CN114144246A - Composite sheet - Google Patents
Composite sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114144246A CN114144246A CN202180002556.2A CN202180002556A CN114144246A CN 114144246 A CN114144246 A CN 114144246A CN 202180002556 A CN202180002556 A CN 202180002556A CN 114144246 A CN114144246 A CN 114144246A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- intermediate layer
- wedge
- thermoplastic intermediate
- thermoplastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 162
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 272
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 272
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 355
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 238000006124 Pilkington process Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001034 iron oxide pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 4
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005354 aluminosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037072 sun protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
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- B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
- B32B17/10348—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted comprising an obscuration band
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- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
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- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
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- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10743—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing acrylate (co)polymers or salts thereof
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- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
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- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
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- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
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- B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
- B32B2307/102—Insulating
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- B32B3/263—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer having non-uniform thickness
Abstract
The invention relates to a composite sheet (1) having an upper sheet edge (O), a lower sheet edge (U) and two side sheet edges (S), comprising at least: an outer sheet (2) having an upper edge (O2), a lower edge (U2) and two lateral edges (S2); an inner sheet (3) having an upper edge (O3), a lower edge (U3) and two lateral edges (S3); and a thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) arranged between the outer sheet (2) and the inner sheet (3) and having an upper edge (O4), a lower edge (U4) and two lateral edges (S4); wherein the outer sheet (2) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction (R1) along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U2) and the upper edge (O2), and/or the inner sheet (3) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction (R2) along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U3) and the upper edge (O3). According to the invention, the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) has an embossed opaque layer (5) in at least one region.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a composite sheet, in particular for a head-up display, a method for the production thereof and the use thereof.
Background
Composite sheets (Verbundscheiben, also sometimes referred to as composite glass) are used in many places today, especially in the manufacture of transportation vehicles. The term transport means (Fahrzeug, sometimes referred to as vehicles) here includes, in particular, road transport means, aircraft, ships, agricultural machines or also work equipment, etc.
Composite sheets are also used in other fields. For example, building glass or information displays belong to this, for example in museums or as advertising displays.
Here, the composite sheet generally has two sheets laminated to an intermediate layer. The sheet material itself may have curvature and is typically of constant thickness. The interlayer typically comprises a thermoplastic material, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), of a predetermined thickness, for example 0.76 mm.
Since the composite sheet is generally tilted with respect to the observer, ghosting (Doppelbildern) occurs. These ghosts are produced in that the incident light does not in each case pass completely through the two sheets, but at least a part of the light is reflected and does not pass through the second sheet until after it. These ghosts are particularly noticeable in the dark, especially in the case of strongly incident light sources, such as headlights of oncoming vehicles. These ghosts are extremely disturbing and are a safety issue.
The composite sheet is also commonly used as a Head Up Display (HUD) to display information. In this case, the image is projected onto the composite glass sheet by a projection device so as to be faded into the field of view for the viewer. In the field of vehicles, the projection means are arranged, for example, on the dashboard such that the projected image is reflected in the direction of the observer on the closest glass face of the composite pane inclined towards the observer (see, for example, EP 0420228B 1 or DE 102012211729 a 1). In this case, a portion of the light again enters the composite glass pane and is now reflected, for example, at the outer boundary layer of the glass surface lying further outside when viewed by an observer, and then exits the composite glass pane in an offset manner. Here, a similar effect with respect to the image to be displayed occurs, namely a dual image (gersterbuilder) effect.
The pure classical compensation of the dual images results in an excessive compensation of ghosting being observed in the transmission. This results in the corresponding viewer being irritated or, in the worst case, receiving erroneous information. This problem can be solved by arranging the surfaces of the sheets no longer parallel but at a fixed angle. This is achieved, for example, by: the intermediate layer is wedge-shaped with a continuously linear and/or non-linear increasing and/or decreasing thickness. In vehicle construction, the thickness typically varies such that a minimum thickness is provided at the lower end of the composite glass sheet towards the engine compartment, while the thickness increases towards the roof.
Composite sheets of this type with wedge-shaped intermediate layers and the laws of optics on which they are based are known per se and are described, for example, in the international patent applications WO 2015/086234 a1 and WO 2015/086233 a1 or german publications DE 19611483 a1 and DE 19535053 a 1. Wedge shaped interlayers are typically made by extrusion. However, it is also possible to introduce the wedge angle by stretching a thermoplastic film having a substantially constant thickness in the initial state. Stretching of thermoplastic interlayers and composite glass sheets having stretched interlayers are disclosed, for example, in WO 2017/153167 a1, EP 1800855 a1, WO 2016/091435 a1, and US 2005/0142332 a 1.
Instead of arranging a wedge-shaped interlayer with a constant thickness between two glass sheets, a wedge-shaped composite sheet may also be achieved by arranging an interlayer with a constant thickness between two glass sheets, at least one of which has a wedge-shaped cross section.
A method for manufacturing a float glass sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section and a composite sheet comprising two float glass sheets and an intermediate layer located therebetween, wherein at least one of the float glass sheets has a wedge-shaped cross-section, are disclosed in EP 3248949 a1 and US 7,122,242B 2.
JP 2017-one 105665 discloses a composite sheet comprising two glass sheets and an interlayer located therebetween, wherein at least one of the glass sheets has a wedge-shaped cross-section and the interlayer may have a wedge angle.
WO 2020/094419 a1 discloses a composite sheet comprising an outer sheet and an inner sheet with a stretched thermoplastic interlayer having a wedge-shaped cross-section located therebetween, wherein the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section.
A composite sheet is disclosed in WO 2020/0944220 a1, comprising an outer sheet, an inner sheet and a thermoplastic intermediate layer arranged between the outer and inner sheets, wherein the outer and/or inner sheets are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross-section manufactured using the float process (float process) and have at the sheet surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions extending in a first sheet direction and being arranged alternately in a second sheet direction perpendicular to the first sheet direction. The thermoplastic interlayer is manufactured using an extrusion process, has a substantially constant thickness over length and width, and has a plurality of elongated ridges and elongated valleys at a surface, extending in a third direction and alternating in a fourth direction perpendicular to the third direction. The thermoplastic intermediate layer is arranged in such a way that the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° relative to the elongate elevations of the outer and/or inner sheet which are constructed in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process.
WO 2020/094421 a1 discloses a composite sheet material comprising at least an outer sheet material having an upper edge and a lower edge and two side edges, an inner sheet material having an upper edge and a lower edge and two side edges, and a thermoplastic intermediate layer arranged between the outer sheet material and the inner sheet material, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having an upper edge and a lower edge and two side edges. The outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a fourth direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge. The thermoplastic intermediate layer has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a sixth direction, wherein the sixth direction is rotated at an angle α different from 0 ° relative to a seventh direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge.
A composite sheet material with a darkening band in the form of a masking impression (abdeck) is known from WO 2014/174308 a 1. The darkening strips extend in the peripheral region of the sheet (i.e. the circumferential outer edge region) and are produced by opaque ceramic ink (keramiktint) applied to the sheet. In particular, when the composite sheet is arranged in a vehicle or a building glazing, the masking stamp masks the top view of a section of a possible adhesive edge or frame (such as the body of a vehicle). Furthermore, the masking impression blocks or masks, in particular, the uncoated sections or the uncoated edge regions of the sun protection coating. Here, the ceramic ink is baked at relatively high temperatures (typically 450 ℃ to 700 ℃, for example when the glass sheet is bent) on the surface and forms a glassy coating (or enamel). However, for surface-coated glass, this form of applying the masking imprints to the glass sheet is difficult or impractical. In addition to the adhesion problem in the composite sheet, undesirable discoloration or defects may occur in the cover impression or in the coating. Furthermore, the production of composite sheets increases the outlay and therefore the costs.
Optical distortions may occur in the edge area and sensor window area due to firing of the ceramic ink at higher temperatures (typically 450 ℃ to 700 ℃, e.g. when the glass sheet is bent).
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved composite sheet having an opaque layer. A further object of the invention is to provide a cost-effective production method that can be used in a variable manner.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by a composite sheet according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 14. Preferred embodiments can be derived from the dependent claims.
The composite sheet according to the invention comprises an outer sheet and an inner sheet which are interconnected by a thermoplastic interlayer.
According to the invention, the thermoplastic intermediate layer has an embossed opaque layer in at least one region. The embossed opaque layer may also be referred to as an opaque embossing. Such opaque layers are known to the person skilled in the art, for example from US 9623634B 2, WO2018/122770 a1, WO2019/038043 a1, EP 1322482B 2, US2014212639 a 1. The opaque layer differs from conventional screen-printing in that the screen-printing is printed (for example by screen-printing) onto the surface of the glass pane and is baked in a processing step at high temperature.
Conventional masking imprints are often baked onto the sheet during the bending process, whereby optical distortions may occur in the edge region and in the sensor window region. Furthermore, baking common masking impressions on coated sheets can be problematic. Compared to the covering imprints applied to the outer or inner sheet, the opaque layer imprinted onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer has the following advantages: the optical properties of the composite sheet in the edge area and sensor window area are improved and printing of the coated sheet can be avoided.
The opaque layer is substantially completely opaque to visible light. The opaque layer preferably has a transmission of T <0.2 and in particular T < 0.1.
The opaque layer is preferably black, but may have any other arbitrary color.
