CN114171366B - Image intensifier with double-fiber light cone structure and image intensifier type detection imaging system - Google Patents
Image intensifier with double-fiber light cone structure and image intensifier type detection imaging system Download PDFInfo
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- CN114171366B CN114171366B CN202111500019.9A CN202111500019A CN114171366B CN 114171366 B CN114171366 B CN 114171366B CN 202111500019 A CN202111500019 A CN 202111500019A CN 114171366 B CN114171366 B CN 114171366B
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/08—Cathode arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/12—Anode arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/28—Vessels, e.g. wall of the tube; Windows; Screens; Suppressing undesired discharges or currents
Landscapes
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an image intensifier and an image intensifier detecting imaging system with a double optical fiber light cone structure, wherein the image intensifier comprises: a housing; an electron multiplication element provided in the housing; a cathode input window provided at an input end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing; a photocathode provided in the housing and connected to the cathode input window; and an anode output window provided at an output end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing. The structure of the input end face and the output end face of the image intensifier or the photomultiplier is different from the traditional structure, the number of the coupling interfaces of the elements can be effectively reduced through the novel structural design, the coupling efficiency is improved, and the observation field of view is enlarged on the premise of not increasing the volume of an image sensor such as ICMOS or an ICCD device or even reducing the volume.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of image enhancement type detection imaging, and particularly relates to an image enhancer with a double-fiber light cone structure and an image enhancement type detection imaging system, wherein the image enhancer has the advantages of large visual field, high resolution, high contrast and high coupling efficiency.
Background
The optical fiber light cone can be widely applied to coupling of CCD or CMOS, image intensifier and photomultiplier in the fields of national defense, scientific research, criminal investigation, aerospace, medical treatment and the like, and has application in the aspects of high-energy ray imaging, novel fingerprint identification, medical detection device, high-definition television imaging and the like. In recent years, with rapid development of image digital processing technology, acquisition, storage and transmission of high-fidelity images have become very convenient. However, in the processes of war, scientific research, production, medical treatment and the like, people often need to detect, analyze and process weak images or rays which are invisible to naked eyes, for example, need to observe at night under the condition of no illumination; imaging analysis of the object from which the radiation is emitted is required; tracking, identification, etc. of high speed moving aircraft is required. In these cases, the brightness of the image is typically only 10 -3～10-4 candelas, even lower, and the detectable signal is extremely weak. Therefore, the image must be observed, processed and analyzed after being enhanced, and the coupling of CCD/CMOS and photomultiplier or image enhancer (ICCD or ICMOS) by using fiber light cone is the best choice for realizing weak imaging or signal enhancement and realizing digital processing.
At the end of the last 80 th century in China, many institutions and research institutions have studied and explored ICCD technology, and there is a gap in performance compared with foreign levels, wherein the most critical gap is that the coupling efficiency, coupling resolution and imaging definition of an optical fiber cone and a CCD are low, and the reason for the gap is various. Firstly, the optical fiber taper and the ICCD or ICMOS thereof do not realize ideal matching in structure, such as the structural design of circular unit filaments and hexagonal multifilament in the optical fiber taper country. The coupling interfaces of the optical fiber light cone and the photosensitive surface are more, and the coupling matching is not accurate enough; on the other hand, the precision of device assembly is improved, the gap between the optical fiber cone and CCD coupling is reduced to be less than 0.6mm, or an ideal transition glue material is adopted, so that the efficiency of coupling with the CCD is ensured not to be lost, and the resolution capability and the transmittance of the optical fiber cone are maintained as much as possible. However, in practice, the resolution and efficiency of the coupling between the optical fiber cone and the CCD are affected by such factors as end reflection, absorption loss in the glass, end tilt efficiency, emission surface light divergence, and structural non-uniformity, which results in a decrease in the coupling efficiency between the optical fiber cone and the CCD, and therefore, the number of coupling interfaces must be reduced. In addition, because of the bottleneck and high cost of the large-size preparation of the CCD or the CMOS, many scenes cannot be directly coupled with the photosensitive surface of the CCD or the CMOS by using the optical fiber panel to enlarge the field of view. However, in practical applications, it is desirable to observe a wider field of view, and this contradiction is always present. How to reduce the coupling interface, enlarge the observation field of view, improve the coupling efficiency and improve the detection imaging quality is the problem that needs to be solved by the high-performance ICCD or ICMOS detection imaging system. Otherwise, the application expansion of the ICCD or ICMOS imaging system is limited, and the development of the digital low-light imaging technology is also limited.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention is directed to an image intensifier and an image intensifier detecting imaging system with dual optical fiber light cone structure, wherein the optical fiber light cone is designed as the input and output window of the image intensifier in the system, so as to achieve the purposes of large field of view, high resolution, high contrast and high coupling efficiency.
The aim and the technical problems of the invention are realized by adopting the following technical proposal. The invention provides an image intensifier, which comprises:
A housing;
An electron multiplication element provided in the housing;
A cathode input window provided at an input end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing; and
And the anode output window is arranged at the output end of the electron multiplication element and is connected with the shell.
Further, in the foregoing image intensifier, the electron multiplying element is a vitreous microchannel plate, a silicon microchannel plate, or an anodized aluminum microchannel plate.
Further, in the foregoing image intensifier, the electron multiplying element is located between the cathode input window and the anode output window.
Further, in the image intensifier, the cathode input window, the housing and the anode output window form a vacuum sealing structure.
Further, in the aforementioned image intensifier, a front-end vacuum gap is formed between the cathode input window and the electron multiplying element, and a rear-end vacuum gap is formed between the electron multiplying element and the anode output window.
Further, in the foregoing image intensifier, the cathode input window includes a front-stage optical fiber light cone and a photocathode deposited on an output end face of the front-stage optical fiber light cone; the anode output window comprises a rear-stage optical fiber light cone and a fluorescent powder layer arranged on the output end face of the rear-stage optical fiber light cone.
Further, in the foregoing image intensifier, the material of the phosphor layer is selected from one of P11 phosphor, P20 phosphor, P22 phosphor and P45 phosphor.
Further, in the aforementioned image intensifier, the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone comprise an input end part, a transition part and an output end part which are sequentially connected into a whole; the transition part is positioned between the input end part and the output end part, the cross-sectional area of the input end part is larger than that of the output end part, the cross-sectional area of one end of the transition part is the same as that of the input end part, and the cross-sectional area of the other end of the transition part is the same as that of the output end part; the optical fibers within the optical fiber taper are arranged in parallel.
Further, in the image intensifier, the input end portion and the output end portion are both in a straight area structure, and the straight area length of the input end portion is not less than 5mm; the length of the straight area of the output end part is not less than 2mm.
Further, in the aforementioned image intensifier, wherein the front-stage optical fiber light cone is composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers include a sheath layer made of a silicate glass sheath tube and a core layer made of a lead silicate glass core rod, an absorption wire is interposed between the silicate glass sheath tube and the lead silicate glass core rod, the absorption wire is made of light absorbing glass made of sheath tube glass containing iron, nickel, cobalt ions; the silicate glass skin material pipe, the lead silicate glass core material rod and the absorption wire are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art; the average transmittance of the optical fiber between 400nm and 900nm is more than 70%, the refractive index Nd of the skin layer is less than 1.52, the refractive index Nd of the core layer is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture is more than 1.0.
Further, in the foregoing image intensifier, the post-stage optical fiber light cone is composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers include a sheath layer and a core layer, the sheath layer is made of a borosilicate glass sheath tube, the core layer is made of a boron lanthanum barium salt glass core rod, an absorption wire is inserted between the borosilicate glass sheath tube and the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core rod, the absorption wire is made of light absorption glass, and the light absorption glass is made of sheath tube glass containing vanadium, manganese and copper ions; the borosilicate glass skin material pipe, the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rod and the absorption wire are combined into a fiber structure by the prior art; the refractive index Nd of the skin layer is smaller than 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur at the interface of the skin layer contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃; the refractive index Nd of the core layer is greater than 1.82 and the numerical aperture thereof is greater than 1.0.
