CN114142242A - Terahertz intelligent coding reflection array super surface - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
- H01Q15/002—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices being reconfigurable or tunable, e.g. using switches or diodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
- H01Q15/0026—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices having a stacked geometry or having multiple layers
Abstract
The invention discloses a terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super-surface, which belongs to the field of artificial electromagnetic devices and comprises the following components: the metal layer, the dielectric layer, the second metal layer and the second dielectric layer are stacked in sequence; the first metal layer is of two symmetrical trapezoid structures, and a PIN diode is loaded between the two trapezoid structures; the second metal layer is a metal bottom plate; the conductive columns penetrate through the through holes of the first dielectric layer to be connected with the second metal layer and then connected with the second dielectric layer, and an insulating ring is arranged between the two conductive columns of the bottom plate layer for isolation; the second metal layer and the through hole on the first dielectric substrate are connected to the center of the first metal layer; the cell exhibits two different logic states in different states of the PIN diode. The terahertz wave communication device is simple in structure, easy to process, strong in functionality and strong in practicability, and has an important application prospect in terahertz wave communication.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of novel artificial electromagnetic materials and electromagnetic functional devices, and discloses an intelligent coding reflective array super-surface capable of realizing RCS reduction, beam scanning, beam convolution and other functions through different codes.
Technical Field
Early hypersurfaces were mostly passive structures. In order to explore and expand the dynamic tunable function of the super-surface, an active super-surface and a tunable super-surface are successively proposed. Compared with a passive super-surface, the active super-surface generally has the advantages of wide frequency band, large adjustable range, low loss and the like, and brings strong vitality for the development of the super-surface. Gil's group implemented frequency tunable filters by introducing varactors in an open resonant ring. The Alosyse then controls the light with the metamaterial by filling the open resonant gap with an N-type silicon material containing the optical doping. Later, some researchers implemented tunable electrically controlled metamaterials and tunable magnetically controlled metamaterials using active devices. The core idea of the active tunable super-surface is to load an active device on each element and realize the functions of polarization conversion, beam scanning, multi-beam and wave absorption under the condition of keeping the physical structure of the unit unchanged. Active devices include varactors, transistors, sensors, and the like. Currently, the tuning methods for tunable back surfaces mainly include mechanical control, electrical control, temperature control, and optical control. Mechanical control is the manipulation of the phase by adjusting the physical dimensions or the angle of rotation. Further, electronic devices commonly used for electrical control include: PIN diodes, varactors, and MEMS switches. Compared with mechanical control, the electrical control has the advantages of low system complexity, flexible adjustment form, strong light beam adjustment capability and the like. By adopting a proper adjusting mode, the active tunable super-surface can enlarge the manipulation range of the phase and the polarization mode of the electromagnetic wave in a microwave frequency band, and plays an irreplaceable role in realizing any polarization and any beam control. Meanwhile, the combination of the super-surface and the tunable material (such as graphene) can make great contribution to the progress of the terahertz technology, visible light and infrared light.
In order to explore possible relation between the super surface and digital information, the tretroop proposed a new theory of digitally encoded programmable super surface in 2014, and opened a new chapter of super surface research. The core idea of the digital coding metamaterial is to introduce digital binary coding into the design of the metamaterial. In addition, digital information is integrated into various aspects of the metamaterial design, such as structure, electromagnetic parameters, and functionality. Since then, various electromagnetic functional designs such as holograms, full space control, sound field modulation, optically transparent metasurfaces, Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) beams have been proposed in passively encoded metasurface designs. However, due to the function immobilization of the passive coding super surface, the application scene and the practical value are greatly limited. The active programmable coding metamaterial is the inevitable direction of the passive structural function expansion. To date, a large number of active programmable super-surfaces based on PIN diodes and varactors have emerged, and the coding forms have gradually expanded from programmable phase to programmable amplitude and polarization. However, active control of programmable metamaterials still requires human intervention to change the control instructions or programs to achieve switching of different electromagnetic properties, such as switching different phase encoding states, different polarization encoding states, and the like. Therefore, the intelligent metamaterial will be an important direction for the development of the future metamaterial.
The dynamically programmable nature of digitally encoded metamaterials provides a high degree of freedom for functional design. Programmable phase, amplitude, polarization and other forms of encoding rapidly spawn a series of real-time tunable electromagnetic applications. On the basis, the design of the intelligent metamaterial is developed vigorously, intelligent judgment and decision are really realized, and a foundation is laid for further development of the intelligent metamaterial and realization of the cognitive metamaterial.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide the terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super surface which is simple in structure, easy to process and high in practicability and integrates RCS reduction, beam scanning and beam convolution.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is that the terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super-surface is characterized by comprising four layers from top to bottom, namely a first metal layer, a first dielectric layer, a second metal layer and a second dielectric layer;
the first metal layer is of two symmetrical trapezoidal structures, and a PIN diode is loaded between the first metal layer and the second metal layer;
the first dielectric layer is made of F4B with the dielectric constant of 2.65;
the second metal layer is a bottom plate layer;
the second dielectric layer is made of FR-4 with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the intelligent coding super-surface structure provided by the invention can regulate and control the reflection of electromagnetic waves in a terahertz wave band and realize different functions through different codes.