The opaque layer preferably contains coating pigments or colorants, particularly preferably inorganic or organic coating pigments or colorants, in particular selected from the group consisting of Carbon Black (industrial Carbon Black or so-called Carbon Black) iron oxide pigments and mixed-phase oxide pigments. Mixed phase oxide pigments include, for example, titanate pigments and spinel pigments. The coating pigments or colorants are advantageously applied to the thermoplastic interlayer in a water-or solvent-based composition and are preferably dried. The coating pigments or colorants may be applied to the thermoplastic interlayer by a spraying process, screen printing, ink jet process, or other suitable stamping process. The components used for embossing the opaque layer are in particular free of glass-forming oxides or glass frits or other constituents which, after drying and after lamination, lead to a glassy layer.
The opaque layer is in particular not vitreous and contains no enamel or is not enamel.
The composite sheet according to the invention has an upper sheet edge and a lower sheet edge and two side edges. The above sheet edge denotes the side edge of the composite sheet which is provided for upward orientation in the installed position. The following sheet edge denotes a lateral edge which is provided for downward orientation in the installed position. If the composite sheet is a windshield of a motor vehicle (windschuttscheibe), the upper sheet edge is often also referred to as the roof edge and the lower sheet edge is often also referred to as the engine edge.
The outer and inner sheets each have an outer and inner space-side surface, an upper edge, a lower edge and two lateral edges. The upper edge denotes an edge of the composite sheet which is provided for upward orientation in the installed position. The lower edge is the edge which is provided for facing downwards in the installed position. In the sense of the present invention, an outside surface denotes a main surface which is provided for facing the outside environment in the installation position. In the sense of the present invention, a main surface on the side of the interior space is intended to mean a surface which is provided for facing the interior space in the installed position. The surface on the inner space side of the outer sheet and the outer side surface of the inner sheet face each other and are connected to each other by a thermoplastic intermediate layer.
According to the invention, the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with the greatest linear thickness increase in a first direction along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with the greatest linear thickness increase in a second direction along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge.
In one embodiment, both the outer sheet and the inner sheet are wedge-shaped, that is, in this embodiment, the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section and the inner sheet also has a wedge-shaped cross-section.
However, it is also possible for only one of the two sheets of the composite sheet to have a wedge-shaped cross section. Thus, in one embodiment, only the outer sheets have a wedge-shaped cross-section, whereas the inner sheets do not have a wedge-shaped cross-section. In another embodiment, only the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section, while the outer sheet does not have a wedge-shaped cross-section.
It goes without saying that the cross section is the cross section in the vertical extension between the lower edge and the upper edge. For the composite sheet according to the invention, the thickness increases from the lower sheet edge to the upper sheet edge. Thus, the thicker first end is located at the upper sheet edge of the composite sheet and the thinner second end is located at the lower sheet edge of the composite sheet.
In one embodiment, the embossed opaque layer is arranged in the edge region surrounding the composite sheet. The width of the edge region is preferably 20mm to 150 mm. It is also possible for individual sections of the circumferential edge region to be wider than the other sections. For example, the embossed opaque layer can be arranged in an edge region of 20mm width at the side edges and the upper edge, and the embossed opaque layer can be arranged in an edge region of 100mm width at the lower edge.
In another embodiment, the composite sheet has at least one sensor window for an optical sensor, and the embossed opaque layer is arranged in an area surrounding the sensor window.
The embossed opaque layer can also be arranged both in the edge region surrounding the composite sheet and in the region surrounding the sensor window.
Preferably, the opaque layer is printed on at most 30%, particularly preferably at most 10%, very particularly preferably at most 5%, of the area of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
In a preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a surface roughness Rz of at most 45 μm (micrometres), preferably at most 20 μm, particularly preferably 10 μm. For example, the thermoplastic intermediate layer preferably has a surface roughness of 20 μm to 45 μm at a thickness of 0.76mm or 0.84mm, and preferably has a surface roughness of 20 μm to 30 μm at a thickness of 0.38mm or 0.50 mm. The surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer is preferably not embossed. Such a smooth film surface can be printed particularly precisely and sharply. Rz is defined here as the average roughness depth, i.e. the sum of the height of the maximum profile peak and the depth of the maximum profile valley within a single measurement segment lr.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the opaque layer has a thickness of 5 μm (micrometers) to 40 μm, preferably 5 μm to 20 μm. Opaque layers of this thickness can be produced simply, have sufficient hiding power, and can be laminated into the composite sheet without further compensation layers or compensation films.
The opaque layer can be embossed onto any surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer or onto any surface of the individual films of the film composite, in particular also onto a plurality of surfaces.
Preferably, the opaque layer is embossed onto a surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer that is directed towards the outer sheet. It is also possible, however, for the opaque layer to be embossed onto the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer which is directed towards the inner sheet.
If the opaque layer is embossed onto multiple surfaces, it is preferably in offset sections. This has the following advantages: the total thickness of the thermoplastic interlayer with the opaque layer remains small and the thermoplastic interlayer is easier to laminate.
The sum of the outer and inner sheet wedge angles is preferably 0.05mrad to 0.9 mrad. This means that when only one of the two sheets has a wedge-shaped cross-section, the sheet preferably has a wedge angle of 0.05mrad to 0.9 mrad.
The wedge angle of the composite sheet according to the invention is preferably 0.1 to 1.0mrad, particularly preferably 0.15 to 0.75mrad, very particularly preferably 0.3 to 0.7 mrad.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic interlayer comprises at least polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyurethane (PU), acrylate or a mixture or copolymer or derivative thereof, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), particularly preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and a plasticizer.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer may be formed by a single film or may be formed by more than one film.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer can be a functional intermediate layer, in particular an intermediate layer with acoustic damping properties, an intermediate layer that reflects infrared radiation, an intermediate layer that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, an at least partially colored intermediate layer and/or an at least partially colored intermediate layer. The thermoplastic intermediate layer can then also be a band filter membrane, for example.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is a functional intermediate layer having acoustic damping properties. Such an acoustic intermediate layer usually consists of at least three layers, wherein the intermediate layer has a higher plasticity or elasticity than the outer layers surrounding it, for example due to a higher proportion of plasticizers.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is a functional intermediate layer with acoustic damping properties, and the thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.10mm and the thickness of the outer layer is correspondingly 0.20 mm. In another embodiment, the thickness of the middle layer is 0.08mm to 0.12mm and the thickness of the outer layer is 0.32mm to 0.38mm, respectively.
In another embodiment, the thermoplastic interlayer is a functional interlayer having color functionality. This means that the thermoplastic intermediate layer is colored or tinted. The thermoplastic intermediate layer can be colored or tinted over its entire surface. Alternatively, the thermoplastic intermediate layer may also have a color gradient or color pattern. For a composite sheet provided as a windshield, the coloration or toning is configured such that the composite sheet has a light transmission of greater than 70% in the spectral range from 380nm to 780 nm. For composite sheets provided as roof glass or rear glass, the coloration or tinting may also be configured to be deeper, and thus the composite sheet has a light transmittance of 70% or less in the spectral range of 380nm to 780 nm. It goes without saying that in the case of the windshield embodiment, the transmission outside the field of view, in particular in the region adjacent to the roof edge, may also be less than 70%.
In the embodiment in which the thermoplastic intermediate layer is a coloured intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross-section, the light transmission through the thermoplastic intermediate layer is also constant over the entire width and the entire height, i.e. over its entire face. Despite the wedge-shaped cross-section, a constant light transmission is achieved by increasing the pigment concentration in the first pigmented thermoplastic layer from the thicker end of the first pigmented thermoplastic layer to the thinner end thereof.
In another embodiment, the thermoplastic interlayer is a functional interlayer having solar functionality, in particular having infrared radiation absorbing properties, such as a PVB film comprising Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) particles therein.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is designed as an infrared-radiation-reflecting element, for example as an infrared-radiation-reflecting double layer comprising a first layer and a carrier film arranged thereon with an infrared-radiation-reflecting coating, or as an infrared-radiation-reflecting triple layer comprising a first layer, a second layer and a carrier film arranged therebetween with an infrared-radiation-reflecting coating.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer may also be a functional intermediate layer, wherein two or more functional properties are combined, for example acoustic damping properties in combination with color functions and/or solar functions.
The composite sheet according to the invention may comprise one or more additional intermediate layers, in particular functional intermediate layers, wherein these additional intermediate layers preferably have a substantially constant thickness. That is, one or more additional intermediate plies do not have a wedge angle.
In the present application, a substantially constant thickness of a layer is understood to mean that the thickness of the layer is constant over the length and width within normal manufacturing tolerances. This preferably means that the thickness does not vary by more than 5%, preferably by more than 3%.
The at least one additional intermediate layer is arranged between the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer or between the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer. If the composite sheet according to the invention has two or more additional intermediate layers, it is also possible that at least one of the additional intermediate layers is arranged between the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer and at least one of the additional intermediate layers is arranged between the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
The additional intermediate layer can be, in particular, an infrared radiation-reflecting element, an ultraviolet radiation-absorbing layer, a tinted or pigmented layer, a barrier layer or a combination thereof. In case there are a plurality of additional intermediate layers, they may also have different functions.
As mentioned above, according to the invention, the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet have a wedge-shaped cross-section. The outer and/or inner sheets are in particular float glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section, which is produced by the float glass process. It may be, for example, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass or, preferably, soda-lime glass.
