CN114166255A - 一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法 - Google Patents

一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法 Download PDF

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CN114166255A
CN114166255A CN202111516047.XA CN202111516047A CN114166255A CN 114166255 A CN114166255 A CN 114166255A CN 202111516047 A CN202111516047 A CN 202111516047A CN 114166255 A CN114166255 A CN 114166255A
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黄华林
梁秋桐
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Shenzhen Bo Jian Electronic Technology Co ltd
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/347Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells using displacement encoding scales
    • G01D5/34776Absolute encoders with analogue or digital scales
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    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/347Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells using displacement encoding scales
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    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
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    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
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    • G01D5/38Forming the light into pulses by diffraction gratings

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Abstract

本发明涉及编码器技术领域,且公开了一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,所述位置读取方法使用三码道游标原理,三码道的刻线数分别为主码道M、游标码道N、段码道S,根据游标码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_N,根据段码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_S。该游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,通过将游标原理应用在圆光栅上,相对通过多道粗码道和一道细分码道的组合方式来说,码道更加简洁,可以使码盘的尺寸更小,利用一定的规则序列对MNS码道进行采样,可以抵消三码道间由于采样不同步而带来的相位偏差,同时省去外部对M码道原始信号的。

Description

一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法
技术领域
本发明涉及编码器技术领域,具体为一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法。
背景技术
在一个典型的运动控制系统中,伺服电机编码器作为系统的位置传感器,其性能直接影响到控制系统的动态响应和控制精度。绝对式编码器优于增量式编码器的地方在于,运动系统每次开机都可以直接获得电机当前的位置或角度。游标卡尺原理是通过主尺和游标尺的读数差值,得到被测物体的尺寸。参照游标卡尺的测量原理,可以实现游标绝对式编码器应用。
发明内容
(一)解决的技术问题
针对现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,具备将游标原理应用在圆光栅上,相对通过多道粗码道和一道细分码道的组合方式来说,码道更加简洁,可以使码盘的尺寸更小的优点,解决了上述背景技术中所提出的问题。
(二)技术方案
本发明提供如下技术方案:一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,所述位置读取方法使用三码道游标原理,三码道的刻线数分别为主码道M、游标码道N、段码道S,根据游标码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_N,根据段码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_S,则码道刻线数与数据长度的关系为:
M=2UBL_S+UBL_N
N=2UBL_S+UBL_N-1
S=2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N
在一个机械周期内,N码道与M码道的刻线数相差1,所以整个机械周期内任一位置,N与M的相位差是唯一确定的,由此可得到位置数据的粗码,S与M的相位差呈周期变化,由此可得到位置数据的次粗码,位置数据的精码则由M码道相位PhiM得到。
优选的,三个码道原始数据的表达式为:
sinM=sin(2UBL_S+UBL_Nα)
Figure BDA0003392931800000021
sinN=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-1)α)
Figure BDA0003392931800000022
sinS=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N)α)
Figure BDA0003392931800000023
其中α为编码器机械角,即编码器的输出角度。
优选的,由三码道的原始数据,利用反正切可以求出M,N,S码道的相位Phi_M,PhiN,PhiS。由PhiM-PhiN可以得到UBL_N位粗码和SBL_N位同步码,由PhiM-PhiS可以得到UBL_S位次粗码和SBL_S位同步码,经过同步之后可得到编码器的绝对位置数据。
优选的,要得到一次编码器的绝对位置信号,要对SinM、CosM、SinN、CosN、SinS和CosS六路信号进行采样。
优选的,三码道游标原理编码器一般由发光元件电源、光源、光电池、差分接收放大、模数转换、反正切、差分整形、正交脉冲信号接收、游标解算和角度输出单元组成。
