CN114139259A - Method for constructing river channel water quality model - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of water environment analysis, in particular to a method for constructing a river channel water quality model; acquiring basic data consisting of river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data of a research area; calculating water environment capacity and water pollutant migration data based on the basic data; acquiring water environment capacity and water body pollutant migration data, and performing simulation and emergency response on sudden water pollution events based on the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data to generate simulation results; visualizing the simulation result; and establishing a river water quality model so as to obtain migration and transformation data of the pollutants, performing dynamic time-space simulation on the water pollution sudden accident, forecasting and dynamically displaying the arrival place, time, range, concentration and duration of the pollutants, and striving for the time for emergency measures to deal with, thereby being beneficial to timely and accurately treating the pollutants.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of water environment analysis, in particular to a method for constructing a river channel water quality model.
Background
With the rapid development of industry, the river pollution condition is more and more serious, the outbreak frequency of various artificial and accident water quality sudden pollution events continuously rises, and the traditional method for detecting the water quality at fixed time and fixed point is not enough to deal with various sudden conditions, so various automatic monitoring devices are put into use successively.
At present, water quality monitoring equipment is arranged in a plurality of riverways, water quality and the like in the riverways can be monitored, although a large amount of real-time data are obtained, the inventor thinks that the conventional change rule of the water quality sequence and the specific change range when the water quality is polluted lack of a quantitative model in the related technology, when sudden water quality pollution occurs, the pollution degree, the diffusion speed and the like cannot be rapidly judged, the river water quality monitoring early warning and the sudden emergency are incomplete, and great pollution and loss are easily caused due to the fact that the sudden river water quality events are not timely processed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to more timely and accurately process the emergency water quality event of the river channel, the application provides a construction method of a river channel water quality model.
Acquiring river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data of a research area, and acquiring basic data based on the river network water system information, the hydraulic engineering information, the pipe network arrangement information, the water quality monitoring data, the water level data and the rainfall forecast data of the research area;
calculating water environment capacity and water pollutant migration data based on the basic data;
acquiring the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data, and performing simulation and emergency response on an emergent water pollution event based on the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data to generate a simulation result;
and visualizing the simulation result.
By adopting the technical scheme, a river channel water quality model is established for urban water environment, a quantitative relation is established by using a mathematical expression for the interaction relation among the pollutant indexes, the hydrological data and the environmental data of a drainage basin, so that the migration conversion data of the pollutants is obtained, dynamic space-time simulation is carried out on the water pollution sudden accident, the arrival place, the arrival time, the migration conversion data, the concentration and the duration of the pollutants are forecasted and dynamically displayed, the time for responding to emergency measures is obtained, timely and accurate pollutant treatment is facilitated, various emergency measures taken after the accident occurs are simulated, the measure effects are dynamically displayed, analyzed and compared, and decision support is facilitated for water environment risk management.
Optionally, before calculating the water environment capacity, obtaining water quality change information of the water body, where the water quality change information satisfies a formula one:
wherein v isx,vy,vzFlow velocity components in x, y, z directions, respectively; dx,Dy,DzDiffusion coefficients in x, y, z directions, respectively; c is the concentration of the pollutant; t is time; and S is other source and sink items.
By adopting the technical scheme, the change information of the water quality of the water body can be calculated through a formula, and the migration and conversion speed of pollutants can be judged according to the change information, so that the pollutants can be treated more timely and accurately.
Optionally, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity includes:
acquiring pollutant diffusion information;
judging pollutant diffusion dimensions based on the pollutant diffusion information, and building a water environment capacity calculation model based on the judgment result;
and calculating the water environment capacity according to the water environment capacity calculation model.
By adopting the technical scheme, the water environment capacity is calculated, so that the capacity of the riverway for the pollutants is obtained, and the calculation of the migration and transformation rules of the pollutants in the water body is facilitated.
Optionally, the specific step of determining the pollutant diffusion dimension based on the pollutant diffusion information includes:
when the pollutants enter the water body and are completely and uniformly mixed in all directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is zero-dimensional, and building a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is changed in only one direction and is not changed in the other two directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is one-dimensional, and building a one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is unchanged in only one direction and changes in the other two directions, the pollutant diffusion dimension is judged to be two-dimensional, and a two-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model is built.
By adopting the technical scheme, the water environment capacity calculation models with different dimensions are adopted, so that the water environment capacity can be calculated more accurately, and the calculation amount can be reduced.
Optionally, when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be zero, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity includes:
acquiring river channel dilution capacity and self-purification capacity;
and obtaining the sum of the dilution capacity and the self-purification capacity to obtain a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation result, wherein the specific calculation satisfies a formula II:
wherein W is the water environment capacity and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; v is the designed water volume of the river reach, and the unit is m3(ii) a K is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; csThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the pollutants enter the water body, the pollutants are completely and uniformly mixed in all directions, indexes of the pollutants are all calculated according to a node balance principle, the condition of uneven diffusion is not considered, the zero-dimensional water capacity environment calculation model is directly adopted to calculate the water capacity environment, the water environment capacity can be calculated more accurately, and the calculation amount can be reduced.
