正在汲取负载。如果电缆脱离检测器检测到设备断开连接,则电缆脱离检测器将反激转换器设置为待机操作模式,在待机操作模式下,用于正常操作模式的反馈回路掉电。例如,该电缆脱离检测器响应于设备断开连接而触发反馈回路中的误差放大器和回路滤波器的掉电。如本文所用,术语“设备”是指移动设备或用于移动设备的无线充电器。负载检测器类似地用于响应于检测到负载不存在低于阈值负载值而将反激转换器设置为待机模式。
将首先讨论具有次级侧比较器的待机功率系统,然后讨论具有初级侧比较器的待机功率系统。但是应当理解,待机功率系统可包括初级侧比较器和次级侧比较器两者。与在正常操作模式期间使用的反馈回路相比,比较器消耗相对少的功率,使得易于实现“零待机功率”(5mW或更小的待机功率消耗)。相比之下,常规待机模式功率消耗不提供零待机功率,因为反馈回路和相关联的电路的待机功率消耗超过5mW。
正常操作模式期间的反馈回路使用(例如)误差放大器和回路滤波器来生成控制电压。如果控制电压在反激转换器的次级侧上生成,则该反激转换器可被认为使用次级侧调节。在正常操作模式下,次级侧控制器通过将表示控制电压的模拟信号通过光耦合器发送到反激转换器的初级侧来调节来自输出端子的输出电压。初级侧控制器接收该模拟信号并将其用作输入以控制功率开关晶体管的循环。需注意,该控制信号通信具有100%占空比。这对于使用该反馈回路来调节输出电压的常规待机操作模式是有问题的,因为光耦合器持续不断地燃烧功率。
但是在本文所公开的使用次级侧调节的待机操作模式中,次级侧比较器监测输出电压以通过光耦合器发送数字(开/关)信号。该数字信号由次级侧比较器通过将输出电压与阈值电压进行比较来生成。当输出电压降至低于阈值电压时,次级侧比较器接通通过光耦合器中的光电二极管的电流(数字信号的“开”部分)。但是当输出电压大于阈值电压时,次级侧比较器关断光电二极管电流(数字信号的“关”部分)。一般来讲,阈值电压被预设或限定为使得用于次级侧控制器的电源电压大于欠压锁定(UVLO)值。欠压锁定值是保持集成电路(IC)起作用以响应设备到反激转换器的充电接口的重新连接所必需的电压。这允许反激转换器几乎立即退出待机模式并恢复正常操作模式。
通过光耦合器传输的“开”数字信号由待机功率系统的初级侧部分接收,使得初级侧部分可使功率开关晶体管循环。例如,初级侧部分可接通功率开关晶体管,直到如通过感测电阻器上的电压测量的初级电流超过对应于所需峰值初级电流的电压为止。当初级侧部分感测到已达到峰值初级电流时,其关断功率开关晶体管。传输到反激转换器的次级侧的所得功率使输出电压快速增大,因为在待机操作模式期间不存在负载。然后,次级侧比较器通过关断光电二极管电流来对输出电压超过阈值电压作出反应。因此,由光耦合器传输的数字信号的“开”部分具有相对小的占空比。例如,在一个实施方案中,数字信号的“开”部分可为200微秒至400微秒,而“关”部分为大约0.5秒。这种非常低的占空比导致光耦合器消耗相对少的功率。在其他实施方案中,光耦合器可由其他类型的接地隔离通道替换,诸如信号变换器或电容器。但是无论如何实现接地隔离通道,次级侧比较器都将有利地以相对低占空比的数字开/关信号驱动接地隔离通道,从而节省待机功率。以下讨论将涉及接地隔离通道是光耦合器而不丧失一般性的实施方案。充电电缆可为通用串行总线(USB)电源适配器或lightning电缆。
图1A中示出了根据本公开的示例性反激转换器102,其使用次级侧调节并且具有包括次级侧比较器104的待机功率系统100。该反激转换器102包括变压器T,该变压器具有初级侧绕组110和次级侧绕组112。初级绕组110与初级侧功率开关晶体管SW串联。在正常操作模式期间,初级侧控制器114驱动功率开关晶体管SW的栅极,以响应于由次级侧控制器116通过光耦合器122传输的控制电流(如通过光耦合器(OPTO)端子所驱动的)来控制功率开关晶体管SW的循环。次级侧控制器116还可充当同步整流器(SR)控制器以控制SR开关晶体管的循环。在另选的实施方案中,SR开关晶体管可由输出二极管替换以对次级侧电流进行整流。
在输入端子118处接收诸如由AC干线的二极管电桥整流产生的已整流输入电压VIN,并且该已整流输入电压由输入电容器CIN滤波以在功率开关晶体管SW接通时驱动初级绕组电流通过功率开关晶体管SW。当功率开关晶体管SW导通时,SR开关晶体管保持断开。当如通过耦接在功率开关晶体管SW的源极和接地部之间的感测电阻器RS两端的Vipk电压检测到达到所需峰值初级绕组电流时,功率开关晶体管SW停止循环并且SR开关晶体管开始循环,使得次级绕组电流流动以在如由输出电容器COUT支持的输出端子120处产生输出电压(VOUT)。