Further, in the aforementioned image intensifier, the photocathode is a S20, S-20R, S-20VR, S24, S25 series polybasic cathode, or a GaAs photocathode, or a S-1, S-10 series silver-oxygen-cesium photocathode, or a S-9, S-11 series antimony-cesium photocathode.
The aim and the technical problems of the invention are realized by adopting the following technical proposal. The invention provides an image enhancement type detection imaging system, which comprises:
The image intensifier described above; and
An image sensor coupled to the image intensifier.
Further, in the foregoing image enhancement type detection imaging system, the image sensor is a CCD or CMOS device, and is coupled to the anode output window of the image enhancer.
Further, in the aforementioned image enhancement type detection imaging system, the photosensitive surface of the image sensor is coupled to the output surface of the anode output window in a manner of fast curing coupling.
Compared with the prior art, the image intensifier with the double-optical-fiber light cone structure and the image intensifier detection imaging system comprising the same have the following beneficial effects:
The image intensifier has the advantages that the structure of the input end face and the output end face of the electron multiplication element is different from that of the traditional electron multiplication element, the number of coupling interfaces among elements in the device can be effectively reduced through the novel structural design, the inclined negative effect of coupling of the output end face of the optical fiber is avoided, the light reflection loss of the end face is reduced, the coupling efficiency is improved, and the observation field of view is enlarged on the premise of not increasing the volume of an image sensor such as ICMOS or an ICCD device or even reducing the volume.
The invention relates to an image intensifier, which adopts the design of double optical fiber light cones, and is specifically divided into a front stage optical fiber light cone and a rear stage optical fiber light cone, wherein the front stage optical fiber light cone is a signal input window, and the rear stage optical fiber light cone is an output window for enhancing signals and is also a relay element for coupling CCD/CMOS. The structural design is favorable for improving the coupling efficiency of an imaging system, reducing the number of coupling interfaces and improving the resolution and the light transmittance. Meanwhile, the structure is simplified, and the volume is reduced. Because the optical fiber light cone is used as an input window element, the functions of amplifying and shrinking the optical fiber light cone can be utilized, on one hand, the detected visual field is increased, and on the other hand, the image with a large visual field is shrunk to the designed size, so that the shell volume of the image intensifier is reduced, and the preparation difficulty of an imaging device is reduced; the shape of the output end of the front and rear optical fiber light cone can be customized according to the coupling photosensitive surface of the coupled CCD or CMOS, and can be processed into a round shape, a square table shape, a ring shape, even a concave shape and a convex shape, without being limited by the shape, so as to be suitable for the requirements of different device designs.
The front-stage fiber light cone cover glass of the image intensifier adopts a silicate glass system, the average transmittance of the front-stage fiber light cone cover glass is more than 92% between 400nm and 900nm, and the refractive index Nd of the cover glass is less than 1.52. The core glass adopts a lead silicate glass system, the refractive index Nd of the core glass is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture of the large end of the light cone of the front-stage optical fiber is more than 1.0; the rear-stage optical fiber light cone adopts boron lanthanum barium as a core glass basic system, and the contents of lanthanum oxide and niobium oxide are increased in a proper amount to improve the refractive index of the glass, increase the numerical aperture angle and improve the light gathering and light transmitting capacity, so that the average transmittance of the core glass between 400nm and 900nm is more than 90%, the refractive index Nd is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture is more than 1.0. The fiber cladding glass of the optical cone of the rear-level optical fiber adopts a borosilicate glass system, and the structure is adjusted by adjusting the content of boron oxide and silicon oxide and the relative proportion of the boron oxide and alkali metal so as to obtain smaller refractive index and higher physical and chemical property stability, so that the refractive index Nd is smaller than 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur on the interface contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃; and the irradiation performance of the optical cone of the optical fiber is improved by introducing the irradiation-resistant oxide into the core-skin glass.
The optical absorption wire of the image intensifier adopts a gap-filling type wire inserting mode, optical signals among optical fibers are independent and cannot interfere with each other, and the optical crosstalk rate among the optical fibers is less than 0.5%, so that the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone have good optical insulativity, and the independence of system optical signal output is ensured;
the invention uses mathematical calculation simulation, directly uses the optical crosstalk rate as a key parameter, optimizes the arrangement and quantity of non-absorbing optical fibers in one time, expands the arrangement to the whole surface of the whole optical cone of the optical fibers, and further optimizes the arrangement of the optical absorption material so as to achieve the purpose of uniformly absorbing crosstalk stray light. The invention adopts the technical arrangement that all light absorbing wires are inserted in the gap positions in order to improve the light insulation between optical fibers.
The invention adopts fast curing coupling and optical curing glue, and the glue can realize fast curing under the irradiation of ultraviolet light (300-380 nm) or visible light (400-450 nm), and the refractive index of the optical glue can reach 1.5-1.7. In order to reduce the reflection loss of the coupling interface, coupling matching liquid and photosensitive curing glue are adopted to jointly couple the output surface of the optical cone of the optical fiber and the photosensitive surface of the CCD or the CMOS. The refractive index of the matching liquid can reach approximately 1.7-1.8, and the value of the matching liquid is equivalent to the refractive index of glass of an optical fiber cone, so that the coupling light transmittance can be obviously improved, and clearer coupling imaging can be obtained.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the present invention, and is intended to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention, and is to be accorded the full scope of the present invention.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an ICCD/ICMOS detection imaging system architecture of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of light scattering at the output end face of a single fiber in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the tilting effect of the output end face of a single fiber according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a dual straight region optical fiber cone structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a view of various configurations of the fiber taper of the present invention, (a) a round-ended fiber taper; (b) a fiber optic taper with circular steps at the large and small ends; (c) a fiber cone with square ends; (d) a large end concave surface, a small end circular optical fiber light cone;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the angle between the small end multifilaments of the optical cone and the boundary of the optical fiber according to the present invention;
FIG. 7A is a schematic illustration of a full insertion of round filaments according to the present invention;
FIG. 7B is a second schematic illustration of the full insertion of round filaments according to the present invention;
FIG. 7C is a third schematic illustration of the full insertion of round filaments according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the crosstalk ratio between optical fibers in the front-end taper of example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the crosstalk ratio between optical fibers in the front end taper of example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the crosstalk ratio between optical fibers in the front end taper of example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the irradiation detection result of the front-stage optical fiber light cone glass according to example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the result of irradiation detection of the front-stage optical fiber light cone glass according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the result of irradiation detection of the front-stage optical fiber light cone glass according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the result of irradiation detection of the front-stage optical fiber taper core glass according to example 3 of the present invention.
Reference numerals illustrate: 10: an image enhancement type detection imaging system; 20: an image intensifier; 30: an electron multiplier device; 21: a cathode input window; 22: a housing; 23: a microchannel plate; 24: an anode output window; 25: a photocathode; 26: a phosphor layer; an electron: e, performing the step of; photons: and p.
Detailed Description
In order to further describe the technical means and effects of the present invention for achieving the intended purpose, the following describes the specific implementation, structure, features and effects of the image intensifier and the image intensifier detecting imaging system with dual optical fiber light cone structure according to the present invention in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments. In the following description, different "an embodiment" or "an embodiment" do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics of one or more embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner.
All reagents are commercially available unless specified otherwise, and all methods involved are conventional. The components involved are commercially available products well known to those skilled in the art.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides an image intensifier 20, which includes:
A housing 22; which is the housing of the image intensifier 20;
An electron multiplier element 30 provided in the housing 22;
a cathode input window 21 provided at an input end of the electron multiplier element 22 and connected to the housing 22; and
An anode output window 24 provided at an output end of the electron multiplying element 22 and connected to the housing 22.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the electron multiplying element 30 may be a glass microchannel plate (G-MCP), a siliceous microchannel plate (Si-MCP), or a microchannel plate prepared by atomic deposition (ALD-MCP), which is a thin-sheet structure containing a large number of capillary arrays. In view of the cost performance of the microchannel plate and the good matching performance of the mechanical properties of the microchannel plate and the nickel-chromium electrode material, the microchannel plate is preferably a vitreous microchannel plate, and more preferably a silicate vitreous microchannel plate containing 20-30wt% of lead oxide, and the microchannel plate has the advantages of mature preparation process, stable volume resistance and electronic gain and good cost performance.