If only the outer sheet is float glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section, produced using the float glass process, the inner sheet has a substantially constant thickness and may be made of soda lime glass using the float glass process, as is common for window sheets. In this case, however, the inner sheet can also be made of other glass types, for example quartz glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass. Alternatively, in this case, the inner sheet may also be manufactured without the use of a float glass process and may be manufactured from a rigid transparent plastic, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
If only the inner sheet is float glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section, produced using the float glass process, the outer sheet has a substantially constant thickness and may be made of soda lime glass using the float glass process, as is common for window sheets. In this case, however, the outer sheet can also be made of other glass types, for example quartz glass, borosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass. Alternatively, in this case, the outer sheet may also be manufactured without the use of a float glass process and may be manufactured from a rigid transparent plastic such as polycarbonate or polymethylmethacrylate.
In one embodiment, the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet is flat glass, in particular float glass produced by a float glass process.
The outer sheet and/or the inner sheet may have an anti-reflective coating, a non-adhesive coating, a scratch-resistant coating, a photocatalytic coating, an electrically heatable coating, a sun-shading coating, and/or a low-emissivity coating.
The thickness of the outer and inner sheets can vary to a large extent and can therefore meet the requirements in individual cases. The outer and inner sheets preferably have a thickness of 1mm to 5mm, particularly preferably 1mm to 3mm, wherein in the case of wedge-shaped sheets the thickness accordingly means the maximum thickness. For example, the outer sheet is 2.1mm thick at the thicker first end, while the inner sheet is 1.6mm thick at the thicker first end. However, the outer sheet or especially the inner sheet may also be a thin glass having a thickness of e.g. 0.55 mm.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic interlayer is a thermoplastic interlayer having a wedge-shaped cross-section. That is, the thermoplastic interlayer has a thicker first end and a thinner second end. The increase in thickness from the second end to the first end may be continuous linear or non-linear herein.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross-section may be a wedge-shaped extruded thermoplastic intermediate layer or a stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer.
In one embodiment, the outer sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the inner sheet in the composite sheet according to the invention are arranged such that the ends having the greater thickness are each arranged one above the other and the ends having the smaller thickness are each arranged one above the other.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross-section may have a wedge angle in the range of 0.01mrad to 0.15mrad, preferably 0.01mrad to 0.1 mrad.
The thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross-section is for example 0.76mm to 0.84mm at the thicker first end and at least 0.55mm, preferably at least 0.65mm at the thinner second end.
Thermoplastic films, particularly PVB films, are sold in standard thicknesses such as, for example, 0.38mm, 0.76mm, and 0.84 mm. However, thermoplastic films, particularly PVB films having a thickness of 1.14 mm or 1.52 mm, are also sold. For example, thermoplastic films with acoustic damping properties are sold at thicknesses of 0.50mm and 0.84 mm. Advantageously, a wedge-shaped stretched thermoplastic interlayer can be made from all these films by stretching.
In the float glass process, the glass melt is conducted from one side to a bath from liquid tin (float bath). For example, the temperature at the tin bath inlet is about 1000 ℃. The lighter glass melt floats on the tin and spreads out uniformly over the tin surface. At the cooler end of the tin bath, the solidified glass is continuously drawn in the form of a ribbon and subsequently cooled. After sufficient cooling, the glass sheets are accordingly cut to the desired dimensions from the glass ribbon, from which glass sheets, for example for windshields, can then be cut.
The equilibrium thickness of the glass is determined by the distribution of the glass melt over the tin bath. For example, to produce float glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section, the glass is drawn from a tin bath by actively driven (top) rollers, whereby an expansion of the glass ribbon is achieved. The thickness of the glass can be set by the speed of the rolls, wherein for the production of thinner glass a greater roll speed is set and correspondingly for thicker glass a lower roll speed is set. For example, if the roll speed in the lateral regions of the glass ribbon is greater than the roll speed in the middle of the glass ribbon, a glass ribbon having a plano-convex cross section may be produced from which wedge-shaped sheets may be cut.
As is known to those skilled in the art, glass manufactured using the float glass process has some unevenness or waviness on its surface by drawing from a tin bath. Both glass surfaces therefore have elongated elevations and depressions arranged in parallel, which each extend in the direction of withdrawal of the glass ribbon from the tin bath. The elongated ridges and valleys correspond to peaks and valleys, which are alternately arranged perpendicular to the pull-out direction. These elongated structures of glass are also known to the person skilled in the art under the term "float lines". In the production of flat glass sheets having a wedge-shaped cross section, the glass sheet is cut with its longer dimension in the direction of withdrawal of the glass ribbon from the tin bath, so that the float tracks run parallel to the longer dimension of the glass sheet.
Thermoplastic interlayers made by extrusion processes are also typically characterized by undesirable waviness caused by manufacturing. The waviness is manifested in the form of thickness variations (elongated ridges and valleys) perpendicular to the direction of extrusion. The elongated elevations (peaks) and depressions (valleys) describe a practically undesirable surface waviness caused by manufacturing. The distance of adjacent elevations or the distance of adjacent depressions is typically greater than or equal to 50 mm. This should be distinguished from the desired surface roughness, which is usually deliberately punched into the film surface in the form of elongate elevations and depressions in order to facilitate ventilation when laminating the composite sheet, wherein the distance of adjacent elevations or depressions is typically less than 1 mm.
The superposition of the production-induced waviness of the thermoplastic interlayer and of the sheets in which it is laminated between the first and second sheets can lead to an adverse impairment of the optical properties of the composite glass. This effect is particularly pronounced when the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the production-induced waviness of the first and second sheets are superimposed disadvantageously. For example, in the case of windshields in motor vehicles, if the head is tilted from side to side or from top to bottom, the object may appear distorted when viewed due to the locally different optical powers.
In one embodiment of the composite sheet according to the invention, the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet is configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced in a float process and has at the sheet surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions which extend in the third direction and are arranged alternately in a fourth sheet direction perpendicular to the third direction, and the thermoplastic intermediate layer is produced in an extrusion process with a substantially constant thickness in length and width and has at the surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions which extend in the fifth direction and are arranged alternately in a sixth direction perpendicular to the fifth direction, and the thermoplastic intermediate layer is arranged such that the elongated elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongated elevations of the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet, the outer and/or inner sheets are configured in the form of flat glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section produced using a float process.
This embodiment therefore relates to a composite sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side sheet edges, at least comprising an outer sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, an inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges and a thermoplastic intermediate layer arranged between the outer sheet and the inner sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having an embossed opaque layer in at least one region, wherein, the outer and/or inner sheet is configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by a float process and has at the sheet surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions which extend in the third sheet direction and are arranged alternately in a fourth sheet direction perpendicular to the third sheet direction, and the thermoplastic interlayer is produced by an extrusion process and has a substantially constant thickness along the length and width and has at the surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions which extend in the fifth direction and are arranged alternately in a sixth direction perpendicular to the fifth direction, and the thermoplastic interlayer is arranged such that the elongated elevations of the thermoplastic interlayer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° relative to the elongated elevations of the outer and/or inner sheet which is configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by a float process.
When the thermoplastic interlayer is so arranged, the optical properties of this embodiment of the composite sheet according to the invention are improved compared to a composite sheet in which the elongate ridges of the thermoplastic interlayer are arranged at an angle of 0 ° with respect to the elongate ridges of the outer and/or inner sheet, which are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross-section produced by the float process.
In the composite sheet according to the invention, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is arranged such that the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the outer and/or inner sheet in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process, which means that for the case in which the outer sheet is in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process and the inner sheet is in the form of flat glass with a substantially constant thickness produced by the float process, the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the outer sheet. In the case where the inner sheet is configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross-section produced by the float process and the outer sheet is configured in the form of flat glass with a substantially constant thickness produced by the float process, the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the inner sheet. In the case where the outer sheet is configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process and the inner sheet is likewise configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process, the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the outer sheet and at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the inner sheet.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is arranged such that the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 60 ° to 90 °, in particular 75 ° to 90 °, relative to the elongate elevations of the outer and/or inner sheet, which are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced in a float process.
Particularly preferably, in this embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is arranged such that the elongate elevations of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 90 ° with respect to the elongate elevations of the outer and/or inner sheet, which are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced in a float process.
It goes without saying that, when describing the size of the angle, reference is accordingly made to both the angle measured clockwise and the angle measured counterclockwise.
In one embodiment of the composite sheet material according to the invention, the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a seventh direction, wherein the seventh direction is rotated by an angle α different from 0 ° with respect to an eighth direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
This embodiment therefore relates to a composite sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side sheet edges, at least comprising an outer sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, an inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges and a thermoplastic intermediate layer arranged between the outer sheet and the inner sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, the thermoplastic intermediate layer has an embossed opaque layer in at least one region and the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a wedge-shaped cross section, it has a maximum linear thickness increase in a seventh direction, wherein the seventh direction is rotated by an angle α different from 0 ° with respect to an eighth direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge of the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
The following relationship exists between the wedge angle K4 of the shortest connecting line of the thermoplastic intermediate layer in the eighth direction, i.e. between the lower edge and the upper edge of the thermoplastic intermediate layer, and the wedge angle K5 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer in the seventh direction, wherein the angle α represents the angle between the seventh direction and the eighth direction:
by selecting the angle α, the wedge angle K4 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer can thus be fine-tuned in the eighth direction.