电缆脱离检测器123监测数据通道(例如,USB接口124中的CC1/CC2引脚)以确定设备144是否电连接到USB电缆(或其他合适的充电接口),并且如果设备144断开连接,则将反激转换器102设置为待机模式。在该示例中,电缆脱离检测器123可被实现为次级侧控制器116的一部分,该次级侧控制器包括用于连接到充电接口中的数据通道以对设备144充电的输入/输出(I/O)端子。
在待机模式期间,次级侧比较器104诸如通过分压器接收输出电压VOUT,该分压器包括第一电阻器R1、第二电阻器R2和接地部146。次级侧比较器104的输出端子驱动与光耦合器122中的光电二极管152串联的晶体管150的栅极。次级侧比较器104将如通过分压器按比例减小的输出电压VOUT与阈值电压(VLOW)进行比较。如果VOUT的按比例减小版本大于VLOW,则次级侧比较器104关闭晶体管150,使得光耦合器122不消耗功率。但是如果VOUT的按比例减小版本小于VLOW,则次级侧比较器104接通晶体管150以允许光电二极管电流导通。以下讨论将认为次级侧比较器104直接将输出电压与阈值电压进行比较,但应当理解,该比较可以是间接的,诸如通过比较输出电压的按比例减小版本。由于光电二极管152耦接在输出端子120和晶体管150之间,因此当晶体管150导通时,输出电压驱动光电二极管电流通过光电二极管152。
因此,光耦合器122可被认为传输数字开/关信号,该数字开/关信号在次级侧比较器104使其输出信号生效时为“开”,并且在次级侧比较器104使其输出信号接地时为“关”。为了响应于该数字信号传输,待机功率系统100包括初级侧部分,该初级侧部分可包括与光耦合器122的光电探测器158进行信号通信的第二比较器156。在该示例中,光电探测器158是双极结型晶体管(BJT),该双极结型晶体管具有通过电阻器R3电连接到初级侧电源电压VDD的集电极,以及电连接到接地部的发射极。第二比较器156被配置为将光电探测器158的发射极处的电压与预先确定的导通电压(VON)进行比较,并且作为响应,产生用于控制功率开关晶体管SW的循环的输出信号(也称为使能信号EN)。更一般地,待机功率系统100的初级侧部分用于检测电流是否流过光电探测器158。
在该示例中,第二比较器156与时序逻辑电路或存储元件诸如例如置位-复位触发器(也称为SR触发器或SR锁存器)170进行信号通信,其中第二比较器156的输出信号驱动SR触发器170的置位端子。第二比较器156可经由振荡器172与SR锁存器进行信号通信,其中振荡器172被配置为响应于来自第二比较器156的输出信号的生效而产生脉冲信号174。脉冲信号174驱动SR触发器170的置位输入以置位触发器170。
SR触发器170的Q输出180驱动功率开关晶体管SW的栅极。因此,当SR触发器170被置位时,功率开关晶体管SW接通以传导。为了将触发器170(其也可表示为SR锁存器)复位,待机功率系统100的初级侧部分还可包括与SR触发器170的复位输入(R)进行信号通信的第三比较器176。第三比较器176被配置为将感测电阻器RS两端的感测电阻器电压与预先确定的峰值电流电压参考值(Vipk)进行比较,并且产生驱动SR触发器170的复位输入R的复位信号178。因此,当感测电阻器电压等于Vipk时,通过触发器170的复位来关断功率开关晶体管SW。
本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,术语“信号通信”是指电路、部件、模块和/或设备之间的任何类型的通信和/或连接,其允许电路、部件、模块和/或设备传递和/或接收来自另一个电路、部件、模块和/或设备的信号和/或信息。该通信和/或连接可沿着电路、部件、模块和/或设备之间的允许信号和/或信息从一个电路、部件、模块和/或设备传递到另一个电路、部件、模块和/或设备并且包括无线信号路径或有线信号路径的任何信号路径。信号路径可以是物理的,诸如例如导线、电磁波导、电缆、附接和/或电磁或机械耦接的端子、半导电或电介质材料或设备,或其他类似的物理连接或耦接。另外,信号路径可以是非物理的,诸如自由空间(就电磁传播而言)或通过数字部件的信息路径,其中通信信息以不同的数字格式从一个电路、部件、模块和/或设备传递到另一个电路、部件、模块和/或设备,而不通过直接电磁连接。