Further, the electron multiplying element 30 is located between the cathode input window 21 and the anode output window 24.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the cathode input window 21, the housing 22 and the anode output window 24 form a vacuum sealing structure.
Specifically, the cathode input window 21, the anode output window 24, and the electron multiplying element 30 are fixed to the housing 22 by metal sealing.
In the embodiment of the present invention, a front end vacuum gap is formed between the cathode input window 21 and the electron multiplying element 30, the smaller the gap is, the more easily the discharge is caused to break down, and the gap is 0.1mm-0.3mm; a rear end vacuum gap is formed between the electron multiplying element 30 and the anode output window 24, and the smaller the gap is, the more easily the discharge is caused to break down, and the gap is 0.4mm-0.6mm.
Here, the cathode input window 21 according to the embodiment of the present invention selects a fiber light cone, and is referred to as a front-stage fiber light cone, which is used for signal input; the anode output window 24 also selects a fiber taper, referred to as a post-stage fiber taper, which is used to enhance the signal, also a CCD/CMOS coupled repeater element. The structural design is favorable for improving the coupling efficiency of an imaging system, reducing the number of coupling interfaces and improving the resolution and the light transmittance. Meanwhile, the structure is simplified, and the volume is reduced. Because the optical fiber light cone is used as an input window element, the functions of amplifying and shrinking the optical fiber light cone can be utilized, on one hand, the detected visual field is increased, and on the other hand, the image with a large visual field is shrunk to the designed size, so that the shell volume of the image intensifier is reduced, and the preparation difficulty of an imaging device is reduced.
The front and back stage optical fiber cones have the key effects of coupling with CCD/CMOS, converting the coupled image into digital signal, and realizing image processing and long distance transmission. The detection and coupling imaging processes require higher coupling efficiency, resolution and light transmittance, and a larger field of view. However, there are several factors that reduce the coupling efficiency, so that the theoretical limit cannot be reached, and the main factors are as follows.
First aspect: when the optical fiber light cone is coupled with the CCD, the light spot entering the CCD is often caused to be much larger than the size of the optical fiber light cone due to the scattering angle effect of the emergent light of the end face, so that the resolution of imaging is obviously reduced. The magnitude of this drop can be obtained from theoretical calculations. Assuming that the diameter of a single fiber of the optical fiber light cone is D, the gap between the output end face of the optical fiber light cone and the CCD is t, the numerical aperture angle of the optical fiber light cone is theta, the refractive index of a medium between the optical fiber light cone and the CCD is n 0, and the light spot size D incident on the CCD can be calculated according to the following formula. As shown in fig. 2.
If n 0 is 1.4 and B is 0.5, when D is 10 μm and t is 13 μm, D is equal to 20 μm, that is, the resolution of the image output by the optical fiber light cone is reduced by one time after the image is coupled by CCD under the condition.
Second aspect: what affects the coupling resolution is the tilting effect of the end faces. The inclination of the exit end face of the fiber cone causes a change in the angle of the exiting light. For normal non-inclined exit faces the exit cone is symmetrical about the central axis of the optical fibre, whereas the inclined exit face breaks this symmetry. As can be seen from fig. 3, the light rays originally parallel to the center of the fiber are not emitted in the direction perpendicular to the end face, but are deflected by an angle θ, and the deflection angle is equal to:
where n 1 and n 0 are refractive indices of the optical taper core layer and the output medium, respectively, and α is an exit angle of the light. Thus, the tilting of the end faces directly causes an increase in the range of the light spot of the input face of the coupling element, thereby reducing the resolution after coupling.
Third aspect: the fiber taper coupling in series reduces resolution. In practical use, when two or more optical image sensing elements are connected in series, the resolution at this time is also significantly reduced. Theoretically, when two optical image sensing elements of resolution R 1 and R 2, respectively, are coupled in series, the resolution of the imaging system is approximately equal to:
If r1=r2, the above formula can be simplified as:
For n optical fiber image sensing elements of the same resolution in series, the resolution of the imaging system is approximately equal to:
The above formula shows that when two optical fiber image transmission elements with the same resolution are connected in series, the resolution is reduced to 71% of the original resolution, and when three optical fiber image transmission elements are connected in series, the resolution is reduced to 58% of the original resolution. The fundamental cause of the resolution degradation is the asymmetry of the coupling structure and the presence of gaps in the coupling.
Based on the theoretical analysis, the coupling interface of the image transmission element must be reduced, namely the number of series elements is reduced, so that the coupling efficiency, resolution and transmittance are improved; secondly, the structure of the end face of the image transmission element is improved, and the inclination of the optical fiber, especially the output end face, is avoided; third, the taper angle of the fiber taper is reduced and the gap of coupling is reduced. Aiming at a CCD/CMOS detection imaging system, an optical fiber light cone is directly used as an output window of an image intensifier, so that a coupling interface of an optical fiber surface and the optical fiber light cone is reduced; the design of the output structure of the optical fiber cone is heavier than that of the end face; the input window material of the image intensifier is replaced by an optical fiber light cone, and the image plane with larger visual field can be transmitted into the image intensifier by utilizing the shrinking function of the optical fiber light cone. In addition, the invention adopts a mode different from the traditional mode on the structural design of the optical fiber light cone material and the optical fiber light cone interior so as to realize the imaging observation of clearer, longer-distance and weaker signals.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the cathode input window 21 includes a front-stage optical fiber taper and a photocathode 25 deposited on an output end face of the front-stage optical fiber taper. The photocathode 25 is a key for converting a weak light signal into an electronic signal, and is disposed between the electron multiplier element 30 and the front-stage light cone.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the anode output window 24 includes a rear-stage optical fiber taper and a phosphor layer 26 provided on an output end surface of the rear-stage optical fiber taper.
Further, the material of the phosphor layer 26 is selected from one of P11 (ZnS: ag) phosphor, P20 (zns·cds: ag) phosphor, P22 (ZnS: cu—al) phosphor and P45 (Y 2O2 S: tb) phosphor, or other phosphors having similar properties to the above phosphors. And selecting a proper fluorescent powder material according to the matched spectrum band, luminous efficiency and afterglow time of the image intensifier. If the band is about 450nm, P11 is preferably selected; if the band is about 550nm, P20 is preferably selected; if a band of about 530nm is used, P22 or P45 is preferably chosen.
The structural dimensions of the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are designed as follows:
the maximum outer diameter D of the large end of the front-stage light cone can reach 45-200mm, the large end wire diameter (the wire diameter of the unit wire) can be designed to be 4-500 mu m, or a square wire with a considerable size, the light cone height L is not lower than 0.5 of the large end diameter (or the large end polygonal circumcircle) of the light cone of the optical fiber, and the amplification ratio R 1 is in the range of: greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0, see fig. 4.
The large end of the rear-stage light cone is designed according to the small end (output end) size of the front-stage light cone, if the large end diameter (equivalent size) of the front-stage light cone is D and the amplification ratio is R 1, the large end size of the rear-stage light cone is about D/R 1 and is equivalent to the small end size of the front-stage light cone. The small end size of the rear-stage light cone can be calculated according to the amplification ratio R 2 of the rear-stage light cone, namely D/R 1/R2. The amplification ratio R 2 ranges from: greater than 1.0 and less than 5.0.
Further, the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone comprise an input end part, a transition part and an output end part which are sequentially connected into a whole; the transition part is positioned between the input end part and the output end part, the cross-sectional area of the input end part is larger than that of the output end part, the cross-sectional area of one end of the transition part is the same as that of the input end part, and the cross-sectional area of the other end of the transition part is the same as that of the output end part; the optical fibers within the optical fiber taper are arranged in parallel.