(2) According to the intelligent coding super-surface structure, the upper-layer metal structure adopts a PIN diode, the on and off of the diode can be realized by loading voltage, the on and off states of the diode are utilized to perform 1bit coding so as to realize the regulation and control of electromagnetic waves, and the functions of RCS reduction, beam scanning, beam convolution and the like can be realized through different codes.
(3) The intelligent coding super-surface structure provided by the invention adopts a form of punching in the middle, avoids electromagnetic interference caused by grid lines, and can independently control each unit.
(4) The invention has the characteristics of flexible design, various functions, easy processing, strong practicability and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a structure of an encoded super-surface unit according to an embodiment of the present invention, where h 1-0.55 mm, h 2-0.5 mm, x 1-0.3 mm, x 2-0.86 mm, y 1-0.32 mm, y 2-0.39 mm, y 3-0.3 mm, r-0.2 mm, r 1-0.1 mm, g-0.02 mm, and L-1.5 mm.
FIG. 2 is a graph of the amplitude-phase characteristics of an encoded super-surface of an embodiment of the present invention. Wherein, (a) is the amplitude characteristic of two states of the super surface unit, the amplitude is more than 0.5 in 0.117-0.127THz, and (b) the phase characteristic of two states of the super surface unit has a phase difference of 180 degrees in 0.117-0.127 THz.
FIG. 3 is a simulation model of an encoded super-surface array in CST according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a two-dimensional beam pattern of an encoded super-surface array of an embodiment of the present invention. The super-surface unit is encoded in the X gradient direction, and beam scanning at different angles can be realized by changing the magnitude of Nx.
FIG. 5 is a two-dimensional beam pattern of the present encoded super-surface array. Wherein, (a) is a two-dimensional beam pattern corresponding to Nx ═ 4 and Nx ═ 8, and (b) is a two-dimensional beam pattern after convolution. (c) The two-dimensional beam pattern corresponds to Nx-4 and Nx-16, and (d) is the convolved two-dimensional beam pattern.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of RCS convolutional code generation.
FIG. 7 is a three-dimensional far-field beam pattern for the coded super-surface array at 0.123 THz.
FIG. 8 is a RCS reduction of an encoded super-surface array. Wherein, (a) is the RCS reduction of the coded super-surface array at different angles at 0.123THz, and (b) is the RCS reduction of the coded super-surface array at different frequency points under normal incidence.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
A terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super surface comprises units of a super surface, wherein each unit of the super surface sequentially comprises a structural layer, a first dielectric layer, a bottom plate layer and a second dielectric layer; the structural layer is two symmetrical trapezoidal metal sheets, and a PIN diode is loaded between the two metal sheets; the first dielectric layer adopts F4B with the dielectric constant of 2.65; the bottom plate layer consists of an insulating ring and a hollowed square patch; the second dielectric layer adopts FR-4 with the dielectric constant of 4.3 as a support to prevent the deformation of the unit structure. When the terahertz waves irradiate the super-surface array structure, the diode is coded by controlling the connection and disconnection of the diode, and when the diode is connected, current can flow up and down on the upper-layer metal structure, so that long resonance can be generated; when the diode is off, current flows only through the single ladder structure, creating a short resonance, and the two states are 180 ° out of phase. The electromagnetic wave is controlled by encoding according to Snell's law, and different functions are realized by different encoding.
As shown in figure 1, the invention provides an independently controllable intelligent coding super surface, the top layer is a symmetrical double-trapezoid structure, and a PIN diode is added in the middle. The first layer of medium and the second layer of medium are used as substrates to support the structure, so that the structure is not easy to deform during processing, a bottom plate is used for preventing incident terahertz wave beams from permeating easily, and the bottom plate is hollowed to form an insulating ring for isolating conduction and grounding.
As shown in FIG. 2, the amplitude characteristic and the phase shift characteristic of the coded super-surface unit are shown, the amplitude is above 0.5 in 0.117-0.127THz, and the phase difference between the on state and the off state of the diode is about 180 degrees.
1. Beam scanning
In order to realize beam scanning at different angles, different X gradient coding sequences are added to a super-surface unit, and coding arrangement of '1' and '0' is realized by controlling on and off of diodes on a unit structure, so that the phase of electromagnetic waves can be controlled to realize reflection at different angles. As shown in FIG. 3, a part of the coded super-surface array is automatically modeled and arranged in CST by utilizing matlab program, so that the coded super-surface array preset by the user can be obtained. The specific unit structure parameters are shown in table 1, where table 1 shows the corresponding code sequences and the scanning angles of the beams when Nx of the coded super-surface array takes different values. The coding sequences for different Nx are shown in table 2. We ordered a 32 x 32 array of encoded super-surface in CST according to the coding sequence of table 2. Then, far field simulation is performed in CST, and the two-dimensional beam pattern after simulation is shown in fig. 4, and it can be seen that the beam scanning angle gradually decreases with the increase of Nx. Thus, we can achieve a 25 ° beam scan.
| Frequency f | Cell size dx | Cell size dy | Number of units M | Number of units N |
| 0.123THz | 1.5mm | 1.5mm | 32 (a) | 32 (a) |
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
2. Wave beam convolution
The beam can be steered to any pre-designed direction by the convolution theorem.