图1B中更详细地示出了次级侧控制器116中的正常模式反馈回路的一部分。误差放大器200将输出电压与参考电压Vref进行比较以形成误差信号。次级侧比较器104的输出是数字信号,然而误差信号是模拟信号。回路滤波器205将误差信号滤波成驱动光耦合器122的控制电压。需注意,该控制电压的占空比为100%,使得其在常规待机操作模式期间的传输导致光耦合器122进行恒定功率消耗。但是在本文所公开的待机操作模式期间,误差放大器200和回路滤波器205两者掉电。然后,次级侧比较器104通过光耦合器122控制反馈。不仅次级侧比较器104的功率消耗与正常模式反馈回路功率消耗相比相对低,而且通过光耦合器122发送的数字控制信号的“开”部分的占空比接近零,使得光耦合器功率消耗也显著降低。在正常操作模式期间,初级侧控制器114诸如通过比例积分微分(PID)控制算法来处理从光耦合器122接收的控制信号,以相应地控制功率开关晶体管SW的循环。
用于反激转换器102的一些操作波形在图2中示出,包括在待机模式期间的初级侧电源电压VCC、输出电压和功率开关SW的栅极电压的曲线图。如本文中将进一步讨论的,初级侧电源电压VCC在辅助绕组处产生并由VCC电容器滤波,该VCC电容器可具有比输出电容器的电容显著更小的电容(例如,减少到其100分之一)。初级侧电源电压VCC中的纹波可因此与输出电压中的纹波相比相对明显。由于不存在负载,因此该示例中的功率开关晶体管SW大约每0.5秒循环一次。然后,输出电压恢复到所需值(在该示例中,大约5.5V)。然后,输出电压相对逐渐地下降,直到其触发功率开关晶体管SW的另一次脉冲为止。但是电源电压VCC可在该大约0.5秒的死区期间从一个脉冲到另一个脉冲下降若干伏。通过光耦合器122传输的数字控制信号的低占空比由功率开关晶体管SW的栅极电压证实。本示例中的占空比为大约300至400微秒除以0.5秒,这相当低,从而相应地降低了光耦合器的功率消耗。
现在将参照图3所示的流程图讨论反激转换器102的示例性操作方法。方法300开始于确定302设备144是否电连接到反激转换器102的充电接口。如果设备144电连接,则参照图1B讨论的反馈回路以正常操作模式操作。在正常操作模式下,初级侧控制器114和次级侧控制器116被充分供电。相反,如果设备144未连接到充电接口,则该方法将反激转换器102设置306为待机操作模式,在待机操作模式下,正常模式反馈回路掉电。在待机模式期间,该方法在步骤308中确定输出电压VOUT是否大于或等于阈值电压VLOW,并且作为响应,保持310光电二极管电流关断。如果VOUT小于VLOW,则该方法接通312光电二极管电流,并且数字控制信号被传递到反激转换器102的初级侧,使得在步骤314中功率开关晶体管SW循环。该方法然后返回到308,监测来自输出端子120的VOUT
再次参见图2,初级侧电源电压VCC中的纹波可使得其可能触发欠压锁定。对于具有待机功率系统400的反激转换器402,图4中示出了监测初级侧电源电压VCC的初级侧比较器403的待机操作模式。初级侧比较器403的功能与参照比较器156所讨论的类似,不同的是比较器403将初级侧电源电压VCC与阈值电压(VLow)进行比较。例如,该比较可通过使用电源电压的减小版本来间接执行,该减小版本诸如使用由第一电阻器R1和第二电阻器R2形成的分压器来获得。待机功率系统400的初级侧部分的其余部分如同参照待机功率系统100所讨论的。初级控制器114和待机功率系统400的初级侧部分可被认为形成反激转换器402的初级侧系统。比较器404和156可被认为将反馈信号与阈值电压进行比较。对于比较器403,反馈信号是初级侧电源电压VCC。对于比较器156,反馈信号是由所接收的光耦合器信号产生的电压。
本领域的一些技术人员现在将意识到,在不脱离本公开的范围的前提下,可以对本发明的设备的材料、装置、配置和使用方法进行多种修改、替换和变化。鉴于此,本公开的范围不应限于本文所示和所述的具体实施方案的范围,因为它们仅作为其一些示例,而是应与下文所附权利要求书及其功能等同物的范围完全相称。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于反激转换器的次级侧控制器,所述次级侧控制器包括:
反馈回路,所述反馈回路被配置为在正常操作模式期间操作以基于所述反激转换器的输出电压与参考电压之间的误差来生成控制信号;
电缆脱离检测器,所述电缆脱离检测器被配置为响应于检测到设备耦接到所述反激转换器而在所述正常操作模式期间控制所述反馈回路,以及响应于检测到所述设备与所述反激转换器断开连接而在待机操作模式期间使所述反馈回路掉电;以及