The optical cones of the optical fibers are all designed in a double-straight-area structure, as shown in fig. 4. Specifically, the input end and the output end of the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone adopt straight area structures, namely the axial direction of each unit optical fiber of the output surface is vertical to the end surface; the length of the straight area of the input end part is not less than 5mm; the length of the straight area of the output end part is not less than 2mm. Through the design of the double straight areas, the inclination effect of the front and rear light cone optical fiber output end surfaces is avoided, and the coupling efficiency with the CCD or CMOS photosensitive surface can be effectively improved.
In specific implementation, the shapes of the output ends of the front and rear optical fiber cones can be customized according to the coupling photosensitive surfaces of the coupled CCDs or CMOS, and can be processed into a round shape, a square table shape, a ring shape, even a concave shape and a convex shape, and the output ends are not limited by the shapes, as shown in fig. 5 (a) -5 (d). The input end parts of the front and rear optical fiber cones are generally round, but not limited to round, and can be designed and processed into square table shapes, concave and convex shapes and superposition of the shapes, such as concave square table shapes. To accommodate the needs of different device designs. In particular, when the optical fiber light cone, especially the small end output surface is square, the angle between the optical fiber light cone and the CCD or CMOS photosensitive surface is required, and the angle alpha or beta is determined according to the coupling practice, as shown in fig. 6. Typically, for a unit wire being a round wire, closely arranged in a hexagon, the α value is 15 °; whereas for square filaments, the filaments are closely arranged in a square, with a beta value of 45 °.
In addition, the diameters of the unit wires of the front-stage and rear-stage optical fiber light cones are determined according to the resolution requirement of the system and the pixel size of the coupled CCD/CMOS photosensitive surface. Typical values (fiber taper large end): in the case of round unit wires, the wire diameter is 4-10 microns; in the case of square unit filaments, the filament dimensions are typically 4 x 4 microns, 5 x 5 microns, 6 x 6 microns.
The optical fiber taper is a single optical fiber aggregate. The single optical fiber structurally consists of a core glass layer with high refractive index and a sheath glass layer with low refractive index, and light and image transmission is carried out based on the interface total reflection physical principle.
The front-stage optical fiber light cone can be composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers comprise a sheath layer and a core layer, the sheath layer is made of silicate glass sheath material pipes, the core layer is made of lead silicate glass core material rods, absorption wires are inserted between the silicate glass sheath material pipes and the lead silicate glass core material rods, the absorption wires are made of light absorption glass, and the silicate glass sheath material pipes, the lead silicate glass core material rods and the absorption wires are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art; the average transmittance of the optical fiber between 400nm and 900nm is more than 70%, the refractive index Nd of the skin layer is less than 1.52, the refractive index Nd of the core layer is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture is more than 1.0.
The rear-stage optical fiber light cone consists of a plurality of optical fibers, wherein each optical fiber comprises a skin layer and a core layer, the skin layer is made of borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the core layer is made of boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, light absorption wires are inserted between the borosilicate glass skin material pipes and the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, the light absorption wires are made of light absorption glass, and the borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods and the absorption wires are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art; the refractive index Nd of the skin layer is smaller than 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur at the interface of the skin layer contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃; the refractive index n d of the core layer is greater than 1.82 and the numerical aperture is greater than 1.0.
When the optical fiber manufacturing method is specifically implemented, the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are manufactured into optical fibers and optical fiber bundles by adopting rod tube Faraday, glass with high refractive index is manufactured into glass rods, glass with low refractive index is formed into glass tubes, the glass rods are nested in the glass tubes to be drawn into single optical fibers, the single optical fibers are arranged and drawn into composite optical fibers, the composite optical fibers are regularly arranged together to form the composite optical fiber bundles, the composite optical fiber bundles are formed into plate sections by a mechanical vacuum hot melt pressing method, and the plate sections are subjected to secondary heating stretching and finally subjected to optical finish machining. Accordingly, the optical fiber bundle adopts three drawing forming processes, i.e., single filament, primary multifilament and secondary multifilament. The rod from which the primary filaments are drawn is referred to as a primary rod and the rod from which the secondary multifilament filaments are drawn is referred to as a secondary rod. Wherein the light absorbing filaments are introduced during the primary rod arrangement. And drawing for three times to obtain the unit wire with the unit wire size of micron. The light absorption wires are introduced by adopting a gap insertion method, and the light absorption materials introduced by the sections of the two different unit wires are arranged differently, so that the absorption of stray light among optical fibers is realized, and the imaging effect with high contrast is obtained. The arrangement is shown in fig. 7A-7C.
The front-stage optical fiber light cone can be consistent with the material system of the rear-stage optical fiber light cone, and the following material system can also be used.
1) Front-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: a silicate system; coefficient of thermal expansion (60-80). Times.10 -7/. Degree.C; refractive index Nd is 1.51-1.53; the light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is not less than 92%; the mass percentage content of the cerium oxide is 0.5-2.0wt percent, and the irradiation resistance of the glass is improved. More than 2.0wt% may cause composite coloration of the glass to reduce the transmittance of the glass, and less than 0.5wt% may result in poor radiation resistance; the main components are as follows (the average light transmittance of 400-600nm wave band after ％)：SiO2：55-70％,K2O：10-20％;BaO：10-15％;B2O3：10-15％;Al2O3：0-10％;CeO2：0.5-2.0％. irradiation is reduced by less than 2.0% (the reduced width refers to the difference of light transmittance before and after irradiation. The front light cone is cut and tested according to the requirements of national army standard GJB 9792-2020).
2) Front-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: lead silicate system with expansion coefficient of 80-100 multiplied by 10 -7/deg.c; refractive index n d is 1.81-1.84; the light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is not less than 90%; cerium oxide (CeO 2) is introduced to improve the irradiation resistance of the glass; the main components are as follows (mass percentage): siO 2：35-45％;Pb3O4：40-50％;K2O：10-15％;CeO2: 0.5-1.0%. CeO 2 is introduced with the mass percentage content of 0.5-2.0wt percent, so that the irradiation resistance of the glass is improved. Exceeding 2.0wt% may cause composite coloration of the glass to decrease the transmittance of the glass, and below 0.5wt% the radiation resistance is poor. The light transmittance of the wavelength of 400-600nm after irradiation is reduced by less than 2.0 percent (the reduced width refers to the difference of the light transmittance before and after irradiation, and the test is carried out according to the requirements of national army standard GJB 9792-2020 after the front light cone is sliced. Proper amount of niobium oxide (Nb 2O5) is added, the content of which is about 2-5wt% so as to improve the refractive index of the core glass, the excessive introduction of the niobium oxide is easy to cause the glass to be clarified and difficult to be increased, the niobium oxide is easy to be colored in lead glass, and the light transmittance is reduced. The proper amount of fluoride (such as KHF 2) is introduced into the glass at 0-3.0wt%, so that the irradiation resistance of the glass is improved, the high-temperature viscosity is reduced, and the glass is easily opacified and the light transmittance is reduced when the high-temperature viscosity exceeds 3.0 wt%.
The rear-stage optical fiber light cone can be consistent with the material system of the front-stage optical fiber light cone, and the following material system can be combined.
1) Rear-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: borosilicate glass systems; the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass is (70-90) multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.51-1.53; the light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is not less than 90%; the mass percentage content of the cerium oxide is 0.5-2.0wt percent, and the irradiation resistance of the glass is improved. More than 1.0wt% may cause composite coloration of the glass to reduce the transmittance of the glass, and less than 0.5wt% may result in poor radiation resistance; the main components are as follows (the light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after )：SiO2：60-70％,K2O:10-15％;BaO:0-5％;B2O3:10-15％;Al2O3：0-5％;CeO2：0.5-2.0％. irradiation is reduced by less than 2.0% (the reduced width refers to the difference between the light transmittance before and after irradiation, and the test is carried out according to the requirements of national army standard GJB 9792-2020 after the latter light cone is sliced).