Since in the composite sheet according to the invention the thermoplastic intermediate layer has the greatest linear thickness increase in the seventh direction, which is rotated by an angle α different from 0 ° with respect to the eighth direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge of the thermoplastic intermediate layer, in the composite sheet according to the invention the production-induced waviness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer is rotated by the angle α with respect to the production-induced waviness of the outer sheet configured as a sheet with a wedge-shaped cross section and/or with respect to the production-induced waviness of the inner sheet configured as a sheet with a wedge-shaped cross section. Thus, the manufacturing-induced waviness of the wedge-shaped outer sheet and/or the inner sheet does not overlap with the manufacturing-induced waviness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer. The optical properties of the composite sheet according to the invention are therefore improved compared to those of a composite sheet in which the thermoplastic intermediate layer has the greatest linear increase in thickness along the shortest connecting line from the lower edge to the upper edge. In a preferred embodiment, the angle α is greater than 0 ° and less than 90 °, preferably greater than 0 ° and less than 45 °, particularly preferably greater than 0 ° and less than 30 °, and very particularly preferably greater than 0 ° and less than 15 °.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is configured as a multilayer film composite, comprising at least a first film having a thickness of at most 50 μm and a second film having a thickness of more than 50 μm, wherein the first film has an embossed opaque layer. In this case, the first film and the second film in the film composite can be arranged such that the opaque layer is arranged between the first film and the second film, or alternatively such that the opaque layer is embossed on a surface of the first film which is not arranged adjacent to the second film in the film composite. The surface roughness of the first film is preferably at most 10 μm.
The height of the outer and inner sheets, i.e. in the case of windshields the distance between the roof edge of the composite sheet and the engine edge of the composite sheet, is preferably between 0.8m and 1.40m, particularly preferably between 0.9m and 1.25 m. It goes without saying that the height of the thermoplastic intermediate layer and of the optional additional intermediate layer is therefore also preferably between 0.8m and 1.40m, particularly preferably between 0.9m and 1.25 m.
The composite sheet according to the invention may be a vehicle sheet (Fahrzeugscheibe, sometimes also referred to as vehicle glazing). The vehicle sheet is configured for isolating a vehicle interior space from an exterior environment. The vehicle sheet is therefore a window sheet which is inserted into a window opening of the vehicle body or is provided for this purpose. The composite sheet according to the invention is in particular a windshield for a motor vehicle.
By an inner sheet is meant, for a sheet of a vehicle, a sheet that is arranged for facing the interior space of the vehicle in the mounted position. By exterior sheet is meant a sheet which is arranged for facing the outside environment of the vehicle in the mounted position.
The outer and inner sheets may be clear and colorless independently of each other, but may also be tinted, tarnished or colored. In a preferred embodiment, the total transmission (gesammtransmission) through the composite sheet is greater than 70%, in particular when the composite sheet is a windshield. The term total transmission refers to the method for detecting the light transmission of automotive glazing as specified by ECE-R43, annex 3, section 9.1. The outer and inner sheets may be constructed of, for example, non-tempered, partially tempered or tempered (vorespanntem) glass.
The opaque layer can also be embossed in such a way that the embossing is at least partially also translucent, for example in the form of a dot grid (Punktraster), a mesh grid, a stripe grid or a checkerboard grid. Alternatively, the impression may also have a gradient, for example from an opaque cover to a translucent cover.
It should be emphasized again that in the composite sheet according to the invention, the opaque layer consists of a material different from the usual covering imprints that are impressed onto the surface of the glass sheet (for example by screen printing) and baked in a processing step at high temperature (for example when the glass sheet is bent), and has a microstructure different from the usual covering imprints. The masking imprints consist of ceramic inks and contain glass-forming oxides or frits which, after baking, form a glassy coating on the glass sheets. The glassy coating has a strong and tight bond with the surface of the glass sheet. Such masking impressions do not detach from the glass surface when a strong breaking of the composite sheet is used.
For composite sheets made according to the present invention, the opaque layer is securely attached to the thermoplastic interlayer prior to and during lamination. In this case, the temperature is not sufficient to cause a firm connection with a possibly adjoining glass sheet. Thus, upon breaking the composite sheet, the opaque layer detaches from the glass sheet along with the intermediate layer.
The composite sheet according to the present invention is preferably curved in one or more directions in space, as it is commonly used for automotive glazing, with a typical radius of curvature in the range of about 10cm to about 40 m. The composite glass may also be flat, for example, in the case where it is provided as a sheet for a bus, train or tractor.
The composite sheet according to the present invention can be used as a Head Up Display (HUD) for displaying information.
Another aspect of the invention is a composite sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side sheet edges, comprising a lamination stack sequence including at least
-an outer sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges;
-an inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges; and
a thermoplastic intermediate layer arranged between the outer sheet and the inner sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having an upper edge, a lower edge and two lateral edges;
wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge;
and wherein the thermoplastic interlayer has an embossed opaque layer in at least one region prior to lamination.
The invention also relates to a projection assembly for a head-up display (HUD) comprising at least a composite sheet according to the invention and a projector. As is usual in HUDs, the projector illuminates a region of the windshield where the radiation is reflected in the direction of the observer (driver), thereby generating a virtual image which the observer perceives behind the windshield, looking out of it. The region of the windshield that can be illuminated by the projector is referred to as the HUD region. The radiation direction of the projector can typically be changed by means of a mirror, in particular vertically, in order to adapt the projection to the body size of the observer. The area in which the eyes of the observer must be located for a given mirror position is referred to as the eyebox window (eyebox, sometimes also called eye-glass). The eyebox window can be moved vertically by adjusting the mirror, wherein the entire area thus accessible (i.e. the superposition of all possible eyebox windows) is referred to as the eyebox. A viewer positioned within the eye box may perceive the virtual image. This means, of course, that the eyes of the observer must be located in the eye boxes, not for example the whole body.
Technical terms from the HUD field as used herein are generally known to those skilled in the art. Reference is made in detail to the paper "simulation based measurement technique for testing heads-Up Displays" by Alexander n, the institute for computer science, university of munich, munich industries, "musuli filtration zur gun fang von Head-Up Displays (munich: library of munich industries, 2012), especially chapter 2" Das Head-Up Displays ".
The above-described preferred embodiments of the composite sheet according to the invention are correspondingly also applicable to a projection assembly comprising a composite sheet according to the invention and a projector.
The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a composite sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side edges, wherein at least an outer sheet and an inner sheet are provided, the outer sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, the inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section with the largest linear thickness increase in a first direction along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section, which has the greatest linear thickness increase in the second direction of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge, an opaque layer is embossed onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer at least in one region, a stack sequence of outer, thermoplastic intermediate and inner sheets is subsequently formed, and the stack sequence is connected in a final step by lamination.
In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method comprises at least, in the step of printing the opaque layer onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer, applying a water-or solvent-based component containing a coating pigment or colorant onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer in at least one region and allowing the applied component to dry. In particular, spraying methods, screen printing methods, ink-jet methods or other suitable stamping methods are suitable for the coating composition.
If the composite sheet is to be bent, the outer and inner sheets are preferably subjected to a bending process prior to lamination. The outer and inner sheets are preferably curved uniformly in common, i.e. simultaneously and by the same tool, since the shape of the discs is thereby optimally matched to each other for subsequent lamination. Typical temperatures for the glass bending process are, for example, 500 ℃ to 700 ℃.
The method according to the invention may additionally comprise the following steps: at least one additional intermediate layer is provided and arranged between the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer or between the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer independently of each other. The at least one additional intermediate layer has a substantially constant thickness. When an additional intermediate layer is provided, this additional intermediate layer can thus be arranged between the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer or between the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer. When more than one additional intermediate layer is provided, these may thus be arranged either between the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer, or between the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer, or between both the outer sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the inner sheet and the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
The lamination of the stacking sequence can be carried out by means of a conventional lamination process. For example, the so-called autoclave process (sometimes referred to as the autoclave process) may be carried out at an increased pressure of about 10 to 15 bar and a temperature of 130 to 145 ℃ for about 2 hours. Alternatively, a hot-press-free process is also possible. The vacuum bag or vacuum ring processes known per se work, for example, at approximately 200 mbar and 80 ℃ to 110 ℃. The outer sheet, the thermoplastic intermediate layer and the inner sheet may also be pressed in a calender between at least one pair of rollers to form a composite sheet. Apparatuses of this type are known for the manufacture of sheets and usually have at least one heating tunnel before the press plant. The temperature during the pressing process is, for example, 40 ℃ to 150 ℃. In practice, a combination of a calender process and an autoclave process has proven to be particularly useful. Alternatively, a vacuum laminator may be used. These vacuum laminators consist of one or more heatable and evacuatable chambers in which the first and second sheets are laminated within, for example, about 60 minutes at a reduced pressure of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and a temperature of 80 ℃ to 170 ℃.
In one embodiment of the method, the thermoplastic interlayer is an interlayer having a wedge-shaped cross-section. Thus, in an embodiment, the method according to the invention is a method for manufacturing a composite sheet having a desired wedge angle K1, wherein at least:
(a) determining a desired wedge angle K1;
(b) providing an outer sheet and an inner sheet, wherein the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross-section and the sum KS of the wedge angle K2 of the outer sheet and the wedge angle K3 of the inner sheet is smaller than the desired wedge angle K1;
(c) determining a difference KD between the desired wedge angle K1 and the sum KS;
(d) providing a thermoplastic intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross-section, wherein the wedge angle K4 of the wedge-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer corresponds to the difference KD;
(e) embossing an opaque layer onto the wedge-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer at least in one region;
(e) arranging a wedge-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer flat between the outer sheet and the inner sheet; and
(f) the outer sheet, wedge-shaped thermoplastic interlayer and inner sheet are joined by lamination.