Optionally, when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be one-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity includes:
acquiring one-dimensional uniform water quality change information, wherein the one-dimensional uniform water quality change information meets a formula III:
wherein u is the average flow velocity of the river section and the unit is m/s; a is the distance along the diffusion direction, and the unit is km; k is a comprehensive degradation coefficient with the unit of 1/d; c is the concentration of the pollutants along the diffusion direction, and the unit is mg/L;
when the uniform river is in a steady pollution discharge condition, and the river flow rate and the concentration of pollutants in river water are in a stable state, the one-dimensional uniform water body water quality change information meets a formula IV:
wherein E is diffusion direction diffusion coefficient and the unit is m2/s;
Setting an initial condition and a boundary condition, wherein the calculation result meets a formula five:
wherein, C0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section is in mg/L;
based on the pipe network arrangement information, the positions of the discharge ports of the pollution sources are generalized, and one-dimensional water environment capacity is calculated according to different generalized concentrated point positions;
when the concentration point is the upper boundary of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula six:
wherein, W is the water environment capacity, and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; l is the total length of the calculated river reach and is in the unit of m; u is the average flow speed designed for the river reach, and the unit is m/s; k is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; cSThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
When the concentration point is the middle point of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula seven:
when the generalized uniform distribution is realized, the one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation after the generalized uniform distribution satisfies the formula eight:
wherein V is the designed water volume of the river reach and the unit is m3。
By adopting the technical scheme, the sewage draining outlet is generalized, the calculated amount is greatly reduced, the water environment capacity can be obtained more quickly, and therefore the sudden water quality pollution event can be timely realized.
Optionally, when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be two-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity includes:
respectively acquiring two-dimensional shallow water information and convection-diffusion information, wherein the two-dimensional shallow water information and the convection-diffusion information meet the formulas of nine to twelve:
wherein h is water depth; u and v are average horizontal flow velocity components of vertical lines in the directions a and b respectively; c. CiIs the vertical average concentration of the contaminant; g is the acceleration of gravity; s0a、sfaRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction a; s0b、sfbRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction b; dia、DibRespectively is the diffusion coefficient of each pollutant in the a and b directions; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of each pollutant; siFor each pollutant source and sink item;
acquiring two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information based on the two-dimensional shallow water information and the two-dimensional convection-diffusion information, wherein the two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information meets a formula thirteen:
acquiring two-dimensional water environment capacity based on the two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information, wherein the two-dimensional water environment capacity meets a formula fourteen:
wherein W is water environment capacity and the unit is t/a; c (a, b) is the water quality standard of a control section (the lower boundary of the mixing zone), and the unit is mg/L; c0The concentration of pollutants at the upstream of the sewage outlet is mg/L; u is the average flow velocity in the direction b in the pollution zone under the designed flow, and the unit is m/s; h is the average water depth of the initial section of the polluted area under the designed flow, and the unit is m; ebIs the b-direction mixing coefficient and has the unit of m2S; a is the distance from the calculation point to the direction a of the sewage discharge outlet, and the unit is m; b is the distance from the calculation point to the bank side where the sewage draining exit is located in the direction of b, and the unit is m; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of pollutants, and the unit is 1/d; and pi is the circumferential ratio.
By adopting the technical scheme, when the concentration of the pollutants changes in two directions, the water environment capacity can be more accurately obtained by using the formula, and the problem that the accident of treating the water quality of the riverway cannot be timely and accurately caused by large calculation errors is avoided, so that greater pollution and loss are caused.
Optionally, the specific step of calculating the migration of the water body pollutants comprises:
establishing a hydrodynamic equation and performing discrete processing on the hydrodynamic equation;
carrying out linearization treatment on the dispersed hydrodynamics equation, obtaining a linear equation, and then solving the linear equation to obtain the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment;
establishing a water quality control equation and performing discrete processing on the water quality control equation;
solving the dispersed water quality control equation to obtain the water quality concentration of each section at any moment;
and coupling the hydraulics equation and the water quality equation based on the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment and the water quality concentration to obtain the water body pollutant concentration of each section at any moment.
By adopting the technical scheme, the water pollutant concentration of each section at any moment is calculated, and the diffusion and conversion speed of pollutants are calculated, so that the emergency water quality event of the river channel is processed more timely and accurately.
Optionally, the specific steps of simulating and responding to the sudden water pollution event and generating the simulation result include:
constructing a simulated accident;
generating a simulation result based on the water environment capacity and the water pollutant migration data;
and carrying out early warning analysis on the simulation result.
By adopting the technical scheme, the early warning analysis is carried out on the simulation result, the early warning time and the water non-available time of each main control section under different water periods are calculated according to the pollutant attenuation change process, and the water safety of people is guaranteed.
In summary, the present application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:
aiming at urban water environment, a river channel water quality model is established, quantitative relation is established by using a mathematical expression for the interaction relation among pollutant indexes, hydrological data and environmental data of a drainage basin, so that migration conversion data of pollutants is obtained, dynamic space-time simulation is carried out on water pollution accidents, the arrival place, time, range, concentration and duration of the pollutants are forecasted and dynamically displayed, the time for responding to emergency measures is obtained, timely and accurate pollutant treatment is facilitated, various emergency measures taken after the accidents occur are simulated, the effect of the measures is dynamically displayed, analyzed and compared, and decision support is facilitated for water environment risk management.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a main flow chart of a method for constructing a river water quality model according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an N-point generalized one-dimensional river reach in a construction method in a river water quality model construction method according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a four-point implicit differential calculation unit in a method for constructing a river water quality model according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an equilibrium domain in a method for constructing a river water quality model according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of grid matching of a river reach hydraulic power and water quality model in a method for constructing a river channel water quality model according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The embodiment of the application discloses a method for constructing a river channel water quality model.