2) Rear-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: a boron lanthanum barium glass system; the expansion coefficient is (80-100) multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.80-1.84; the light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is not less than 90%; cerium oxide is introduced to improve the irradiation resistance of the glass; the main components are as follows (the light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after )：SiO2：10-20％;BaO：10-20％;B2O3：20-30％;La2O5：30-40％;CeO2：0.5-2.0％. irradiation is reduced by less than 3.0% (the reduced width refers to the difference of light transmittance before and after irradiation, the test is carried out according to the requirements of national army standard GJB 9792-2020 after the latter-stage light cone is sliced), the total content of niobium oxide (Nb 2O5) and tantalum oxide (Ta 2O5) is increased by a proper amount and is not more than 5%, so as to improve the refractive index of the core glass, and meanwhile, fluoride (such as KHF 2) is introduced by a proper amount to be 0-3.0%, so that the irradiation resistance and the high-temperature viscosity of the glass are improved.
In addition to the component design of the fiber core glass, there are also component designs of the absorbing filaments and interstitial filaments. Because of the different assembly positions of the optical fiber taper and the requirements of specific processes, two kinds of core glass and two kinds of corresponding sheath glass are required to be designed. Accordingly, the glass material design of the present invention comprises: two core glasses, two sheath glasses, light absorbing glass and interstitial glass (which are identical in composition to the sheath glass except that they function to fill the interstitial space between the fibers) are designed with six material compositions in total. The preparation of the optical fiber cone material mainly improves the numerical aperture angle matched with the material, increases the light collection rate, and simultaneously increases the transmittance of the core glass body and improves the transmittance of the optical fiber. And what determines the above properties is core-skin glass. The sheath glass of the front-stage optical fiber light cone adopts a silicate glass system, the core glass adopts a lead silicate glass system, the average transmittance of the core glass between 400nm and 900nm is more than 90 percent, the refractive index Nd of the sheath glass is less than 1.52, the refractive index Nd of the core glass is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture is more than 1.0. The rear-stage optical fiber light cone adopts boron lanthanum barium as a core glass basic system, and the contents of lanthanum oxide and niobium oxide are increased in a proper amount to improve the refractive index of the glass, increase the numerical aperture angle and improve the light gathering and light transmitting capacity, so that the average transmittance of a 100mm core glass rod between 400nm and 900nm is more than 75%, the refractive index Nd is more than 1.82, and the numerical aperture is more than 1.0. The fiber cladding glass of the optical fiber light cone adopts a borosilicate glass system, and the structure is adjusted by adjusting the content of boron oxide and silicon oxide and the relative proportion of the boron oxide and alkali metal, so that the smaller refractive index and the higher stability of physicochemical property are obtained, the refractive index Nd is smaller than 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur on the interface contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃. The key point of the invention is to introduce radiation-resistant oxide into the core-skin glass to improve the radiation performance of the optical cone of the optical fiber.
The light absorbing glass has the main function of absorbing crosstalk stray light, and the wavelength of the stray light is concentrated between 500 and 560nm, so that a light absorbing glass material system with obvious absorption effect in the spectrum range is designed. Design principle: the system is based on the cladding glass of optical fiber light cone, and the coloring agent with strong absorption in the wavelength range is introduced, such as manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, etc., and the proper amount of neodymium oxide is introduced to play the role of color mixing and stabilize the coloring effect. The layout of the light absorbing glass materials in the traditional optical fiber light cone is determined according to the contrast requirement, and the number and the structure of the light absorbing glass materials inserted into the primary rod are designed according to the use requirement. The arrangement and the quantity of the light absorbing wires in one time are optimized, the light absorbing wires are expanded to the whole optical fiber taper plate surface, and the arrangement of the light absorbing glass materials is further optimized, so that the aim of uniformly absorbing crosstalk stray light is fulfilled. The invention adopts the technical arrangement that all light absorbing wires are inserted in the gap positions in order to improve the light insulation between optical fibers. In order to ensure the ideal output of the optical signal output system of the system, the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are required to have good optical insulativity, the optical absorption wire adopts a gap-filling type wire inserting mode, the optical signals between each optical fiber are required to be independent in structural design, the optical signals cannot be mutually interfered, and the optical crosstalk rate between the optical fibers is less than 0.5%.
Specifically, the photocathode is a transmission type S-20, S-20R, S-20VR, S24, S-25 series multi-alkali cathode, or a GaAs photocathode (such as a GaAs negative electron affinity photocathode), or an S-1, S-10 series silver-oxygen-cesium photocathode, or an S-9, S-11 series antimony-cesium photocathode. In view of the requirement that the cathode window of the image intensifier operates in a transmissive manner and that the coefficients of expansion of the photocathode material and the substrate material match. Meanwhile, the peak response wavelength and quantum efficiency of the photocathode material are also considered, and the invention requires that: the medium expansion coefficient matching range is 50-65 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C, the high expansion coefficient matching range is 80-95 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C, the quantum efficiency is higher than 20% in the visible light wave band of 400-800nm, and the multi-alkali cathodes or GaAs negative electron affinity photocathodes of S-20, S-20R, S-20VR, S24 and S-25 series are preferred.
The image intensifier is a high vacuum device, and the preparation method of the image intensifier is the same as that of the existing image intensifier.
The invention also provides an image enhancement type detection imaging system, which comprises:
An image intensifier; and
An image sensor coupled to the image intensifier.
In practice, the image sensor may be a CCD or CMOS device coupled to the anode output window of the image intensifier.
Preferably, the photosensitive surface of the CCD or CMOS is coupled to the output surface of the anode output window, and the coupling connection mode is fast curing coupling, specifically including: the optical curing adhesive is adopted, the adhesive can be rapidly cured under the irradiation of ultraviolet light (300-380 nm) or visible light (400-450 nm), the refractive index of the optical adhesive can reach 1.5-1.7, the photosensitive curing adhesive with high refractive index is preferred, and the curing process is completed within 30 seconds; for example, the optical cement has a refractive index of 1.6 and a required curing time of 10 seconds. In order to reduce the reflection loss of the coupling interface, coupling matching liquid and photosensitive curing glue are used for jointly coupling the image transmission optical fiber bundle and the photosensitive surface of the CCD or the CMOS. The refractive index of the matching liquid can reach approximately 1.7-1.8, and the value of the matching liquid is equivalent to that of image transmission optical fiber glass, so that the coupling light transmittance can be obviously improved, the amplitude is improved by more than 10%, and clearer coupling imaging is obtained.
The image enhancement probe imaging system of the present invention includes an image intensifier (including a front-end fiber light cone and a back-end fiber light cone), an image sensor such as a CCD or CMOS device. The structure of which is shown in figure 3. The working principle is as follows: the weak light signal is transmitted to the small end of the front-stage optical fiber light cone through the front-stage optical fiber light cone, a photoelectric cathode material is deposited on the small end face, photons p are incident into the photoelectric cathode material to generate electrons e, photoelectrons are multiplied through a microchannel plate, the multiplied electrons bombard a fluorescent powder layer on the input end of the rear-stage optical fiber light cone, the electrons e are converted into photons p, the light is transmitted to the photosensitive surface of the CCD or CMOS device through the rear-stage optical fiber light cone, and the light signal is changed into an electric signal, so that the digitization of an image is realized. For ray detection imaging, a layer of material which can be converted into visible detection signals, such as visible light, infrared or ultraviolet light signals, is deposited on the input end face of the front-stage optical fiber light cone. These signals are then subjected to the above-described process, thereby effecting a detected imaging of the radiation.
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides an image enhancement type detection imaging system, which comprises an image enhancer with a double-optical-fiber light cone structure and an image sensor; the image sensor is a CMOS device, and the photosensitive surface of the image sensor is coupled with the image intensifier;
The image intensifier includes:
A housing; the shell is formed by compounding annular metal pieces and ceramic pieces, the number ratio is 3:2, the annular metal pieces and the ceramic pieces are annular pieces, and the effective inner diameter is 25mm. Among them, the metal is preferably oxygen-free copper having good sealing property with glass and ceramics, and the ceramic is preferably alumina ceramic having high dielectric constant and good thermal stability. Oxygen-free copper is required to have a purity of 99.995%, an oxygen content of 0.002% and a conductivity of 58.6ms/m. The purity of the alumina ceramic is more than 95 percent, and the dielectric constant is 9.0.