Thus, the relationship between the desired wedge angle K1, the wedge angle K2 of the outer sheet, the wedge angle K3 of the inner sheet, the wedge angle K4 of the wedge shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer, the difference KD and/or the sum KS is as follows:
KS = K2 + K3
K1 = K2 + K3 +K4 = KS + K4
KD = K1 - KS = K1 - (K2 + K3)
K4 = KD = K1 - KS = K1 - (K2 + K3)
the aforementioned embodiments of the method according to the invention provide the following advantages: the wedge angle can be fine-tuned by introducing a thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross-section, i.e. a wedge-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer. For thermoplastic interlayers having a wedge-shaped cross-section, the wedge angle of the interlayer can be easily set by selecting a suitable extruder or a suitable drawing radius. In the production of wedge-shaped float glass, it is significantly more complicated to produce sheets having different wedge angles, so that only sheets having a range of specific wedge angles, e.g., 0.1mrad, 0.2mrad, 0.3mrad, 0.4mrad, 0.5mrad, 0.6mrad, are typically produced. The use of a thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross section enables a fine adjustment of the wedge angle of a composite sheet consisting of an outer sheet and an inner sheet and a thermoplastic intermediate layer in a simple manner, wherein the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet have a wedge-shaped cross section.
For example, to make a composite sheet with a wedge angle of 0.55mrad, an outer sheet with a wedge angle of 0.5mrad, an inner sheet of constant thickness (wedge angle equal to 0mrad), and a thermoplastic interlayer with a wedge angle of 0.05mrad may be laminated.
The thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross section may be a wedge-shaped extruded thermoplastic intermediate layer or a stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer.
The production of a stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer can be carried out, for example, by stretching a heated thermoplastic intermediate layer of constant thickness through a so-called stretching cone. The thermoplastic intermediate layer or at least the individual films of the thermoplastic intermediate layer having a constant thickness can preferably be produced by means of an extrusion process. Since the drawing radius is related to the wedge angle to be achieved, a person skilled in the art can produce a drawn thermoplastic interlayer having a predetermined wedge angle by varying the drawing radius. It is known to the person skilled in the art which stretching cone has to be used during the stretching process depending on the wedge angle sought for the stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer.
The following relationship exists between the wedge angle K4 of the stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer, the initial thickness D of the thermoplastic intermediate layer prior to the stretching process, the stretch radius R, and the height H of the thermoplastic intermediate layer:
in another embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises at least the following steps:
(a) providing an outer sheet and an inner sheet, wherein the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced in a float process and have at the sheet surface a plurality of elongated elevations and elongated depressions extending in a third sheet direction and being arranged alternately in a fourth sheet direction perpendicular to the third sheet direction;
(b) providing a thermoplastic interlayer manufactured using an extrusion process, having a substantially constant thickness over length and width, and having a surface with a plurality of elongated ridges and elongated valleys extending in a fifth direction and alternately arranged in a sixth direction perpendicular to the fifth direction;
(c) embossing an opaque layer onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer at least in one region;
(d) arranging the thermoplastic intermediate layer so flat between the outer sheet and the inner sheet that the elongated ridges of the thermoplastic intermediate layer are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongated ridges of the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet, the outer sheet and/or the inner sheet being configured in the form of flat glass having a wedge-shaped cross section manufactured using a float process;
(e) the outer sheet, the thermoplastic interlayer and the inner sheet are joined by lamination.
In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, a method is concerned, wherein at least:
(a) providing an outer sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side sheet edges and an inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a first direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a second direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge;
(b) providing a thermoplastic interlayer having a wedge-shaped cross-section as a roll;
(c) cutting out a thermoplastic intermediate layer having an upper edge and a lower edge and two side edges from a thermoplastic intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross section as a coil, i.e. a sheet-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer, in such a way that the thermoplastic intermediate layer has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a seventh direction, wherein the seventh direction is rotated by an angle α different from 0 ° with respect to an eighth direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge of the thermoplastic intermediate layer;
(d) embossing an opaque layer onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer at least in one region;
(d) arranging the thermoplastic intermediate layer flat between the outer sheet and the inner sheet; and
(e) the outer sheet, the thermoplastic interlayer and the inner sheet are joined by lamination.
As mentioned above, the thermoplastic intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross section as a coil may also be produced by extrusion of a wedge-shaped thermoplastic intermediate layer or by stretching of a thermoplastic intermediate layer having a constant thickness.
If the composite sheet is to be bent, the outer and inner sheets are preferably subjected to a bending process prior to lamination. The outer and inner sheets are preferably curved uniformly in common, i.e. simultaneously and by the same tool, since the shapes of the sheets are thereby optimally matched to each other for the subsequent lamination. Typical temperatures for the glass bending process are, for example, 500 ℃ to 700 ℃.
Another aspect of the invention comprises a composite sheet according to the invention manufactured by a method according to the invention.
The invention therefore comprises a composite sheet obtainable by a process in which at least:
providing an outer sheet having an upper sheet edge, a lower sheet edge and two side sheet edges and an inner sheet having an upper edge, a lower edge and two side edges, wherein the outer sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a first direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge and/or the inner sheet has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a second direction of a shortest connecting line between the lower edge and the upper edge;
-printing an opaque layer onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer at least in one area; then, the user can use the device to perform the operation,
-forming a stacked sequence consisting of an outer sheet, a thermoplastic intermediate layer and an inner sheet; and then, after that,
-connecting the stacked sequence by lamination.
The above-described preferred embodiments of the composite sheet according to the invention are correspondingly also suitable for the method for producing the composite sheet according to the invention.
The invention also relates to the use of the composite sheet according to the invention as a transport sheet in transport means for traffic on land, in the air or on water, in particular in motor vehicles, and in particular in windshields, very particularly for head-up displays in motor vehicles.
Drawings
The invention is described in detail below with the aid of figures and examples. The drawings are schematic and not to scale. The drawings in no way limit the invention. Therein, the
FIG. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a top view of a further embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a cross section through the composite sheet according to FIG. 1 along section line A-A';
FIG. 5 shows a cross-section of a further embodiment of a composite sheet according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of individual sheets when cutting the individual sheets having a wedge-shaped cross section in flat glass produced by the float process;
FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a monolithic sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section made using the float process, taken along section line X-X' shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of a thermoplastic interlayer partially unwound from a roll;
FIG. 9 shows a portion of a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a thermoplastic interlayer along section line Y-Y' shown in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 shows a portion of a cross-sectional view of an additional embodiment of a thermoplastic interlayer along section line Y-Y' shown in FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of a single sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section in flat glass made by the float process for truncating the thermoplastic interlayer from FIG. 8;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of another arrangement of a single sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section in flat glass made by the float process for truncating the thermoplastic interlayer from FIG. 8;
FIG. 13 shows an exploded view of a further embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 14 shows an exploded view of a further embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of a single sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section in flat glass made by the float process for severing a thermoplastic interlayer from the thermoplastic interlayer as a roll;
FIG. 16 shows a portion of a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a thermoplastic interlayer as a web along section line Z-Z' shown in FIG. 15;
FIG. 17 shows an exploded view of a further embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
FIG. 18 shows a further exploded view of an embodiment of a composite sheet according to the present invention;
fig. 19 shows a flow chart of an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
Detailed Description
A top view of an embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention is shown in fig. 1. The composite sheet 1 consists of an outer sheet 2 and an inner sheet 3 which are connected to each other by a thermoplastic interlayer 4. The outer sheet 2 faces the outside environment in the mounted position and the inner sheet 3 faces the vehicle interior space. The outer sheet 2 has an outer side surface i facing the outside environment in the mounted position and a surface ii facing the inner space side of the inner space in the mounted position. Likewise, the inner sheet 3 has an outer side surface iii facing the outside environment in the mounted position and an inner space side surface iv facing the inner space in the mounted position. The lower sheet edge U of the composite sheet 1 is arranged downwards in the direction of the engine of the passenger car, the upper sheet edge O of the composite sheet 1 is arranged upwards in the direction of the roof, and the two side sheet edges S are arranged at the sides. An opaque layer 5 is embossed onto the thermoplastic layer 4, which layer is arranged in the region around the sensor window 6.
Fig. 2 shows a top view of a further embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention. The embodiment shown in fig. 2 differs from the embodiment shown in fig. 1 only in that the thermoplastic intermediate layer has an opaque imprint in the circumferential edge region, i.e. the opaque layer 5 is imprinted on the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 in the circumferential edge region. It is of course also possible to combine the embodiments shown in fig. 1 and 2, so that an opaque layer 5 is embossed on the thermoplastic layer 4, which layer is arranged in the region surrounding the sensor window 6 and in the surrounding edge region.
Fig. 3 shows an exploded view of the embodiment shown in fig. 1 of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention. The composite sheet 1 consists of an outer sheet 2, which has an upper edge O2, a lower edge U2 and two side edges S2, and an inner sheet 3, which has an upper edge O3, a lower edge U3 and two side edges S3, connected to each other by a thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 with an upper edge O4, a lower edge U4 and two side edges S4. An opaque layer 5 is embossed on the thermoplastic layer 4 over the entire surface, said layer being arranged in the region surrounding the sensor window 6.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 1 and 3, for example, the outer sheet 2 has a wedge-shaped cross section with the greatest linear thickness increase along the first direction R1 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U2 and the upper edge O2, and the inner sheet 3 has a wedge-shaped cross section with the greatest linear thickness increase along the second direction R2 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U3 and the upper edge O3. Alternatively, it is also possible for only one of the two sheets to have a wedge-shaped cross section. The outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 are made of soda lime glass, for example. The outer sheet 2 has a thickness of, for example, 2.1mm at the thicker first end, and the inner sheet 3 has a thickness of, for example, 1.6mm at the thicker first end.