Referring to fig. 1, a method for constructing a river water model includes steps S100 to S400,
step S100: acquiring river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data of a research area, and acquiring basic data based on the river network water system information, the hydraulic engineering information, the pipe network arrangement information, the water quality monitoring data, the water level data and the rainfall forecast data of the research area;
wherein the basic data is a general name of river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data; the river network water system information comprises a river network water system and an engineering layout drawing; the hydraulic engineering information comprises current engineering state dispatching rules of reservoirs, gates, dams, pump stations and the like; the pipe network arrangement information comprises the position of a sewage draining exit and related data of pipe network arrangement; the water quality monitoring data comprises exogenous pollutants, river pollutants and critical section water quality monitoring data; the water level data comprises the water level data of the key section of the river channel.
Before step S200, obtaining water quality change information,
the concentration of contaminants after their entry into a body of water is a result of a combination of various physical, chemical and biochemical processes, including migration, diffusion, sedimentation, degradation or conversion, among other sources and sinks. Strictly speaking, the pollution problem of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the like is a three-dimensional problem. The water quality change information meets the formula I:
wherein v isx,vy,vzFlow velocity components in x, y, z directions, respectively; dx,Dy,DzDiffusion coefficients in x, y, z directions, respectively; c is the concentration of the pollutant; t is time; s is another source/sink term (except convection and hydrodynamic diffusion, all other factors that exist in the research area and can cause a change in the mass of a certain solute in the infinitesimal hexahedron are called source/sink factors, which need to be supplemented to the diffusion equation, and terms containing the source/sink factors are called source/sink terms).
Step S200: calculating water environment capacity and water pollutant migration data based on the basic data;
the water environmental capacity refers to the capacity of a water body in a specific area for containing pollutants discharged in the water body under the requirements of specified water functions and environmental targets, namely the maximum allowable load capacity of the water body on the pollutants; the water body pollutant migration data refer to the moving and diffusion directions and speeds of the water body pollutants in water;
the specific operation of step S200 includes steps S210-S280:
step S210: acquiring pollutant diffusion information;
wherein the pollutant diffusion information comprises a pollutant diffusion direction;
step S220: judging pollutant diffusion dimensions based on pollutant diffusion information, and building a water environment capacity calculation model based on a judgment result;
when the pollutants enter the water body and are completely and uniformly mixed in all directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is zero-dimensional, and building a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is changed in only one direction and is not changed in the other two directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is one-dimensional, and building a one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is unchanged in only one direction and changes in the other two directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is two-dimensional, and building a two-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
in this embodiment, when the contaminant concentration changes in only one direction, it means that the contaminant concentration changes in the x-axis direction, and when the contaminant concentration changes in two directions, it means that the contaminant concentration changes in the x-axis direction and the y-axis direction.
Step S230: calculating the water environment capacity according to the water environment capacity calculation model;
when the pollutant diffusion dimension is judged to be zero dimension, the concrete steps of calculating the water environment capacity comprise Sa231-Sa 232:
step Sa 231: acquiring river channel dilution capacity and self-purification capacity;
step Sa 232: obtaining the sum of the dilution capacity and the self-purification capacity to obtain a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation result, wherein the specific calculation satisfies a formula II:
wherein W is the water environment capacity and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; v is the designed water volume of the river reach, and the unit is m3(ii) a K is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; csThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is expressed in mg/L;
the dilution capacity mainly reflects the physical action of the water body and is determined by the pollution concentration difference and the dilution water quantity;
the self-purification capacity refers to the maximum quantity of organic wastes which can be assimilated by a water body through normal biological circulation under the condition of meeting the quality standard of the water environment;
if the pollutants are completely and uniformly mixed in all directions after entering the water body, the indexes of the pollutants can be calculated according to the node balance principle, and the water environment capacity is equal to the sum of the dilution capacity and the self-purification capacity.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, when it is determined that the pollutant diffusion dimension is one-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity includes steps Sb231-Sb 233:
step Sb 231: acquiring one-dimensional uniform water quality change information, wherein the one-dimensional uniform water quality change information meets a formula III:
wherein u is the average flow velocity of the river section and the unit is m/s; a is the distance along the diffusion direction, in this embodiment, the distance along the diffusion direction is the x-axis distance, and the unit is km; k is a comprehensive degradation coefficient with the unit of 1/d; c is the concentration of the pollutants along the diffusion direction, and the unit is mg/L;
when the uniform river is in a steady pollution discharge condition, and the river flow rate and the concentration of pollutants in river water are in a stable state, the one-dimensional uniform water body water quality change information meets a formula IV:
wherein E is diffusion direction diffusion coefficient, in this embodiment, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and the unit is m2/s;
Step Sb 232: under the steady state condition, the migration effect of pollutants formed by the water body moving is much larger than the dispersion effect, so the dispersion effect can be ignored, the initial condition and the boundary condition are determined, and the formula five can be obtained by solving the formula:
wherein, C0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section is in mg/L;
the initial conditions include:
the flow of the river channel is contributed by the design flow of the generalized main river channel, and the water exchange with other branch channels is ignored;
point source pollutant discharge amount is directly put into a calculation unit, and the surface source pollutant discharge amount is concentrated and converted and then put into a corresponding calculation unit;
the adsorption of bottom mud and silt is not considered, and the influence of the evaporation and rainfall process on the model can be temporarily not considered.
