CN114137653A - Photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering high-order radial mode - Google Patents
Photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering high-order radial mode Download PDFInfo
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- CN114137653A CN114137653A CN202111249268.5A CN202111249268A CN114137653A CN 114137653 A CN114137653 A CN 114137653A CN 202111249268 A CN202111249268 A CN 202111249268A CN 114137653 A CN114137653 A CN 114137653A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
- G02B6/02333—Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis
Abstract
The invention discloses a photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering a high-order radial mode, which comprises a first air round hole, a high-refractive-index ring, a second air round hole, a third air round hole, a fourth air round hole and a fiber cladding, wherein the first air round hole, the high-refractive-index ring, the second air round hole, the third air round hole, the fourth air round hole and the fiber cladding are sequentially arranged from inside to outside; the first air round hole is positioned in the center of the cross section of the optical fiber; the number of each layer of air holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole is the same, and the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole are nested with each other from small to large. The invention supports up to 226 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.5 mu m, and supports 208 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.55 mu m, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of a communication system; according to the invention, the thickness of the transmission layer is kept unchanged by increasing the radius of the cladding layer, so that a high-order radial mode can be effectively inhibited, and the influence on the purity of an OAM mode can be reduced; the invention has the advantages of inhibiting intermode crosstalk, low nonlinear coefficient and the like, is suitable for a high-capacity OAM mode division multiplexing communication system, and has good application value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber communication, in particular to a photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering a high-order radial mode.
Background
With the development of mobile internet, big data, and cloud computing, people's demand for communication capacity is rapidly increasing. Therefore, several methods have been proposed to increase the transmission capacity of single-mode optical fibers, including time division multiplexing, polarization division multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing. But since the transmission capability of the conventional single mode optical fiber is gradually approaching the shannon limit, it is subject to many limitations. To overcome these obstacles, another new multiplexing technique, i.e., Modular Division Multiplexing (MDM), has been proposed, which is an effective tool for expanding communication capacity. And Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) mode division multiplexing is taken as a special form of MDM, and has attracted great interest in the field of optical fiber communication.
The spiral phase distribution of the vortex light carrying OAM can be expressed in exp (il Φ), where Φ and l represent the azimuthal and topological charge number, respectively. In particular, the topological load of OAM modes is theoretically infinite, and different OAM modes are mutually orthogonal, which has a great potential for increasing communication capacity. While OAM modes can propagate in free space, they are susceptible to atmospheric turbulence, which is detrimental to long distance transmission. In contrast, optical fiber is an ideal transmission medium for long-distance transmission in OAM mode, because it can effectively avoid interference from external factors such as atmospheric turbulence. In view of the practicality, the design of optical fibers generally needs to satisfy the following requirements: first, in HEl+1,1Modes and EHl-1,1The difference in refractive index between the modes is much greater than 10-4(ii) a Secondly, since the mode quality is related to the confinement loss, the mode quality should be as high as possible; thirdly, all OAM modes should remain single order radial modes in the designed fiber; finally, in the case where the above three conditions are satisfied, the number of OAM modes that can be supported by the designed optical fiber is increased to expand the communication capacity.
To date, ring core optical fibers and photonic crystal fibers have been used in the propagation of OAM modes. Previous studies have confirmed that the ring core optical fiber is advantageous for stable transmission of OAM modes, but only limited parameters can optimize the transmission characteristics of the optical fiber. Photonic crystal fibers provide more parameters for optimizing the refractive index profile of the fiber. By adjusting the arrangement and shape of the air holes, one can flexibly improve modal dispersion, nonlinear properties and confinement losses in the fiber. However, the OAM mode number, dispersion, nonlinearity, and mode quality of photonic crystal fibers still remain to be improved, which also limits the increase in communication capacity. Therefore, on the basis of the research on the ring core fiber and the photonic crystal fiber, a new fiber structure needs to be proposed and developed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, in order to solve the above problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering a high-order radial mode, which can effectively increase the capacity of a communication system, and has the advantages of suppressing inter-mode crosstalk, having a low nonlinear coefficient, and the like, and is suitable for a high-capacity OAM mode division multiplexing communication system.