The thermoplastic interlayer 4 is, for example, designed as a stretched thermoplastic interlayer with a wedge-shaped cross section, consisting of a single layer of thermoplastic material, for example a PVB film, which has a thickness of 0.76mm in the initial state before stretching. The opaque layer 5 is black, for example, and has a thickness of 12 μm, for example.
A cross section through the composite sheet according to fig. 1 along the sectional line a-a' is shown in fig. 4. In the embodiment shown in fig. 4, both the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 have a wedge-shaped cross-section. Thus having a thicker first end and a thinner second end, both the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3. The wedge angle of the outer sheet 2 is, for example, 0.3 mrad. The wedge angle of the inner sheet 3 is for example 0.3 mrad. The wedge angle of the stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is, for example, 0.05 mrad. Thus in the embodiment shown in fig. 4, the composite sheet 1 has a wedge angle of 0.65 mrad.
The outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 are made of soda lime glass, for example. The outer sheet 2 has a thickness of, for example, 2.1mm at the thicker first end, and the inner sheet 6 has a thickness of, for example, 1.6mm at the thicker first end. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is formed, for example, from a single thermoplastic material layer, for example, from a PVB film having a thickness of 0.76 mm.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 4, the opaque layer 5 is embossed on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 which is arranged directly adjacent to the outer sheet 2. This embodiment is preferred because, when viewed from the outside, no thermoplastic intermediate layer is provided before the opaque imprints.
A cross section through a further embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention is shown in fig. 5. In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, both the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 have a wedge-shaped cross-section. Thus having a thicker first end and a thinner second end, both the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3. The wedge angle of the outer sheet 2 is denoted by K2 and is for example 0.3 mrad. The wedge angle of the inner sheet 3 is denoted by K3 and is for example 0.3 mrad. In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the thermoplastic intermediate layer is, for example, a stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer with a wedge-shaped cross section. The wedge angle of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is denoted by K4 and is for example 0.05 mrad. Thus in the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the composite sheet 1 has a wedge angle K1 of 0.65 mrad.
The outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 are made of soda lime glass, for example. The outer sheet 2 has a thickness of, for example, 2.1mm at the thicker first end, and the inner sheet 3 has a thickness of, for example, 1.6mm at the thicker first end. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is formed, for example, from a single layer of thermoplastic material, for example, from a PVB film which, before stretching, has a thickness of 0.76mm in the initial state.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the opaque layer 5 is embossed on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, which is arranged directly adjacent to the inner sheet 3.
Fig. 6 shows a schematic layout of a single sheet 14 when cutting the single sheet from flat glass having a wedge-shaped cross-section 14 produced by the float process (which comes from a glass ribbon 21 having a plano-convex cross-section produced by the float process). The third direction R3 corresponds to the direction of pull of the glass ribbon 21 during the float process. The fourth direction R4 is perpendicular to the third direction R3.
Fig. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a single sheet having a wedge-shaped cross-section 14 made using the float process, along the section line X-X' shown in fig. 6. The single sheet 14 shown in fig. 7 may be, for example, the outer sheet 2 of the composite glass 1 according to the invention. The single sheet 14 shown in fig. 7 may also be the inner sheet 3 of the composite glass 1 according to the invention. With the composite glass 1 according to the present invention, both the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 can be configured as shown in fig. 7.
The individual sheet 14 shown in fig. 7 has elevations 8 and depressions 9 at the surfaces 12, 12', which run perpendicular to the shortest connecting line between the upper edge O14 and the lower edge U14. The monolithic sheet shown in fig. 7 has, for example, a thickness of 2.1mm and a wedge angle of 0.7 mrad.
A schematic view of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 partially unwound from the reel 15 is shown in fig. 8. The thermoplastic interlayer 4 is preferably composed of PVB. Alternatively, the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 may be composed of another suitable material, such as polyamide or polyethylene. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is produced by extrusion, wherein the extrusion direction of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 corresponds to the winding or unwinding direction of the roll 15. The direction of extrusion or deployment is indicated by arrow R5 in fig. 8.
Fig. 9 shows a detail of a cross-sectional view of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 according to the section line Y-Y' indicated in fig. 8. It can be seen that the thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is substantially constant across the length and width. The thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is, for example, 0.76 mm. The surfaces 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 have a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of protruding surfaces arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bulges 10 and the depressions 11 each extend in the extrusion direction R5 (not shown in fig. 9). Transversely to the extrusion direction, i.e. in the direction R6, the elevations 10 and depressions 11 are arranged alternately. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating configuration, so that the surfaces 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 have an undulating shape.
Fig. 10 shows a part of a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 along the section line Y-Y shown in fig. 8. It can be seen that the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 comprises a first layer 4a, a second layer 4b and a third layer 4c arranged between the first layer 4a and the second layer 4b, wherein the third layer 4c has acoustic damping properties. The thickness of the first layer 4a, the second layer 4b, the third layer 4c and the total thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are substantially constant across the length and width, respectively. The total thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is, for example, 0.84 mm. The surfaces 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 have a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of protruding surfaces arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bulge 10 and the depression 11 each extend in the extrusion direction R5 (not shown in fig. 10). Transversely to the extrusion direction, i.e. in the direction R6, the elevations 10 and depressions 11 are arranged alternately. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating configuration, so that the surfaces 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 have an undulating shape.
Fig. 11 shows a schematic representation of an arrangement of a single sheet with a wedge-shaped cross-section 14 from flat glass produced by the float process for truncating the thermoplastic interlayer 4 in fig. 9 in order to produce an embodiment of the composite sheet 1 according to the invention. Accordingly, the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is cut off from the roll 15 such that the sheet edge running in the transverse direction of the vehicle in the mounted state is arranged perpendicular to the extrusion direction R5. When arranging the single sheet 14 on the rolled-out thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 as shown in fig. 11, the ridges 10 and the depressions 11 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are arranged rotated by 90 ° with respect to the direction R3, and thus rotated by 90 ° with respect to the ridges 8 and the depressions 9 of the single sheet 14.
Fig. 12 shows a schematic representation of another arrangement of a monolithic sheet with a wedge-shaped cross section 14 from flat glass produced by the float process for truncating the thermoplastic interlayer 4 in fig. 9 in order to produce an embodiment of the composite sheet 1 according to the invention. Accordingly, the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is cut off from the roll 15 in such a way that the sheet edges running in the transverse direction of the transport means in the mounted state are arranged at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the extrusion direction R5. When arranging the single sheet 14 on the rolled-out thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 as shown in fig. 12, the ridges 10 and the valleys 11 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are arranged rotated 45 ° with respect to the direction R3 and thus rotated 45 ° with respect to the ridges 8 and the valleys 9 of the single sheet 14.
Fig. 13 shows an exploded view of an embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention. The composite sheet 1 comprises an outer sheet 2 and an inner sheet 3 with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 arranged therebetween. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 has, for production reasons, a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of projecting surfaces 13, 13' arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bump 10 and the sink 11 each extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R5 in fig. 13. Transversely to the direction R5, the elevations 10 and depressions 11 are arranged alternately. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating design.
The outer pane 2 and the inner pane 3 are designed as wedge-shaped flat glass 14 produced by the float process and, for production reasons, have a plurality of elongated elevations 8 of projecting surfaces arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 9 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bulge portion 8 and the subsidence portion 9 respectively extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R3 in fig. 13. Transversely to the direction R3, the humps 8 and the sinkers 9 are arranged alternately. The elevations 8 and depressions 9 are of undulating design.
As is illustrated in fig. 13, in the embodiment shown in fig. 13 of the composite sheet 1 according to the invention the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 and the outer and inner sheets 2, 3 are arranged such that the elevations 10 and depressions 11 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are arranged rotated by 90 ° with respect to the direction R3 and thus rotated by 90 ° with respect to the elevations 8 and depressions 9 of the outer and inner sheets 2, 3.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 13, the opaque layer 5 is embossed on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, which is arranged directly adjacent to the outer sheet 2. The opaque layer 5 is not shown in fig. 13 to simplify the illustration.
Fig. 14 shows an exploded view of another embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention. The composite sheet 1 comprises an outer sheet 2 and an inner sheet 3 with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 arranged therebetween. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 has, for production reasons, a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of projecting surfaces 13, 13' arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bump 10 and the sink 11 each extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R5 in fig. 10. Transversely to the direction R5, the elevations 10 and depressions 11 are arranged alternately. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating design.
The outer pane 2 is designed as a wedge-shaped flat glass 14 produced by the float process and, for production reasons, has a plurality of elongated elevations 8 projecting from the surfaces 12, 12' in a parallel arrangement and elongated depressions 9 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bulge portion 8 and the subsidence portion 9 respectively extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R3 in fig. 10. Transversely to the direction R3, the humps 8 and the sinkers 9 are arranged alternately. The elevations 8 and depressions 9 are of undulating design.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 14, the inner sheet 3 is implemented as flat glass with a constant thickness 16 produced using a float process. The flat glass has float tracks, i.e. humps 19 and sinkers 20, which run along a ninth direction R9 and are arranged alternately transversely to the ninth direction R9, i.e. in a tenth direction R10. The elevations 8 and depressions 9 are of undulating design.