优选的,正交脉冲信号接收用于在编码器正常运行时对M码道周期的计数。
优选的,M、N、S码道是按规则序列进行采样,在电机轴高速旋转时,一种方式利用比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元计算M码道的周期,将所得结果作为绝对位置的粗码;另一种方式省去比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元,利用规则序列对MNS码道进行采样,抵消三码道间由于采样不同步而带来的相位偏差。
优选的,M码道的精度决定编码器的位置反馈精度,通过对M码道原始数据进行过采样和抽取,提高原始信号的信噪比,增加编码器输出的分辨率。
优选的,基于游标原理绝对式编码器位置读取方法同样可以用于旋转磁编码器和直线编码器等。
与现有技术相比,本发明提供了一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,具备以下有益效果:
1、该游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,通过将游标原理应用在圆光栅上,相对通过多道粗码道和一道细分码道的组合方式来说,码道更加简洁,可以使码盘的尺寸更小。
2、该游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,利用一定的规则序列对MNS码道进行采样,可以抵消三码道间由于采样不同步而带来的相位偏差,同时省去外部对M码道原始信号的。
3、该游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,通过比较整形单元和内部正交脉冲信号接收单元,降低编码器的成本,然后通过使用“过采样和抽取”的方法得到较高分辨率的原始数据,不需要昂贵的片外ADC可达到减小噪声,改善SNR的效果。
附图说明
图1为本发明游标码道结构示意图;
图2为本发明游标原理示意图;
图3为本发明游标原理编码器组成示意图;
图4为本发明省去正交脉冲信号接收单元的游标原理编码器组成示意图;
图5为本发明规则采样序列示意图;
图6为本发明抵消采样不同步带来的相位偏差的方法示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
请参阅图1-6,一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,位置读取方法使用三码道游标原理,三码道的刻线数分别为主码道M、游标码道N、段码道S,根据游标码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_N,根据段码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_S,则码道刻线数与数据长度的关系为:
M=2UBL_S+UBL_N
N=2UBL_S+UBL_N-1
S=2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N
在一个机械周期内,N码道与M码道的刻线数相差1,所以整个机械周期内任一位置,N与M的相位差是唯一确定的,由此可得到位置数据的粗码,S与M的相位差呈周期变化,由此可得到位置数据的次粗码,位置数据的精码则由M码道相位PhiM得到。
三个码道原始数据的表达式为:
sinM=sin(2UBL_S+UBL_Nα)
Figure BDA0003392931800000041
sinN=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-1)α)
Figure BDA0003392931800000051
sinS=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N)α)
Figure BDA0003392931800000052
其中α为编码器机械角,即编码器的输出角度。由三码道的原始数据,利用反正切可以求出M,N,S码道的相位Phi_M,PhiN,PhiS。由PhiM-PhiN可以得到UBL_N位粗码和SBL_N位同步码,由PhiM-PhiS可以得到UBL_S位次粗码和SBL_S位同步码,经过同步之后可得到编码器的绝对位置数据。
要得到一次编码器的绝对位置信号,要对SinM、CosM、SinN、CosN、SinS和CosS六路信号进行采样,典型的三码道游标原理编码器一般由发光元件电源、光源、光电池、差分接收放大、模数转换、反正切、差分整形、正交脉冲信号接收、游标解算和角度输出等单元组成,其框图如附图3所示。正交脉冲信号接收用于在编码器正常运行时对M码道周期的计数。
由于一般小封装MCU片上只有两个模数转换器的限制,M、N、S码道是按规则序列进行采样,在电机轴高速旋转时,三个码道采样的不同步造成在同一时刻解算单元获得的三码道数据之间有相位的偏差,造成解算错误,一个解决的办法的利用比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元计算M码道的周期,将所得结果作为绝对位置的粗码。另一个方法如附图4省去比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元,利用一定的规则序列对MNS码道进行采样,可以抵消三码道间由于采样不同步而带来的相位偏差,其采样规则序列如附图5所示。
在6000rpm的高速旋转中,对于512刻线M码道的编码器来说,相邻1us的两次采样可造成一个M电气周期内的相位差为18.432°。若M码道和N码道采样间隔过大,带来的相位差将造成粗码解算错误,若M码道和S码道采样间隔过大,带来的相位差将造成次粗码解算错误。如附图6所示,采样间隔为Δt,在t1,t2,t3,t4,t5和t6时刻分别采样三码道数据SinN[1],SinS[1],SinM[1],SinM[2],SinS[2]和SinN[2],将采样数据SinN[1]和SinN[2]叠加,SinS[1]和SinS[2]叠加,SinM[1]和SinM[2]叠加,可近似得到t1+2.5Δt时刻的采样值SinN,SinS和SinM,抵消MNS码道间因采样不同步带来的相位偏差。
由于编码器位置数据精码直接由M码得到,所以M码道的精度决定编码器的位置反馈精度,通过对M码道原始数据进行过采样和抽取,可以提高原始信号的信噪比,增加编码器输出的分辨率。
由Nyquist定理可知,信号的采样频率至少应该是信号最高频率的两倍,否则信号高频部分将有损失,所需的最小采样频率成为Nyquist频率。
过采样时,采样频率大于Nyquist频率,每增加额外的一位分辨率,信号必须过采样4倍。在过采样的数据中,相邻的4个点产生一个数据点,对新的数据点来说,采样率是原ADC采样率的1/4,但是同时平均了量化噪声,改善了信噪比。根据信号频率,过采样率为:
foversampling=4wfnyquist
其中w是希望增加的分辨率位数,fnyquist为信号的Nyquist频率,foversampling为过采样率。
假设M码道的原始信号最高频率为51.2kHz,对M码道的原始信号进行采样时,使用12位的片内ADC,为了将分辨率从增加到14位,可以以采样率
foversampling=42fnyquist=1.6384MHz
对M码道的Sin,Cos信号进行过采样,在16个采样周期内得到足够的样本,对这些样本进行求均值便可得到14位的采样数据。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (9)