An electron multiplying element disposed within the housing, the electron multiplying element being a silicate vitreous microchannel plate containing 30wt% lead oxide;
A cathode input window provided at an input end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing through indium metal; the cathode input window comprises a front-stage light cone and a photocathode deposited on the output end face of the front-stage light cone; the photocathode is arranged between the electron multiplying element and the front-stage light cone. The photocathode is made of a multi-alkali cathode material ((Na 2 KSb) Cs), the main crystal is Na 2 KSb, the atomic ratio of Na to K to Sb is 2:1:1, the transmission type working mode is adopted, the peak response wavelength is 420nm, and the quantum efficiency under the peak response wavelength is 18.8%. The effective diameter of the large end of the front-stage light cone is 40mm, the amplification ratio is 2:1, the wire diameter of the large-end unit optical fiber is 6 mu m, and the height of the optical fiber cone is 35mm; and
An anode output window which is arranged at the output end of the electron multiplication element and is connected with the shell through metal indium; the cathode input window comprises a front-stage light cone and a photocathode deposited on the output end face of the front-stage light cone; the fluorescent powder selects P20 (ZnS.CdS: ag) fluorescent powder with yellow-green light wave band, and the response peak wavelength is about 550nm; the effective diameter of the large end of the rear-stage light cone is 18mm, the amplification ratio is 2:1, the wire diameter of the large-end unit optical fiber is 6 mu m, and the height of the optical fiber cone is 15mm;
The cathode input window, the anode output window and the electron multiplying element are fixed on the shell through metal indium in a sealing manner, and the electron multiplying element is positioned between the cathode input window and the anode output window; the cathode input window, the shell and the anode output window form a vacuum sealing structure; the photosensitive surface of the CMOS device is coupled with the output surface of the anode output window in a rapid solidification coupling mode.
A front end vacuum gap is formed between the cathode input window and the electron multiplication element, and the gap is 0.1mm; a rear end vacuum gap is formed between the electron multiplication element and the anode output window, and the gap is 0.4mm.
The image intensifier with the double-fiber light cone structure is coupled with a CMOS device, and the imaged image is converted into a digitized intensified signal after being coupled, so that the image processing and the remote transmission are realized. In order to avoid coupling losses such as Fresnel reflection at interfaces between elements, end face inclination negative effect, multi-element series connection and the like, the structural dimensions of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone and the coupling modes of an image intensifier and a CMOS are as follows:
The maximum outer diameter D of the large end of the front-stage optical fiber cone is 45mm, the effective diameter is 40mm, the fiber diameter of the large end unit optical fiber is 6 mu m, the height of the optical fiber cone is 35mm, and the amplification ratio is 2:1. the diameter of the large end unit fiber was 6 μm and the diameter of the small end unit fiber was 3 μm. The internal light absorption wires are inserted in a clearance type full insertion way, namely, all the clearance positions among the light transmission optical fibers are inserted into the light absorption wires, and the wire diameter of the light absorption wires is 0.4mm.
The large end of the rear-stage optical fiber light cone is determined according to the small end (output end) size of the front-stage light cone, if the large end effective diameter (equivalent size) of the front-stage light cone is 40mm and the amplification ratio is 2:1, the large end effective diameter of the rear-stage light cone is about 20mm and is equivalent to the small end size of the front-stage light cone. And the amplification ratio of the rear-stage light cone is 2:1, and the effective diameter size of the small end of the rear-stage light cone is 10mm. The diameter of the large end unit fiber was 6 μm and the diameter of the small end unit fiber was 3 μm. The optical fiber cone height of the rear-stage light cone is 15mm.
The input end and the output end of the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are both in straight area structures, namely the axial direction of each unit optical fiber of the output surface is vertical to the end surface; the straight area length of the input end of the front-stage light cone of the embodiment is 5mm; the straight zone length of the output end part is 3mm. The length of the straight area at the input end of the rear-stage light cone is 3mm; the straight zone length of the output end part is 2mm.
The photosensitive surface of the CMOS is rectangular, the photosensitive element is of a nearly square structure, the output ends of the front-stage light cone and the rear-stage light cone are processed into a rectangle, and the input ends of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are processed into a circle.
The front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are composed of a plurality of optical fibers, each optical fiber comprises a skin layer and a core layer, the skin layer is made of borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the core layer is made of boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, light absorption wires are inserted between the borosilicate glass skin material pipes and the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, the light absorption wires are made of light absorption glass, and the borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods and the absorption wires are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art.
The front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are made into optical fibers and optical fiber bundles by rod tube method, glass with n d of 1.81 is prepared into glass rods, glass with n d of 1.51 is molded into glass tubes, the glass rods with the diameter of 31.5mm are nested in the glass tubes with the inner diameter of 32.0mm, single optical fibers are drawn at 850 ℃, the diameter of monofilaments is 3.3mm, the single optical fibers are subjected to rod arrangement and drawing to form composite optical fibers, the number of monofilaments on each side of the composite optical fiber bundles is 5, the composite optical fibers are regularly arranged together to form composite optical fiber bundles with the opposite side size of 28.5mm, the composite optical fiber bundles are subjected to mechanical vacuum hot melt pressing to form plate sections with the opposite side size of 29mm, and the plate sections are subjected to secondary heating and drawing at 770 ℃, and finally subjected to optical finishing such as rolling, milling, grinding, polishing and the like. Accordingly, the optical fiber bundle adopts three drawing forming processes, i.e., single filament, primary multifilament and secondary multifilament. The rod from which the primary filaments are drawn is referred to as a primary rod and the rod from which the secondary multifilament filaments are drawn is referred to as a secondary rod. Wherein the light absorbing filaments are introduced during the primary rod arrangement. After three drawing, a unit wire having a unit wire size of 6 μm was obtained. The two different unit filament sections are different in arrangement of light absorbing materials, the unit filament section of the embodiment is circular, the light absorbing filament insertion mode is a gap position full insertion mode, the absorption of stray light among optical fibers is achieved, and the imaging effect with high contrast is obtained. The arrangement is shown in fig. 7A.
The components and the proportions of the front-stage light cone, the rear-stage light cone and the light absorption glass are as follows:
1) Front-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: silicate system, its composition and proportion are as follows (mass percent ％)：SiO2：60.0％,K2O：10.5％;BaO：12.5％;B2O3：13.0％;Al2O3：4.0％, thermal expansion coefficient 78×10 -7/°c; refractive index Nd 1.51; light transmittance 92% in 400-900nm range).
2) Front-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: the boron lanthanum barium glass system comprises the following components in percentage by mass: siO 2：17.5％;BaO：13.0％;B2O3：28.5％;La2O5: 41.0% and an expansion coefficient of 87 x 10 -7/. Degree.C; refractive index Nd is 1.82; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm was 90%.
In this embodiment, the material system of the rear-stage optical fiber taper glass is identical to that of the front-stage optical fiber taper glass.
The light absorbing glass comprises the following components in percentage by mass (％)：SiO2：59.0％;K2O：10.5％;BaO：11.5％;B2O3：13.0％;Al2O3：3.0％;CoO：1.0％;NiO：1.5％;FeO：0.5％,, thermal expansion coefficient 82×10 -7/°C; average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 2%).
The light absorbing filaments are made of light absorbing glass, the shape of the light absorbing filaments is designed into round filaments, the diameter of the round filaments is 0.5mm, and the insertion structure of the light absorbing filaments is shown in fig. 7A. The contrast between the optical fibers in the front-stage cone was measured by a contrast meter (the cone was placed on a standard resolution target to obtain a gray image thereof, and the relative transmittance was normalized, and the relative transmittance at the +0.1mm position from the zero point of the opaque region was the contrast, which was the zero point at the position at which the relative transmittance was 50% on the boundary line when the light transmitting region was shifted to the opaque region, was set to be zero point), and the optical crosstalk between the optical fibers was 0.18%, as shown in fig. 8.
The image intensifier is a high vacuum device, and the preparation method is the same as that of the existing image intensifier, and is not described herein.