As is illustrated in fig. 14, in the embodiment shown in fig. 14 of the composite sheet 1 according to the invention the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 and the outer sheet 2 are arranged such that the elevations 10 and depressions 11 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 are arranged rotated by 45 ° with respect to the directions R3 and R9 and thus with respect to the elevations 8 and depressions 9 of the outer sheet 2 and with respect to the elevations 19 and depressions 20 of the inner sheet 3.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 14, the opaque layer 5 is embossed on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, which is arranged directly adjacent to the outer sheet 2. For simplicity of illustration, the opaque layer 5 is not shown in fig. 14.
Fig. 15 shows a schematic view of an arrangement of a single sheet with a wedge-shaped cross-section in flat glass 14 produced by the float process for severing the thermoplastic interlayer 4 from the thermoplastic interlayer as a web 15. The thermoplastic intermediate layer as a web 15 has a wedge-shaped cross section and is constructed, for example, from a single layer of thermoplastic material, for example, from a PVB-film having a thickness of 0.76mm at the thicker ends. Alternatively, it may be constructed of another suitable material such as polyamide or polyethylene. The thermoplastic intermediate layer as a web 15 is produced with a substantially constant thickness by extrusion of a wedge-shaped intermediate layer or by stretching of a thermoplastic intermediate layer produced by an extrusion method, wherein the extrusion direction corresponds to the winding or unwinding direction of the roll 15, respectively. The extrusion or deployment direction is represented by direction R5 in fig. 15, and the direction of maximum linear thickness increase of the thermoplastic intermediate layer is represented by direction R7.
As can be seen from fig. 15, the shortest connecting line from the lower edge U4 to the upper edge O4 of the sheeted thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 is indicated by the direction R8. As shown in fig. 15, the direction R7 (with the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 having the greatest linear increase in thickness along the direction R7) is rotated by an angle α (not labeled in fig. 15) relative to the direction R8. In the embodiment shown in fig. 15, the direction R7 is rotated, for example, by 45 ° with respect to the direction R8.
Fig. 16 shows a part of a cross-sectional view according to the section line Z-Z' marked in fig. 15 as a thermoplastic intermediate layer of the web 15. It can be seen that the thickness of the thermoplastic interlayer as web 15 increases from Z' towards Z. The thickness of the thermoplastic intermediate layer as the web 15 is, for example, 0.76mm at the thickest position. The surface 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer as a web has a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of protruding surfaces arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bump portions 10 and the land portions 11 respectively extend in the extrusion direction R5 (not shown in fig. 16). Transversely to the extrusion direction, i.e. in the direction R6, the elevations 10 and depressions 11 are arranged alternately. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating configuration, so that the surfaces 13, 13' of the thermoplastic intermediate layer as a web 15 have an undulating shape.
An exploded view of one embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the present invention is shown in fig. 17. The composite sheet 1 is composed of an outer sheet 2 and an inner sheet 3 which are connected to each other by a thermoplastic interlayer 4. The outer sheet 2 faces the outside environment in the mounted position and the inner sheet 3 faces the vehicle interior space. The lower edge U2 of the outer sheet 2, the lower edge U4 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 and the lower edge U3 of the inner sheet 3 are arranged flush on top of one another in the composite sheet 1, and the upper edge O2 of the outer sheet 2, the upper edge O4 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 and the upper edge O3 of the inner sheet 3 are likewise arranged flush on top of one another in the composite sheet 1. The side edges S2, S3 and S4 of the outer sheet 2, the inner sheet 3 and the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, respectively, are also arranged flush on top of one another.
The outer sheet 2 has, for example, a wedge angle of 0.3mrad with a maximum linear thickness increase, for example, a thickness of 2.1mm at the thicker end, in the first direction R1 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U2 and the upper edge O2. The inner sheet 3 has, for example, a wedge angle of 0.3mrad with a maximum linear thickness increase, for example, a thickness of 1.6mm at the thicker end, in the second direction R2 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U3 and the upper edge O3. However, it is also possible for only the outer sheet 2 or only the inner sheet 3 to have a wedge-shaped cross section. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 has a wedge-shaped cross section with the greatest linear thickness increase along the direction R7 and consists, for example, of a single layer of thermoplastic material, for example a PVB-film having a thickness of 0.76mm at the thickest location. Direction R7 is rotated by an angle α relative to direction R8 along the shortest connecting line between lower edge U4 and upper edge O4. The plastic intermediate layer 4 has a wedge angle of 0.03mrad, for example, in the direction R8. The angle α is, for example, 45 ° measured clockwise.
An opaque layer 5 is embossed over the thermoplastic layer 4, which opaque layer is arranged in the region around the sensor window 6. The opaque layer 5 is black, for example, and has a thickness of 12 μm, for example, and is arranged on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 facing the outer sheet 2.
Fig. 18 shows another exploded view of an embodiment of a composite sheet 1 according to the invention. The composite sheet 1 comprises an outer sheet 2 and an inner sheet 3 with a thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 arranged therebetween. The embodiment shown in fig. 18 corresponds substantially to the embodiment shown in fig. 17. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 has, for production reasons, a plurality of elongated elevations 10 of projecting surfaces 13, 13' arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 11 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bump 10 and the sink 11 each extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R5 in fig. 7. Transversally to the direction R5, i.e. along the direction R6, the humps 10 and the dips 11 are alternately arranged. The elevations 10 and depressions 11 are of undulating design.
The outer pane 2 and the inner pane 3 are designed as wedge-shaped flat glass 14 produced by the float process and, for production reasons, have a plurality of elongated elevations 8 of projecting surfaces arranged in parallel and elongated depressions 9 which cause the surfaces to sink. The bulge portion 8 and the subsidence portion 9 respectively extend in the direction indicated by the arrow R3 in fig. 18. Transversally to the direction R3, i.e. along the direction R4, the humps 8 and the sinks 9 are arranged alternately. The elevations 8 and depressions 9 are of undulating design.
As is illustrated in fig. 18, in the embodiment of the composite sheet 1 according to the invention illustrated in fig. 18, the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 and the outer and inner sheets 2, 3 are arranged such that the elevations 10 and depressions 11 of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, which extend in the direction R5 and are arranged alternately in the direction R6, are rotated by 45 ° with respect to the direction R3 and are thus arranged rotated by 45 ° with respect to the elevations 8 and depressions 9 of the outer and inner sheets 2, 3.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 18, the opaque layer 5 is embossed on the surface of the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4, which is arranged directly adjacent to the outer sheet 2. The opaque layer 5 is not shown in fig. 18 to simplify the illustration.
Fig. 19 shows a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method according to the invention for producing a composite sheet 1 according to the invention.
The method comprises a first step i in which an outer sheet 2 with an upper edge O2, a lower edge U2 and two side edges S2 and an inner sheet 3 with an upper edge O3, a lower edge U3 and two side edges S3 are provided, wherein the outer sheet 2 has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a first direction R1 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U2 and the upper edge O2 and/or the inner sheet 3 has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase along a second direction R2 of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge U3 and the upper edge O3.
In a second step ii, the opaque layer is embossed onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 at least in one region.
In a third step iii, a stacking sequence of the outer sheet 2, the thermoplastic interlayer 4 and the inner sheet 3 is formed.
In a fourth step iv, the stacking sequence is connected by lamination.
Step ii preferably comprises at least applying a water-or solvent-based component containing a coating pigment or colorant to the thermoplastic intermediate layer 4 in at least one region and allowing the applied component to dry.
The composite sheet according to the invention and the method according to the invention have significant advantages over the covering impressions according to the prior art, which are applied directly onto the glass surface, where they are baked at a higher temperature and form a glassy coating or enamel.
As mentioned in the opening paragraph, it is difficult or impossible for surface-coated glass to apply a masking impression to the glass sheet in this manner. In addition to the adhesion problems in the composite sheet, undesirable discoloration or defects may also occur in the cover impression or in the coating. This applies in particular to covering impressions according to the prior art, which are applied to a sun shading coating, in particular a silver-based sun shading coating, and baked. Furthermore, the covering imprints according to the prior art can cause optical distortions in the edge region or in the sensor window region.
All these drawbacks, which arise in the covering impressions according to the prior art, are successfully solved and avoided by separating the opaque layer 5 from the outer sheet 2 and the inner sheet 3 according to the invention.
List of reference numerals
1 composite sheet
2 outer sheet
3 inner sheet
4 thermoplastic interlayer
4a first layer
4b second layer
4c third layer
5 embossed opaque layer
6 sensor window
8 raised part
9 settling part
10 raised part
11 settling section
12. 12' sheet surface
13. 13' surface
14 sheet structured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross section produced by the float process
15 reel
16 sheet structured in the form of flat glass with a substantially constant thickness produced by the float process
19 raised part
20 settling section
21 glass ribbon
Wedge angle (desired) of K1 composite sheet
Wedge angle of K2 outer sheet
Wedge angle of sheet material in K3
Wedge angle of K4 thermoplastic interlayer
The sum of the wedge angle of the KS outer sheet and the wedge angle of the inner sheet;
KS = K2 + K3；
KD is the difference between the desired wedge angle of the composite sheet and the sum of the wedge angles of the outer and inner sheets
KD = K1 - KS
O upper sheet edge
Edge of U lower sheet
S side panel edge
Upper edge of O2 outer sheet
Lower edge of U2 outer sheet
S2 side edge of outer sheet
Upper edge of O3 inner sheet
Lower edge of U3 inner sheet
S3 side edge of inner sheet
Upper edge of O4 thermoplastic middle layer
Lower edge of U4 thermoplastic middle layer
Side edges of S4 thermoplastic intermediate layer
O14 Upper edge of a Single sheet with a wedge-shaped Cross section made by the float Process
Lower edge of a single sheet with a wedge-shaped cross-section made by the float process of U14
R1 first direction
R2 second direction
R3 third Direction
R4 fourth direction
R5 fifth direction
Sixth direction of R6
Seventh direction of R7
R8 eighth Direction
Ninth direction of R9
Tenth direction of R10
Claims (15)
1. Composite sheet (1) having an upper sheet edge (O), a lower sheet edge (U) and two side sheet edges (S), comprising at least:
-an outer sheet (2) having an upper edge (O2), a lower edge (U2) and two side edges (S2);
-an inner sheet (3) having an upper edge (O3), a lower edge (U3) and two side edges (S3); and
-a thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) arranged between the outer sheet (2) and the inner sheet (3), having an upper edge (O4), a lower edge (U4) and two side edges (S4);
wherein the outer sheet (2) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction (R1) along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U2) and the upper edge (O2), and/or the inner sheet (3) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction (R2) along the shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U3) and the upper edge (O3);
and the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) has an embossed opaque layer (5) in at least one region.