1.一种游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:所述位置读取方法使用三码道游标原理,三码道的刻线数分别为主码道M、游标码道N、段码道S,根据游标码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_N,根据段码道与主码道的相位差得到的数据位长度为UBL_S,则码道刻线数与数据长度的关系为:
M=2UBL_S+UBL_N
N=2UBL_S+UBL_N-1
S=2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N
在一个机械周期内,N码道与M码道的刻线数相差1,所以整个机械周期内任一位置,N与M的相位差是唯一确定的,由此可得到位置数据的粗码,S与M的相位差呈周期变化,由此可得到位置数据的次粗码,位置数据的精码则由M码道相位PhiM得到。
2.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:三个码道原始数据的表达式为:
sinM=sin(2UBL_S+UBL_Nα)
Figure FDA0003392931790000011
sinN=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-1)α)
Figure FDA0003392931790000012
sinS=sin((2UBL_S+UBL_N-2UBL_N)α)
Figure FDA0003392931790000013
其中α为编码器机械角,即编码器的输出角度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:由三码道的原始数据,利用反正切可以求出M,N,S码道的相位Phi_M,PhiN,PhiS。由PhiM-PhiN可以得到UBL_N位粗码和SBL_N位同步码,由PhiM-PhiS可以得到UBL_S位次粗码和SBL_S位同步码,经过同步之后可得到编码器的绝对位置数据。
4.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:要得到一次编码器的绝对位置信号,要对SinM、CosM、SinN、CosN、SinS和CosS六路信号进行采样。
5.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:三码道游标原理编码器一般由发光元件电源、光源、光电池、差分接收放大、模数转换、反正切、差分整形、正交脉冲信号接收、游标解算和角度输出单元组成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:正交脉冲信号接收用于在编码器正常运行时对M码道周期的计数。
7.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:M、N、S码道是按规则序列进行采样,在电机轴高速旋转时,一种方式利用比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元计算M码道的周期,将所得结果作为绝对位置的粗码;另一种方式省去比较整形单元和正交脉冲接收单元,利用规则序列对MNS码道进行采样,抵消三码道间由于采样不同步而带来的相位偏差。
8.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:M码道的精度决定编码器的位置反馈精度,通过对M码道原始数据进行过采样和抽取,提高原始信号的信噪比,增加编码器输出的分辨率。
9.根据权利要求1所述的游标绝对式编码器位置读取方法,其特征在于:基于游标原理绝对式编码器位置读取方法同样可以用于旋转磁编码器和直线编码器等。
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