比较器,所述比较器被配置为在所述待机操作模式期间响应于所述输出电压低于阈值电压而接通通过光耦合器中的光电二极管的光电二极管电流,以及响应于所述输出电压大于所述阈值电压而关断所述光电二极管电流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的次级侧控制器,还包括:
与所述光电二极管串联的晶体管,其中所述比较器被配置为响应于所述输出电压低于阈值电压而接通所述晶体管以接通所述光电二极管电流。
3.根据权利要求1所述的次级侧控制器,还包括:
数据通道;
其中所述电缆脱离检测器被配置为监测所述数据通道以检测所述设备是否与所述反激转换器断开连接。
4.根据权利要求3所述的次级侧控制器,其中所述数据通道是到USB电缆的数据通道。
5.根据权利要求1所述的次级侧控制器,其中所述次级侧控制器包括同步整流器控制器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的次级侧控制器,其中所述反馈回路包括回路滤波器,所述回路滤波器被配置为在所述正常操作模式期间利用所述控制信号来驱动所述光耦合器。
7.一种用于反激转换器的初级侧系统,所述初级侧系统包括:
控制器,所述控制器被配置为在正常操作模式期间处理控制信号以控制功率开关晶体管的循环,并且被配置为在待机操作模式期间掉电;以及
待机模式系统,所述待机模式系统包括:
存储元件,所述存储元件被配置为响应于被置位而开始所述功率开关晶体管的循环,以及响应于被复位而停止所述功率开关晶体管的循环;
第一比较器,所述第一比较器被配置为响应于反馈信号小于阈值电压而置位所述存储元件;以及
第二比较器,所述第二比较器被配置为在所述存储元件已被置位之后复位所述存储元件。
8.根据权利要求7所述的初级侧系统,其中所述第一比较器被配置为响应于光耦合器电流小于阈值电流而置位所述存储元件。
9.根据权利要求7所述的初级侧系统,其中所述第一比较器被配置为响应于电源电压小于所述阈值电压而置位所述存储元件。
10.根据权利要求7所述的初级侧系统,还包括:
振荡器,其中所述第一比较器被配置为通过接通所述振荡器来置位所述存储元件。
11.根据权利要求10所述的初级侧系统,其中所述存储元件是触发器。
12.根据权利要求7所述的初级侧系统,其中所述控制器被进一步配置为使用仅初级反馈来生成所述控制信号。
13.根据权利要求7所述的初级侧系统,其中所述控制器被进一步配置为从光耦合器接收所述控制信号。
14.一种用于使具有光耦合器的反激转换器的部分在待机模式下掉电的方法,所述方法包括:
响应于设备从通向所述反激转换器的充电接口断开连接,将所述反激转换器设置为待机模式;
响应于所述反激转换器的输出电压在所述待机模式期间小于第一阈值电压,在光耦合器中传导光电二极管电流;以及
当所述输出电压在所述待机模式期间大于所述第一阈值电压时,关断所述光电二极管电流。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:
通过监测所述充电接口中的数据通道来检测所述设备与所述充电接口断开连接。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括
响应于所述光电二极管电流的所述传导,使功率开关晶体管循环。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,还包括
其中所述功率开关晶体管的所述循环包括:
接通振荡器以在触发器的置位输入处产生脉冲信号,从而置位所述触发器;
响应于所述触发器的所述置位而接通所述功率开关晶体管;
响应于感测电阻器电压超过峰值电流电压而复位所述触发器;以及
响应于所述触发器的所述复位而关断所述功率开关晶体管。
18.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:
在所述待机模式期间将电源电压与第二阈值电压进行比较;以及
响应于在所述待机模式期间所述电源电压小于所述第二阈值电压而使功率开关晶体管循环。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述功率开关晶体管响应于在所述待机模式期间所述电源电压小于所述第二阈值电压的所述循环包括置位触发器以接通所述功率开关晶体管。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述触发器的所述置位响应于来自振荡器的脉冲信号。
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