The boundary conditions comprise flow boundary conditions and water quality boundary conditions;
the flow boundary conditions include:
designing flow by mainly controlling inflow boundaries of the cross section at the upstream of the river channel, wherein the flow boundaries comprise a rich water period, a flat water period and a dry water period;
the water quality boundary conditions include:
the initial concentration of the upstream boundary CODCr (CODCr is the chemical oxygen consumption measured using potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as an oxidizing agent, i.e., the dichromate index) and the like, and the concentration of the contaminant sink-in from the point source in the interval are determined.
Step Sb 233: based on the pipe network arrangement information, the positions of the discharge ports of the pollution sources are generalized, and the one-dimensional water environment capacity is calculated according to the positions of different generalized concentrated points;
generalization (generalization) refers to the generalization of research conclusions or test results obtained in a certain context to another context. In general, the pollutant discharge ports are irregularly distributed on different cross sections of a river reach, and the pollutant concentration of the cross section is controlled by superposing the concentration generated by each sewage discharge port, so that the positions of the discharge ports of each pollution source need to be generalized. The concentration point is generalized, namely the pollutant emission is considered to be concentrated on one point, and all pollutants are discharged from the point source.
When the concentration point is the upper boundary of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula six:
wherein, W is the water environment capacity, and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; l is the total length of the calculated river reach and is in the unit of m; u is the average flow speed designed for the river reach, and the unit is m/s; k is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; cSThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
When the concentration point is the middle point of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula seven:
when the pollutants are uniformly distributed in a generalized mode, namely the pollutant emission positions are considered to be uniformly distributed along the river length in the same river reach, and the pollutant source intensity is considered to be uniformly distributed along the river length, the calculation of the uniformly distributed generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity satisfies the formula eight:
wherein V is the designed water volume of the river reach and the unit is m3;
The size of the water environment capacity is influenced by various factors, including water characteristics, pollutant characteristics, water quality targets and the like, and is influenced by design conditions and parameters such as pollution source emission mode selection, design flow and flow velocity, upstream background concentration, pollutant comprehensive attenuation coefficient and the like in actual calculation.
In general, pollutant discharge ports are irregularly distributed on different sections of a river reach, so that the position of a sewage discharge port of the river reach needs to be idealized and generalized, and the selection of a generalized method directly influences the calculation accuracy of the water environment capacity. The existing generalization methods mainly include a concentration point generalization method, a center of gravity generalization method and a uniform distribution generalization method.
The centralized point generalization method assumes that a plurality of sewage outlets in the river reach are computed to be concentrated into an ideal sewage outlet, for the convenience of computation, the sewage outlet is generally generalized to the upper bound of the river reach or the midpoint of the river reach, the generalized positions are different, and the computed self-cleaning length is changed;
the gravity center generalization method is to determine the gravity center section of the actual sewage draining exit through gravity center calculation so as to determine the effective self-cleaning length of the pollutants entering the river in the river reach again;
the uniformly distributed generalization method assumes that all the sewage outlets in the calculated river reach are uniformly distributed in the whole calculated river reach, i.e. the sewage outlets are uniformly generalized in the calculated river reach;
the first two generalization methods abstract and generalize the river reach sewage discharge outlet into one sewage discharge outlet, and the difference is the effective value of the self-cleaning length of the pollutants entering the river. The third generalization method is based on the mathematical calculus idea and comprehensively reflects the average distribution condition of the emission form of the river reach pollutants. The three generalization methods can greatly simplify the calculation process of the water environment capacity, but the actual calculation result is often either too large or too conservative, and still has non-negligible errors.
In practical situations, although the specific distribution conditions of the sewage outlets in the river reach are relatively complex, the pollution sources of part of the river reach are approximately and uniformly distributed on the edge of the river in a plurality of strip-shaped forms, the strip-shaped sewage outlets are generalized into corresponding number of idealized sewage outlets, and then the generalized sewage outlets are arranged in the whole calculation river reach at equal intervals;
let the total length of river reach be L and the water quality target be CSThe design flow is Q, the design flow rate is u, and the inflow design water quality is C0The contaminant degradation coefficient is K. And a sewage discharge outlet M with water environment capacity W and positioned at the upper boundary of the river reach1The contribution value to the upper bound concentration of the river reach is C1And a sewage outlet M positioned at the N equal division point of the river reach2The contribution to the aliquot point concentration is C2And a sewage outlet M positioned at the N equal division point of the river reach3The contribution to the aliquot point concentration is C3By analogy, a sewage discharge outlet M positioned at the N equal division point of the river reachNThe contribution to the aliquot point concentration is CnAnd the concentration contributors of each point are equal, i.e.