2. The composite sheet (1) according to claim 1, wherein the embossed opaque layer (5) is arranged in an edge region surrounding the composite sheet (1) and/or the composite sheet (1) has at least one sensor window (6) for an optical sensor and the embossed opaque layer (5) is arranged in a region surrounding the sensor window (6).
3. Composite sheet (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the embossed opaque layer (5) contains coating pigments or colorants, in particular selected from the group consisting of industrial carbon black, iron oxide pigments and mixed phase oxide pigments.
4. Composite sheet (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) has a surface roughness Rz of at most 45 μm (micrometres), preferably at most 20 μm, particularly preferably at most 10 μm.
5. The composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) is a thermoplastic intermediate layer having a wedge-shaped cross-section, in particular having a wedge angle in the range of 0.01mrad to 0.15mrad, and/or is a stretched thermoplastic intermediate layer.
6. The composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
-the outer sheet (2) and/or the inner sheet (3) are configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross-section (14) manufactured with the float process and have, at the sheet surfaces (12, 12'), a plurality of elongated elevations (8) and elongated depressions (9) which extend along a third direction (R3) and are arranged alternately in a fourth direction (R4) perpendicular to the third direction (R3);
-said thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) is manufactured with an extrusion process, has a substantially constant thickness in length and width, and has, at a surface (13, 13'), a plurality of elongated elevations (10) and elongated depressions (11) extending in a fifth direction (R5) and arranged alternately in a sixth direction (R6) perpendicular to said fifth direction (R5); and is
-the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) is arranged such that the elongated ridges (10) of the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) are arranged at an angle of 45 ° to 90 ° with respect to the elongated ridges (8) of the outer sheet (2) and/or inner sheet (3) configured in the form of flat glass with a wedge-shaped cross-section (14) manufactured with a float process.
7. Composite sheet material (1) according to claim 5, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) has a wedge-shaped cross-section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a seventh direction (R7), wherein the seventh direction (R7) is rotated by an angle a different from 0 ° with respect to an eighth direction (R8) of the shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U4) and the upper edge (O4) of the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4).
8. Composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the thermoplastic interlayer (4) comprises at least polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Polyurethane (PU), an acrylate or a mixture or copolymer or derivative thereof, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), particularly preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and a plasticizer.
9. Composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) is a functional intermediate layer, in particular an intermediate layer with acoustic damping properties, an intermediate layer absorbing infrared radiation, an intermediate layer reflecting infrared radiation, an intermediate layer absorbing ultraviolet radiation, an at least partially tinted intermediate layer and/or an at least partially tinted intermediate layer.
10. Composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the embossed opaque layer (5) has a thickness of 5 μ ι η (micrometers) to 40 μ ι η, preferably 5 μ ι η to 20 μ ι η.
11. Composite sheet (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) is configured as a multilayer film composite comprising at least a first film with a thickness of at most 50 μ ι η and a second film with a thickness exceeding 50 μ ι η, and the first film has the embossed opaque layer (5).
12. Composite sheet (1) according to claim 11, wherein the first and second films in the multilayer film composite are arranged such that the opaque layer is arranged between the first and second films.
13. Composite sheet (1) according to claim 11, wherein the first and second films in the multilayered film composite are arranged such that the opacifying layer is embossed on a surface of the first film that is not arranged adjacent to the second film in the film composite.
14. A method for manufacturing a composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein at least:
(a) providing an outer sheet (2) having an upper edge (O2), a lower edge (U2) and two side edges (S2) and an inner sheet (3) having an upper edge (O3), a lower edge (U3) and two side edges (S3), wherein the outer sheet (2) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a first direction (R1) along a shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U2) and the upper edge (O2), and/or the inner sheet (3) has a wedge-shaped cross section with a maximum linear thickness increase in a second direction (R2) along a shortest connecting line between the lower edge (U3) and the upper edge (O3);
(b) embossing an opaque layer onto the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) at least in one area;
(c) -forming a stacking sequence consisting of the outer sheet (2), the thermoplastic intermediate layer (4) and the inner sheet (3);
(d) the stacked sequence is connected by lamination.
15. Use of a composite sheet (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13 as a sheet of a vehicle in a vehicle for transportation on land, in air or on water, in particular in a motor vehicle, and in particular as a windshield.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20180152 | 2020-06-16 | ||
| EP20180152.9 | 2020-06-16 | ||
| PCT/EP2021/065814 WO2021254910A1 (en) | 2020-06-16 | 2021-06-11 | Composite pane |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114144246A true CN114144246A (en) | 2022-03-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202180002556.2A Pending CN114144246A (en) | 2020-06-16 | 2021-06-11 | Composite sheet |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114144246A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE202021004150U1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2021254910A1 (en) |
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| DE102022114785B3 (en) | 2022-06-13 | 2023-09-21 | Cariad Se | Method for producing a composite window for a motor vehicle |
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| US5013134A (en) | 1989-09-28 | 1991-05-07 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Ghost-free automotive head-up display employing a wedged windshield |
| DE19535053A1 (en) | 1994-10-04 | 1996-04-11 | Volkswagen Ag | Glass pane, esp. windscreen, has shaped bonded layer with a shape which causes redn. of double image angle |
| DE19611483A1 (en) | 1995-09-21 | 1997-10-02 | Volkswagen Ag | Compound vehicle window glass |
| ES2210686T3 (en) | 1997-07-24 | 2004-07-01 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | WINDSHIELD OF STRATIFIED GLASS DESTINED TO BE USED SIMULTANEOUSLY AS A REFLECTOR FOR HUD SYSTEM. |
| JP5138142B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2013-02-06 | デジグラス ピーティーワイ． リミテッド | Image retention laminate material |
| US7122242B2 (en) | 2002-04-05 | 2006-10-17 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Wedge shaped glass and methods of forming wedged glass |
| JP2007223883A (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2007-09-06 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Laminated glass for vehicle |
| DE102011004500A1 (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2012-08-23 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Method for producing printed composite plate for, e.g. sliding roof of vehicle, involves laminating composite sheet that is printed using inkjet printer before performing lamination process, between outer and inner panes |
| US9273217B2 (en) | 2011-04-12 | 2016-03-01 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Composition that can be screen printed onto polyvinyl butyral |
| DE102012211729A1 (en) | 2012-07-05 | 2014-01-09 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Camera system for detecting the position of a driver of a motor vehicle |
| GB201307495D0 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2013-06-12 | Pilkington Group Ltd | Laminated glazing |
| US9915822B2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2018-03-13 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Thermoplastic film for a laminated-glass pane having a non-linear continuous wedge insert in the vertical and horizontal direction in some sections |
| WO2015086234A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Thermoplastic film for a laminated-glass pane having a non-linear continuous wedge insert in the vertical direction in some sections |
| EA034319B1 (en) | 2014-12-08 | 2020-01-28 | Сэн-Гобэн Гласс Франс | Laminated glass having reduced thickness for a head-up display (hud) |
| CN112142298A (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2020-12-29 | Ａｇｃ株式会社 | Method for producing sheet glass, and method for producing laminated glass |
| US9623634B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 | 2017-04-18 | Agp America S.A. | Obscuration having superior strength and optical quality for a laminated automotive windshield |
| JP6402706B2 (en) | 2015-12-08 | 2018-10-10 | Ａｇｃ株式会社 | Laminated glass |
| WO2017153167A1 (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2017-09-14 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Method for producing wedge-shaped, thermoplastic films and use thereof |
| CO2017008445A1 (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2018-01-31 | Agp America Sa | Darkening with superior strength and optical quality for automotive laminate |
| CN110944835A (en) | 2017-08-25 | 2020-03-31 | 可乐丽欧洲有限责任公司 | Laminated glass comprising an interlayer film layer having a colored frame |
| WO2020094421A1 (en) | 2018-11-05 | 2020-05-14 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Composite panel for a head-up display |
| WO2020094419A1 (en) | 2018-11-05 | 2020-05-14 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Composite panel for a head-up display |
| WO2020094324A1 (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2020-05-14 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Laminated pane having a functional element and printed shade |
| CN112970110B (en) | 2018-11-07 | 2023-06-02 | 华为技术有限公司 | Integrated circuit and standard cell thereof |
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2021
- 2021-06-11 WO PCT/EP2021/065814 patent/WO2021254910A1/en active Application Filing
- 2021-06-11 CN CN202180002556.2A patent/CN114144246A/en active Pending
- 2021-06-11 DE DE202021004150.8U patent/DE202021004150U1/en active Active
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| DE202021004150U1 (en) | 2022-10-24 |
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