The fast curing coupling includes: the coupling matching liquid and the photosensitive curing glue are used for jointly coupling the image transmission optical fiber bundle and the photosensitive surface of the CCD or the CMOS, the refractive index of the coupling matching liquid can reach approximately 1.7, the value of the coupling matching liquid is equivalent to that of image transmission optical fiber glass, the photosensitive curing glue can be rapidly cured under the irradiation of ultraviolet light (300-380 nm) or visible light (400-450 nm), the refractive index is 1.6, and the curing time is 10 seconds.
The image enhancement type detection imaging system is mainly used for weak visible light detection imaging.
Example 2
In this example, the materials and dimensions of the front cone, phosphor, and rear cone were the same as those of example 1, except that they were different from those of example 1.
The fluorescent powder is P45 (Y 2O2 S: tb) fluorescent powder with green light wave band, the response peak wavelength is about 530nm, the response wavelength range is wide, the fluorescent powder has response from 380 nm to 620nm, meanwhile, the particle morphology of the fluorescent powder is similar to sphere, the dispersity is good, the average grain size is 300nm, and the fluorescent powder is suitable for irradiation detection imaging with uncertain use wavelength.
The photocathode selects an S20 multi-alkali cathode, the main crystal is Na 2 KSb, the atomic ratio of Na to K to Sb is 2:1:1, the transmission type working mode is adopted, the peak response wavelength is 420nm, and the quantum efficiency under the peak response wavelength is 18.8%.
The image intensifier with the double optical fiber cones is coupled with a CMOS device, and the imaged image is converted into a digitized intensified signal after being coupled, so that the image processing and the remote transmission are realized. In order to avoid coupling losses such as Fresnel reflection at interfaces between elements, end face inclination negative effect, multi-element series connection and the like, the structural dimensions of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone and the coupling modes of the image intensifier and the CMOS device are as follows:
the maximum outer diameter D of the large end of the front-stage optical fiber taper is 100mm, the effective diameter is 73mm, the wire diameter of the large-end unit optical fiber is 6 mu m, the height of the optical fiber taper is 80mm, and the amplification ratio is 1.825:1. the diameter of the large end unit fiber was 6 μm and the diameter of the small end unit fiber was 3.6 μm. The internal light absorption wires are inserted in a clearance type full insertion way, namely, all the clearance positions among the light transmission optical fibers are inserted into the light absorption wires, and the wire diameter of the light absorption wires is 0.4mm.
The large end of the rear-stage optical fiber cone is determined according to the small end (output end) size of the front-stage optical cone. The front end of the front cone has an effective diameter (equivalent dimension) of 73mm and a magnification of 1.825:1, the diameter of the large end of the rear-stage light cone is 43mm, the effective diameter is 40mm, the size of the large end of the rear-stage light cone is equivalent to that of the small end of the front-stage light cone, the amplification ratio is 2:1, and the effective diameter size of the small end of the rear-stage light cone is 20mm. The diameter of the large end unit fiber was 6 μm and the diameter of the small end unit fiber was 3 μm. The optical fiber cone height of the rear-stage light cone is 35mm.
The input end and the output end of the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are both in straight area structures, namely the axial direction of each unit optical fiber of the output surface is vertical to the end surface; the length of the straight area of the input end part of the front-stage light cone is 10mm; the straight zone length of the output end part is 5mm. The length of the straight area of the input end part of the rear-stage light cone is 5mm; the straight zone length of the output end part is 3mm.
The photosensitive surface of the CMOS is rectangular, the output ends of the front-stage light cone and the rear-stage light cone are processed into a rectangle, and the input ends of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are round.
The front-stage optical fiber light cone can be composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers comprise a skin layer and a core layer, the skin layer is made of silicate glass skin material pipes, the core layer is made of lead silicate glass core material rods, absorption wires are inserted between the silicate glass skin material pipes and the lead silicate glass core material rods, the absorption wires are made of light absorption glass, and the silicate glass skin material pipes, the lead silicate glass core material rods and the absorption wires are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art; the average transmittance of the optical fiber between 400nm and 900nm is 92%, the refractive index n d of the cortex is smaller than 1.52, the refractive index n d of the core layer is larger than 1.82, and the numerical aperture of the core layer is larger than 1.0.
The post-stage optical fiber light cone of the embodiment is composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers comprise a skin layer and a core layer, the skin layer is made of borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the core layer is made of boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, light absorption wires are inserted between the borosilicate glass skin material pipes and the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods, the light absorption wires are made of light absorption glass, and the borosilicate glass skin material pipes, the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core material rods and the absorption wires are combined into a fiber structure through the prior art; the refractive index n d of the skin layer is 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur at the interface contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃; the refractive index n d of the core layer is 1.82, and the numerical aperture is larger than 1.0.
The preparation process of the front-stage optical fiber taper and the rear-stage optical fiber taper is the same as that of example 1.
The material systems of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are different, and the following material systems are combined.
1) Front-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: a silicate system; the thermal expansion coefficient is 70 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.51; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 92%; the content of cerium oxide is 1.5wt% and the irradiation resistance of the glass is improved.
The main components and the proportions thereof are as follows (mass percent ％)：SiO2：57.0％,K2O：12.5％;BaO：12.0％;B2O3：13.5％;Al2O3：3.5％;CeO2：1.5％., the average light transmittance of the wave band of 400-600nm after irradiation is reduced by 1.5 percent, and the irradiation detection result is shown in figure 11.
2) Front-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: lead silicate systems having an expansion coefficient of 82 x10 -7/°c; refractive index n d is 1.65; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 90%; the cerium oxide (CeO 2) is introduced to improve the irradiation resistance of the glass. The components and the proportions thereof (mass percent) are as follows: siO 2：44％;Pb3O4：40％;K2O：12％;CeO2: 1.0%; others (Nb 2O5+KHF2): 3.0%.
The content of CeO 2 is 1.0wt%, and the light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after irradiation is reduced by 2.50%. The irradiation detection results are shown in FIG. 12.
The content of niobium oxide (Nb 2O5) is about 2%. The amount of introduced fluoride (e.g., KHF 2) was 1.0%.
The latter stage optical fiber cone adopts the following combination of material systems.
1) Rear-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: borosilicate glass systems; the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass is 85 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.51; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 90%; the content of cerium oxide is 1.5wt%, and the light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after irradiation is reduced by 1.5%.
Its main components are as follows (mass percent) )：SiO2：67.0％,K2O:12.0％;BaO:3.0％;B2O3:13.5％;Al2O3：3.0％;CeO2：1.5％.
2) Rear-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: a boron lanthanum barium glass system; the expansion coefficient is 89 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.81; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 90%; cerium oxide is introduced to improve the irradiation resistance of the glass; the main components are as follows (the light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after )：SiO2：19.0％;BaO：15.0％;B2O3：28.0％;La2O5：37.0％;CeO2：1.0％, irradiation is reduced by 2.0%.
The composition and ratio of the light absorbing glass in this example were the same as those in example 1. The light absorbing wires are made of light absorbing glass, the shape of the light absorbing wires is designed into triangular wires, the height of the triangular wires is 0.7mm, and the arrangement structure of the light absorbing wires is shown in fig. 7B. The contrast between the optical fibers in the front-stage light cone was measured by a contrast meter (the light cone was placed on a standard resolution target to obtain a gray image thereof, and the relative transmittance was normalized, and the position at which the relative transmittance was 50% on the boundary line when the light transmitting region was shifted to the non-transmitting region was set as zero point, and the relative transmittance at the position +0.1mm from the zero point of the non-transmitting region was the contrast), and the optical crosstalk between the optical fibers in the manufactured rear-stage light cone structure was 0.1%, as shown in fig. 9.
Specifically, the photocathode can be an S20 multi-alkali cathode, the main crystal is Na 2 KSb, the atomic ratio of Na to K to Sb is 2:1:1, the peak response wavelength is 420nm in a transmission type working mode, and the quantum efficiency under the peak response wavelength is 18.8%.
The image intensifier is a high vacuum device, and the preparation method is the same as that of the existing image intensifier, and is not described herein.