The convolution theorem is:
applying this theorem to the far-field scattering pattern:
the far-field beam angle calculation formula after convolution:
θ1and theta2Is the gradient encoded reflection angle and theta is the convolved reflection angle.
When Nx is 4, the verification calculation result of the corresponding x-gradient code 11110000 … … by using Snell formula is as follows: when theta is 11.7 degrees, phi is 0 degrees, and when Ny is 8 degrees, the verification calculation result of the corresponding y-gradient code 111111110000000 … … by using Snell formula is as follows: theta 5.8 deg., phi 90 deg.. The convolution operation is carried out on the two codes, the corresponding code beam angle after the convolution is calculated by a formula (3), and the result is as follows: theta 12.6 ° and phi 26.4 °. As shown in fig. 5(a), the two-dimensional far-field beam pattern is obtained when Nx is 4 and Ny is 8, and fig. 5(b) is obtained by convolution.
When Nx is 4, the verification calculation result of the corresponding x-gradient code 11110000 … … by using Snell formula is as follows: theta 11.7 deg., phi 0 deg., and when Ny 16, the corresponding y gradient is coded as 11111111111111110000000000000000, and the result of the verification calculation using Snell's formula is: theta 2.9 deg., phi 90 deg.. The convolution operation is carried out on the two codes, the corresponding code beam angle after the convolution is calculated by a formula (3), and the result is as follows: theta is 12 deg., phi is 14 deg.. As shown in fig. 5(c), the two-dimensional far-field beam pattern is obtained when Nx is 4 and Ny is 16, and fig. 5(d) is a two-dimensional far-field beam pattern after convolution.
RCS reduction
The Radar Cross Section (RCS) is a physical quantity that measures the power of scattering of an incident electromagnetic wave by a target for a particular direction. We optimize the encoding by GRS so that the fringe field generated by the super-surface array is uniformly distributed in all possible directions. This means a considerable reduction of RCS at both monostable and bistable metasurfaces compared to a simple checkerboard pattern. By the recurrence formula:
ζ0＝1,ζ2n＝ζn,ζ2n+1＝(-1)nζn (1)
obtaining P-type code:
Γn＝ζn,n＝0,...,N-1 (2)
coding of Q type:
order toΓn-1 represents the code 1,Γn-1 represents code 0. Each 4 x 4 is a super sub-unit representing a one-bit code 0/1. To optimize the spatial arrangement of the codes, the p-type code and the checkerboard code are convolved. We have obtained a new convolutional code that significantly eliminates specular reflections, thereby improving the uniform divergence of the scattered waves. As shown in fig. 6, taking the 8-bit P-type GRS coding with N-7, each 4 × 4 super subunit represents a bit code 0/1 to form a 32 × 32 coding array, which is then convolved with the 32 × 32 checkerboard coding array. The code is arranged into an array structure to be simulated in CST, a simulated three-dimensional far-field beam pattern is shown in figure 7, and the beams are uniformly dispersed to all directions and have very low energy, so that RCS reduction is realized to a certain extent. As shown in FIG. 8(a), taking the two-dimensional RCS beam pattern at a frequency of 0.123THz, Theta is very low in energy from 90 DEG to-90 DEG, and is substantially-5 dBm2The following. We take the RCS beam pattern at different frequency points at normal incidence with Theta at 0 ° as shown in fig. 8 (b).
In summary, the invention provides a terahertz coding super-surface based on reflection independent control coding, which can control electromagnetic waves in the whole space, and the super-surface structure has the characteristics of unit independent control, easy manufacture, flexible design, strong functionality, strong practicability and the like. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited in its function to the three embodiments described above, which are intended to further illustrate the principles of the present invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made in the function of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (3)
1. The terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super-surface is characterized by comprising a first metal layer, a first dielectric layer, a second metal layer and a second dielectric layer which are sequentially overlapped; the structure layer is composed of two symmetrical trapezoid structures and a PIN diode; the first dielectric layer is made of F4B with the dielectric constant of 2.65; the second dielectric layer is made of FR-4 with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025.
2. The terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super-surface as claimed in claim 1, connected with the second metal layer through the via hole of the conductive column via passing through the first dielectric layer, and then connected with the second dielectric layer, and isolated by the insulating ring between the two conductive columns of the bottom plate layer; the second metal layer and the via hole on the first medium substrate are connected to the center of the first metal layer.
3. The terahertz intelligent coding reflective array super-surface as claimed in claim 1, the specific structural parameters are as follows: the thickness h1 of the first dielectric layer is 0.55 mm; the thickness h2 of the second dielectric layer is 0.5 mm; the first metal layer x 1-0.3 mm, x 2-0.86 mm, y 1-0.32 mm, y 2-0.39 mm, and y 3-0.3 mm; the second metal layer r is 0.2mm, r1 is 0.1mm, g is 0.02 mm; the unit period is L1.5 mm.
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