When the river flow rate and pollutants in water are in a stable state, the sewage outlet M1The contribution value to the lower bound concentration of the river reach is as follows:
drain outlet M2The contribution value to the lower bound concentration of the river reach is as follows:
blowdown M3The contribution value to the concentration of the lower bound of the river reach is equal to the concentration of the lower bound of the river reach, and the rest can be analogized, so that the sewage discharge outlet MNThe contribution value to the lower bound concentration of the river reach is as follows:
influent quality of water C0The contribution value to the lower bound concentration of the river reach is as follows:
the sum of the above concentration contributions should be equal to CSNamely:
finishing to obtain:
wherein, W is the water environment capacity, and the unit is kg/d; n is the number of generalized sewage outlets; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; l is the total length of the calculated river reach and is in the unit of m; u is the average flow speed designed for the river reach, and the unit is m/s; k is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; cSThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
The multipoint generalized water environment capacity calculation model has the advantages that different numbers of generalized sewage outlets can be determined according to the actual distribution condition of the river reach sewage outlets, and then different forms of calculation formulas can be selected. The fact is objectively that the traditional water environment capacity calculation model is corrected, and the calculation accuracy of the water environment capacity can be improved to a certain extent.
When the pollutant diffusion dimension is judged to be two-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity comprises the following steps of Sc231-Sc 233:
step Sc 231: acquiring two-dimensional shallow water information and convection-diffusion information respectively, wherein the two-dimensional shallow water information and the convection-diffusion information meet the formulas nine to twelve:
wherein h is water depth; u and v are average horizontal flow velocity components of vertical lines in the directions a and b respectively; in the embodiment, the directions a and b refer to the directions of an x axis and a y axis; c. CiIs the vertical average concentration of the contaminant; g is the acceleration of gravity; s0a、sfaRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction a; s0b、sfbRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction b; dia、DibRespectively is the diffusion coefficient of each pollutant in the a and b directions; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of each pollutant; siFor each pollutant source and sink item;
step Sc 232: acquiring two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information based on the two-dimensional shallow water information and the two-dimensional convection-diffusion information, wherein the two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information meets a formula thirteen:
step Sc 233: based on the two-dimensional convective diffusion water quality change information, acquiring a two-dimensional water environment capacity, wherein the two-dimensional water environment capacity meets a formula fourteen:
wherein W is water environment capacity and the unit is t/a; c (a, b) is the water quality standard of a control section (the lower boundary of the mixing zone), and the unit is mg/L; c0The concentration of pollutants at the upstream of the sewage outlet is mg/L; u is the average flow velocity in the direction b in the pollution zone under the designed flow, and the unit is m/s; h is the average water depth of the initial section of the polluted area under the designed flow, and the unit is m; ebIs the b-direction mixing coefficient and has the unit of m2S; a is the distance from the calculation point to the direction a of the sewage discharge outlet, and the unit is m; b is the distance from the calculation point to the bank side where the sewage draining exit is located in the direction of b, and the unit is m; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of pollutants, and the unit is 1/d; and pi is the circumferential ratio.
Referring to fig. 1 and 3, step S240: establishing a hydrodynamic equation and performing discrete processing on the hydrodynamic equation;
the hydraulics model is established on the basis of summarizing, abstracting and simplifying objective phenomena of constant flow and unsteady flow of an open channel according to basic principles of mass conservation, Newton's second law, energy conservation and the like. The hydrodynamic governing equation of the unsteady flow of the channel system can be expressed by a system of partial differential equations of Saint Venant (Saint venture), including a continuity equation and a momentum equation.
Continuity equation:
the momentum equation:
wherein B is the water surface width and the unit is m; z isWater level in m; t is time in units of s; q is the flow rate in m3S; s is a distance coordinate of a section, and the unit is m; q is interval inflow rate and unit is m3(ii) s/m; g is the acceleration of gravity in m/s2(ii) a A is the area of the water passing cross section and the unit is m2(ii) a V is the flow velocity of the water flow along the axial direction, and the unit is m/s; v. ofqsThe average flow velocity of the lateral inflow in the water flow direction is in m/s and is usually ignored; c is a metabolic factor; r is hydraulic radius and the unit is m; i is a channel bottom slope; m is the section along-pass relaxation rate of the single-width fixed-depth open channel:
the dispersion of the equation set is divided into a display format and a hidden format according to a time dispersion method, and is divided into a finite difference method and a finite volume method according to a space dispersion method. The basic idea of the finite difference method is to solve the approximate solution of the differential equation describing the continuous variables (such as flow, water passing area, water level, etc.) for the finite difference equation (usually algebraic equation) in the discussion domain, that is, to solve the approximate solution of the differential equation on a finite number of grid nodes. The four-point implicit difference method is a successful method for solving the problem of the one-dimensional unsteady flow equation due to good stability and adaptability.
The four-point eccentric implicit format is mainly characterized in that a dependent variable f and a first-order bias quotient thereof are dispersed in adjacent points and adjacent time layers by adopting weighted average, namely the bias quotient of time t is respectively the weighted average of difference quotient of points i and i +1, the bias quotient of space x is respectively the weighted average of difference quotient of time layers of n Δ t and (n +1) Δ t, and the dependent variable f is approximated by adopting the weighted average of four adjacent points around the same grid.