The fast curing coupling includes: the photosensitive curing adhesive is adopted, the adhesive can be rapidly cured under the irradiation of ultraviolet light 365nm, the refractive index of the optical adhesive is 1.6, and the curing process is completed in 20 seconds.
The image enhancement type detection imaging system is mainly suitable for detection imaging of high-energy rays.
Example 3
In this example, the configuration of the front-stage taper material, the photocathode material, the front-and rear-stage intra-taper unit wires, and the light absorbing wires was the same as that of example 2, except that the configuration was different from that of example 2.
The effective diameter of the large end of the front-stage optical fiber taper is 73mm, the amplification ratio is 1.69:1, the unit wires are square wires, the diameter of the large-end unit optical fiber is 6 multiplied by 6 mu m, and the taper height is 80mm.
The photocathode material selects a GaAs photocathode, has a layered structure, works in a transmission mode, and has a peak response wavelength of 830-840nm.
The effective diameter of the large end of the rear-stage optical fiber taper is 40mm, the amplification ratio is 2:1, the wire diameter is designed as square wire, the wire diameter of the large end unit optical fiber is 6 multiplied by 6 mu m, and the taper height is 35mm.
The components and proportions of the light absorbing glass were the same as in example 1. The light absorbing wires are made of light absorbing glass, the shape of the light absorbing glass is designed into round wires, the diameter of the round wires is 0.6mm, and the arrangement structure of the light absorbing wires is shown in fig. 7C. The contrast between the optical fibers in the front-stage light cone was measured by a contrast meter (the light cone was placed on a standard resolution target to obtain a gray image thereof, and the relative transmittance was normalized, and the relative transmittance at the position at which the relative transmittance was 50% on the boundary line when the light transmitting region was shifted to the non-transmitting region was set as zero point, and the relative transmittance at the position +0.1mm from the zero point of the non-transmitting region was the contrast), and the optical crosstalk between the optical fibers in the fabricated light cone structure was 0.03%, as shown in fig. 10.
The photosensitive surface of the CMOS is rectangular, the photosensitive element is of a nearly square structure, the output ends of the front-stage light cone and the rear-stage light cone are processed into a rectangle, and the input ends of the front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone are processed into a circle.
The front-stage optical fiber light cone is used as a substrate of the GaAs photocathode, and is required to be matched in expansion coefficient, so that the following combination of material systems is adopted in material composition design.
1) Front-stage optical fiber light cone glass
Glass system: a silicate system; the thermal expansion coefficient is 60 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.50; the average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 93%; the content of cerium oxide incorporated was 1.5wt%.
The components and proportions thereof are as follows (mass percent ％)：SiO2：67.0％,K2O：6.5％;BaO：10.0％;B2O3：10.5％;Al2O3：4.5％;CeO2：1.5％,, the average light transmittance of the 400-600nm wave band after irradiation is reduced by 1.8 percent, and the irradiation detection result is shown in figure 13.
2) Front-stage optical fiber optical taper core glass
Glass system: the boron lanthanum barium glass system comprises the following components in percentage by mass (％)：SiO2：67.5％;B2O3：12.5％;Al2O3：4.0％;La2O5：15.0％;CeO2：1.0％, expansion coefficient is 66 multiplied by 10 -7/DEG C; refractive index Nd is 1.72; average light transmittance in the range of 400-900nm is 90%; ceO 2 content is 1.0wt%, light transmittance of 400-600nm wavelength after irradiation is 2.3%; and the irradiation detection result is shown in figure 14.
The image enhancement type detection imaging system is mainly applicable to detection imaging of high-energy particles or high-energy rays.
In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of the embodiments are emphasized, and for parts of one embodiment that are not described in detail, reference may be made to related descriptions of other embodiments.
The numerical ranges recited herein include all numbers within the range and include any two of the range values within the range. The different values of the same index appearing in all embodiments of the invention can be combined arbitrarily to form a range value.
The technical features of the claims and/or the description of the present invention may be combined in a manner not limited to the combination of the claims by the relation of reference. The technical scheme obtained by combining the technical features in the claims and/or the specification is also the protection scope of the invention.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, but any simple modification, equivalent variation and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the present invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (11)
1. An image intensifier, comprising:
A housing;
An electron multiplication element provided in the housing;
A cathode input window provided at an input end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing; and
An anode output window provided at an output end of the electron multiplying element and connected to the housing;
The cathode input window comprises a front-stage optical fiber light cone and a photoelectric cathode deposited on the output end face of the front-stage optical fiber light cone; the anode output window comprises a rear-stage optical fiber light cone and a fluorescent powder layer arranged on the output end face of the rear-stage optical fiber light cone;
The front-stage optical fiber light cone and the rear-stage optical fiber light cone comprise an input end part, a transition part and an output end part which are sequentially connected into a whole; the transition part is positioned between the input end part and the output end part, the cross-sectional area of the input end part is larger than that of the output end part, the cross-sectional area of one end of the transition part is the same as that of the input end part, and the cross-sectional area of the other end of the transition part is the same as that of the output end part; the optical fibers in the front-stage optical fiber cone and the rear-stage optical fiber cone are arranged in parallel.
2. The image intensifier of claim 1 wherein said electron multiplying element is a vitreous microchannel plate, a silicon microchannel plate or an anodized aluminum microchannel plate; the electron multiplication element is positioned between the cathode input window and the anode output window; the cathode input window, the shell and the anode output window form a vacuum sealing structure.
3. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein a front end vacuum gap is formed between said cathode input window and said electron multiplying element, and a back end vacuum gap is formed between said electron multiplying element and said anode output window.
4. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein the phosphor layer is made of one selected from the group consisting of P11 phosphor, P20 phosphor, P22 phosphor and P45 phosphor.
5. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein said input end and output end are each of a straight region structure, and the straight region length of said input end is not less than 5mm; the length of the straight area of the output end part is not less than 2mm.
6. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein the front-stage optical fiber light cone is composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers include a sheath layer and a core layer, the sheath layer is made of a silicate glass sheath tube, the core layer is made of a lead silicate glass core rod, an absorption wire is inserted between the silicate glass sheath tube and the lead silicate glass core rod, the absorption wire is made of light absorption glass, and the silicate glass sheath tube, the lead silicate glass core rod and the absorption wire are combined into a fiber structure; the average transmittance of the optical fiber between 400nm and 900nm is more than 70%, the refractive index Nd of the cortex is less than 1.52, and the refractive index Nd of the core layer is more than 1.82; the numerical aperture of the optical fiber is greater than 1.0.
7. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein the post-stage optical fiber light cone is composed of a plurality of optical fibers, the optical fibers include a sheath layer and a core layer, the sheath layer is made of a borosilicate glass sheath tube, the core layer is made of a boron lanthanum barium salt glass core rod, an absorption wire is inserted between the borosilicate glass sheath tube and the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core rod, the absorption wire is made of light absorption glass, and the borosilicate glass sheath tube, the boron lanthanum barium salt glass core rod and the absorption wire are combined into a fiber structure; the refractive index Nd of the skin layer is smaller than 1.48, and crystallization and phase separation do not occur at the interface of the skin layer contacted with the core glass at the temperature of 820 ℃; the refractive index Nd of the core layer is greater than 1.82; the numerical aperture of the optical fiber is greater than 1.0.
8. The image intensifier as set forth in claim 1, wherein said photocathode is a S20, S-20R, S-20VR, S24, S25 series polybasic cathode, or GaAs photocathode, or S-1, S-10 series silver-oxygen-cesium photocathode, or S-9, S-11 series antimony-cesium photocathode.
9. An image intensifier probe imaging system, comprising:
the image intensifier of any of claims 1-8; and
An image sensor coupled to the image intensifier.
10. The image intensifier probe imaging system as set forth in claim 9, wherein said image sensor is a CCD or CMOS device coupled to the anode output window of the image intensifier.
11. The image intensifier probe imaging system as set forth in claim 10, wherein the photosensitive surface of said image sensor is coupled to the output surface of the anode output window in a fast cure coupling.
Priority Applications (1)
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