Wherein, theta is a time weight coefficient, the value range is 0 ≤ theta ≤ 1, the arbitrary value of the coefficient theta has a first-order precision for Δ x, and theta =0.5 has a second-order precision, and when 0.5< theta ≤ 1, the difference format is stable, generally 0.6 ≤ theta ≤ 0.75, and the value of the spatial weight coefficient is 0.5.
Defining:
the above company is transformed into:
thus, the general form of implicit finite interpolation can be expressed as:
time dispersion:
spatial dispersion:
and calculating to obtain a function value:
according to the above three sets of equations, the system of equations of Saint Vietnam can be discretized into the following form:
the continuous equation:
the momentum equation:
step S250: carrying out linearization treatment on the dispersed hydrodynamics equation, solving the linear equation after obtaining the linear equation, and obtaining the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment;
the discrete continuous equation and the momentum equation obtained in step S240 are not linear, and thus need to be linearized. The method for solving the water level increment and the Q flow increment is adopted to solve the dispersed equation set.
The area and flow rate may be expressed in increments as:
wherein: the variable value of the previous cycle step, Δ AiIs the overflow area Δ ZiΔ Q for the depth of water in the canaliThe increment of the flow rate is B, and the width of the water surface is B;
the flow and the water depth of any time and any section can be obtained by solving the linear equation system.
Referring to fig. 1 and 4, step S260: establishing a water quality control equation and dispersing the water quality control equation;
the water quality model is a mathematical model method for describing the dilution, diffusion and self-purification rules of pollutants after the pollutants are discharged into the canal water body. For a unidirectional channel system, the water pollutant transport control equation can be expressed by a one-dimensional convection diffusion equation. The basic equation of water quality is as follows:
wherein C is the concentration of pollutants and the unit is mg/L; a is a spatial coordinate of the riverway along the way, and the unit is m; k is a comprehensive attenuation coefficient with the unit of 1/d; e is a longitudinal dispersion coefficient in m2S; u is the average flow velocity of the river cross section, and the unit is m/s,𝑆𝑐the concentration of the contaminants at the source and sink is expressed in mg/L.
The discrete format of the water quality model equation can be deduced by adopting a material mass conservation rule in an equilibrium domain, and the volume of the equilibrium domain at any moment is as follows:
wherein A is the cross section area of the channel section; x is the pile number of the channel sectionjIs xj + 1And xjJ is the channel node number;
Aj - 1 /2=( Aj- 1+ Aj) /2;Aj + 1/2= ( Aj + 1+ Aj) /2;
the volume formula for the equilibrium domain can be converted to:
the change amount of the pollutants in the equalization domain in the time step t is:
the change amount of the pollutants in the equalization domain in the time step t is:
wherein t is the previous calculation time; t +1 is the latter calculation time.
Step S270: solving the dispersed water quality control equation to obtain the water quality concentration of each section at any moment;
if the river channel has n sections, n equations can be listed, and the equations form a closed algebraic equation system, and the matrix form of the equation can be expressed as: AC = d, wherein:
normalizing and eliminating element in A, C, d, and back substitution to obtain C𝑛 =d𝑛/𝐴2𝑛,𝐶𝑗= d𝑗− 𝐴3𝑗× 𝐶𝑗+1(where j is n-1, n-2, …, 2, 1), the water concentration at each cross section at any time can be determined.
Referring to fig. 1 and 5, step S280: coupling the hydraulics equation and the water quality equation based on the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment and the water quality concentration to obtain the water body pollutant concentration of each section at any moment;
according to the characteristics of the selected hydraulics equation and the water quality equation, establishing a corresponding relation between the canal section and the node of the hydraulic mathematical model and the canal section and the node of the water quality mathematical model, firstly calculating the water level and the flow of each section at each moment by using the hydraulic mathematical model, then transmitting the calculation result to the corresponding node of the water quality mathematical model, and finally calculating the water body pollutant concentration of each section at each moment by using the water quality mathematical model;
wherein i-1, i, i +1 is a channel section selected by hydraulic model calculation, j-1, j, j +1 is a grid section calculated by a corresponding water quality model, after the flow and the water level of a certain time i-1, i, i +1 are calculated by the hydraulic model, the flow and the water level are immediately transmitted to a corresponding node j-1, j, j +1 of the water quality model, a shadow part is the control volume of the node j, and a solving coefficient j of the water quality variable at the control volume of the j point is a solving coefficient jα、jβThe hydraulic force elements at the points i-1, i, i +1 can be expressed by an interpolation function. Therefore, the hydraulic element and the water quality variable share a set of subdivision grids, and corresponding variable inputs can be arranged at the same node, so that the connection between the two models is completed.
Step S300: acquiring water environment capacity and water body pollutant migration data, and performing simulation and emergency response on sudden water pollution events based on the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data to generate simulation results;
urban river often distributes along the line and has a lot of residential areas and factory enterprise, in case the proruption water pollution that causes because industrial accident, traffic accident etc. takes place, not only can constitute certain threat to river course resident's normal production life along the line, can influence the river course water intaking moreover to a certain extent, influences normal production activity.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop early warning research on sudden water pollution accidents along urban riverways, simulate different sudden water pollution accidents under different hydrological conditions, analyze migration conditions of pollution zones and space-time change rules of pollutant concentrations by using an early warning model, and further determine early warning time, water non-available time of a target section, influence time of pollutants on the section and the like, so that timely and effective emergency measures can be taken to minimize accident hazards.
The specific steps of step S300 include: step S310 to step S330:
step S310: constructing a simulated accident;
the method comprises setting initial design conditions and accident simulation contents
Step S320: generating a simulation result based on the water environment capacity and the water pollutant migration data;
step S330: and carrying out early warning analysis on the simulation result.
For example, the concrete steps of simulating and early warning and analyzing the sudden CODcr water pollution accident are as follows:
according to different water period conditions, different initial hydraulic conditions are set: the flow is designed in the full water period, the flow is designed in the normal water period and the flow is designed in the dry water period.
Setting the design conditions of the water quality background: initial concentration of CODCr.
A factory sewage pipeline is damaged, a large amount of waste water is directly discharged into a river channel, CODCr with high component content and obvious ecological effect is selected as a target pollutant to carry out high-concentration waste water accident discharge simulation, and the situations of migration and attenuation of a pollution zone after an accident outbreak are simulated.
Setting the accident occurrence position, the flow of the wastewater discharged into the river channel, the concentration of pollutants in the wastewater and the duration of sewage discharge.
According to the environmental quality standard of surface water (GB 3838-2002), the V-type water quality is the minimum standard water quality, is mainly suitable for agricultural water areas and water areas with general landscape requirements, and the upper limit of the CODCr concentration in the water body is 40 mg/L. If the CODCr concentration in the water body is higher than 40mg/L, the life health of the human body can be threatened. After a sudden water pollution accident occurs, the concentration of water pollutants can be greatly increased, and measures such as closing a water intake and the like are taken in the period that the concentration of cross-section pollutants is higher than the minimum standard value, so that the condition that the overproof water containing high-concentration CODCr is used for activities such as drinking water, irrigation, production and the like to cause pollution in a larger range is avoided. And defining the time period from the occurrence of the accident to the rise of the CODCr concentration of the water body to 40mg/L as early warning time, and defining the time period when the CODCr concentration of the water body exceeds 40mg/L as non-available water time.
Step S400: the results are visualized.
The model may yield the following calculations:
simulating and calculating the water environment capacity of the river channel;
simulating the water quality change condition of the riverway along the way under different water flow conditions or different rainfall conditions;
simulating the situation that the water quality of the river channel changes along the way as point source or surface source pollutants enter the river;
and simulating specific emergency measures, and performing dynamic display, analysis and comparison.
The simulation calculation result includes the pollutant concentrations at different times and different positions, and the GIS (a spatial information system) technology is utilized to dynamically display the pollutant diffusion and transportation process at each time according to the depth of the pollutant concentration value. The simulation process is as follows:
sequentially reading point location data marked with time and concentration information in the analog computation output data file to generate a pollution surface;
the method provided by ArcGIS Engine is used for making the polluted surface into a map Element (a set of Vue 2.0.0-based desktop end component library prepared for developers, designers and product managers);
the Element set is added to the map drawing and the map is continuously refreshed.
The contaminant concentration is divided into several levels with reference to contaminant species and contaminant concentration classification criteria, with different concentrations being represented in different colors.
The implementation principle of the construction method of the river channel water quality model in the embodiment of the application is as follows: acquiring basic data consisting of river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data of a research area; calculating the water environment capacity and the water pollutant migration based on the basic data; acquiring results of water environment capacity and water body pollutant migration, and performing simulation and emergency response on sudden water pollution events based on calculation results to generate simulation results; the results are visualized.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present application, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited by the above embodiments, so: all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape and principle of the present application shall be covered by the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A construction method of a river channel water quality model is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring river network water system information, hydraulic engineering information, pipe network arrangement information, water quality monitoring data, water level data and rainfall forecast data of a research area, and acquiring basic data based on the river network water system information, the hydraulic engineering information, the pipe network arrangement information, the water quality monitoring data, the water level data and the rainfall forecast data of the research area;
calculating water environment capacity and water pollutant migration data based on the basic data;
acquiring the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data, and performing simulation and emergency response on an emergent water pollution event based on the water environment capacity and the water body pollutant migration data to generate a simulation result;
and visualizing the simulation result.
2. The method for constructing the riverway water quality model according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of obtaining water quality change information before the calculation of the water environment capacity, wherein the water quality change information satisfies a formula I:
wherein v isx,vy,vzFlow velocity components in x, y, z directions, respectively; dx,Dy,DzDiffusion coefficients in x, y, z directions, respectively; c is the concentration of the pollutant; t is time; and S is other source and sink items.
3. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 2, wherein the concrete step of calculating the water environment capacity comprises:
acquiring pollutant diffusion information;
judging pollutant diffusion dimensions based on the pollutant diffusion information, and building a water environment capacity calculation model based on the judgment result;
and calculating the water environment capacity according to the water environment capacity calculation model.
4. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 3, wherein the specific step of judging the pollutant diffusion dimension based on the pollutant diffusion information comprises the following steps:
when the pollutants enter the water body and are completely and uniformly mixed in all directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is zero-dimensional, and building a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is changed in only one direction and is not changed in the other two directions, judging that the diffusion dimension of the pollutants is one-dimensional, and building a one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model;
when the concentration of the pollutants in the water body is unchanged in only one direction and changes in the other two directions, the pollutant diffusion dimension is judged to be two-dimensional, and a two-dimensional water environment capacity calculation model is built.
5. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 4, wherein when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be zero-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity comprises the following steps:
acquiring river channel dilution capacity and self-purification capacity;
and obtaining the sum of the dilution capacity and the self-purification capacity to obtain a zero-dimensional water environment capacity calculation result, wherein the specific calculation satisfies a formula II:
wherein W is the water environment capacity and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; v is the designed water volume of the river reach, and the unit is m3(ii) a K is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; csThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
6. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 5, wherein when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be one-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity comprises the following steps:
acquiring one-dimensional uniform water quality change information, wherein the one-dimensional uniform water quality change information meets a formula III:
wherein u is the average flow velocity of the river section and the unit is m/s; a is the distance along the diffusion direction, and the unit is km; k is a comprehensive degradation coefficient with the unit of 1/d; c is the concentration of the pollutants along the diffusion direction, and the unit is mg/L;
when the uniform river is in a steady pollution discharge condition, and the river flow rate and the concentration of pollutants in river water are in a stable state, the one-dimensional uniform water body water quality change information meets a formula IV:
wherein E is diffusion direction diffusion coefficient and the unit is m2/s;
Setting an initial condition and a boundary condition, wherein the calculation result meets a formula five:
wherein, C0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section is in mg/L;
based on the pipe network arrangement information, the positions of the discharge ports of the pollution sources are generalized, and one-dimensional water environment capacity is calculated according to different generalized concentrated point positions;
when the concentration point is the upper boundary of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula six:
wherein, W is the water environment capacity, and the unit is kg/d; q is the design flow of the river reach in m3S; l is the total length of the calculated river reach and is in the unit of m; u is the average flow speed designed for the river reach, and the unit is m/s; k is a pollutant degradation coefficient, and the unit is 1/d; cSThe target concentration of the pollutants at the downstream control section is in mg/L; c0The background concentration of the pollutants at the initial section of the river reach is shown in mg/L.
7. When the concentration point is the middle point of the river reach, the generalized one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation meets the formula seven:
when the generalized uniform distribution is realized, the one-dimensional water environment capacity calculation after the generalized uniform distribution satisfies the formula eight:
wherein V is the designed water volume of the river reach and the unit is m3。
8. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 6, wherein when the pollutant diffusion dimension is determined to be two-dimensional, the specific step of calculating the water environment capacity comprises:
respectively acquiring two-dimensional shallow water information and convection-diffusion information, wherein the two-dimensional shallow water information and the convection-diffusion information meet the formulas of nine to twelve:
wherein h is water depth; u and v are average horizontal flow velocity components of vertical lines in the directions a and b respectively; c. CiIs the vertical average concentration of the contaminant; g is the acceleration of gravity; s0a、sfaRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction a; s0b、sfbRespectively the water bottom slope and the friction resistance slope in the direction b; dia、DibRespectively is the diffusion coefficient of each pollutant in the a and b directions; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of each pollutant; siFor each pollutant source and sink item;
acquiring two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information based on the two-dimensional shallow water information and the two-dimensional convection-diffusion information, wherein the two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information meets a formula thirteen:
acquiring two-dimensional water environment capacity based on the two-dimensional convection diffusion water quality change information, wherein the two-dimensional water environment capacity meets a formula fourteen:
wherein W is water environment capacity and the unit is t/a; c (a, b) is the water quality standard of a control section (the lower boundary of the mixing zone), and the unit is mg/L; c0The concentration of pollutants at the upstream of the sewage outlet is mg/L; u is the average flow velocity in the direction b in the pollution zone under the designed flow, and the unit is m/s; h is the average water depth of the initial section of the polluted area under the designed flow, and the unit is m; ebIs the b-direction mixing coefficient and has the unit of m2S; a is the distance from the calculation point to the direction a of the sewage discharge outlet, and the unit is m; b is the distance from the calculation point to the bank side where the sewage draining exit is located in the direction of b, and the unit is m; k is the comprehensive degradation coefficient of pollutants, and the unit is 1/d; and pi is the circumferential ratio.
9. The method for constructing the river channel water quality model according to claim 7, wherein the specific step of calculating the migration of the water pollutants comprises:
establishing a hydrodynamic equation and performing discrete processing on the hydrodynamic equation;
carrying out linearization treatment on the dispersed hydrodynamics equation, obtaining a linear equation, and then solving the linear equation to obtain the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment;
establishing a water quality control equation and performing discrete processing on the water quality control equation;
solving the dispersed water quality control equation to obtain the water quality concentration of each section at any moment;
and coupling the hydraulics equation and the water quality equation based on the flow and the water depth of each section at any moment and the water quality concentration to obtain the water body pollutant concentration of each section at any moment.
10. The method for constructing the river water quality model according to claim 8, wherein the specific steps of simulating an emergency water pollution event and making an emergency response and generating a simulation result comprise:
constructing a simulated accident;
generating a simulation result based on the water environment capacity and the water pollutant migration data;
and carrying out early warning analysis on the simulation result.
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