The invention solves the problems through the following technical means:
a photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering a high-order radial mode comprises a first air round hole, a high-refractive-index ring, a second air round hole, a third air round hole, a fourth air round hole and a fiber cladding which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside;
the first air round hole is positioned in the center of the cross section of the optical fiber; the number of each layer of air holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole is the same, and the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole are nested with each other from small to large.
Further, the number of each layer of air holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole is 60.
Further, the radius of the first air circular hole is 25.5 μm; the thickness and outer ring radius of the high refractive index ring are 2 μm and 27.5 μm, respectively, and the refractive index thereof is 1.56; the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole respectively comprise 60 small air round holes with the radius of 1.5 mu m, 1.6 mu m and 1.7 mu m; the distances between the circle centers of the respective small air round holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole, and the fourth air round hole and the circle center of the first air round hole are 29 μm, 32.1 μm, and 35.4 μm, respectively.
Further, the optical fiber cladding is composed of a fused silica material having a refractive index of 1.444.
Furthermore, the photonic crystal fiber actively filtering the high-order radial mode can efficiently inhibit the high-order radial mode by increasing the radius of the cladding, and the principle is that the normalized frequency of the fiber after the radius of the cladding is increased is smaller than the cut-off frequency of the high-order radial mode, so that all the high-order radial modes are inhibited; this is explained by the following formula:
f=N*(r2 2+r3 2+r4 2)/(r5 2-r1 2)
wherein r is1Outer ring radius of high refractive index ring, r2、r3、r4The radii of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole, r5Is the radius of the cladding of the optical fiber, VeffIs the normalized frequency, n, of the optical fiberHRIs the refractive index of the high refractive index ring, ncladIs the refractive index of the cladding, nsio2Is the refractive index of the quartz material, nairIs the refractive index of air, f is the air filling rate in the cladding, N is the number of air holes in each layer, and the ratio ρ is the radius r of the first air circular hole0And r1The results show that V is fixed to 0.93 when the rho ratio is fixedeffWith r5Is significantly reduced, thereby increasing the cladding radius of the fiber, making VeffLess than the cutoff frequency of the higher order radial modes, thereby suppressing all higher order radial modes.
Further, the fiber cladding has a radius of 58 μm and filters out higher order radial modes between operating wavelengths of 1.5 μm and 1.7 μm.
Further, the photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering the high-order radial mode supports 180 OAM modes, 226 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.5 μm, and 208 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Further, the mode quality of the photonic crystal fiber actively filtering the higher-order radial mode is expressed by the following formula in the stable transmission and multiplexing of the OAM mode:
where eta is the mode quality of the fiber, IrAnd IcWhich refers to the average intensity of the modes in the transmission layer and the eigenmodes in the entire section of the proposed fiber except the PML layer, respectively, ring refers to the transmission layer portion, the hole-section refers to the entire section except the PML layer, E refers to the electric field strength of the vector eigenmodes, and x and y are dimensionless parameters.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that at least:
the photonic crystal fiber actively filtering the high-order radial mode supports up to 226 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.5 mu m and supports 208 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.55 mu m, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of a communication system. In addition, the proposed optical fiber also has the advantages of inhibiting intermode crosstalk, having low nonlinear coefficient and the like, is suitable for a high-capacity OAM mode division multiplexing communication system, can be applied to an optical fiber amplifier and a wavelength division multiplexer, has good application value, and in addition, the mode purity is inevitably reduced by the method for inhibiting the high-order radial mode by reducing the thickness of the transmission layer in the prior art, and the coupling of spin orbit angular momentum is easy to occur.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a photonic crystal fiber with active filtering of higher order radial modes in an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a graph showing the correspondence between the number of OAM modes supported by an optical fiber and different wavelengths according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the cladding radius of an optical fiber according to embodiments of the present invention in relation to higher order radial modes;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the effective refractive distribution of a portion of the vector eigenmodes supported by an optical fiber according to embodiments of the present invention over an operating wavelength of 1.5 to 1.7 μm;
fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating the correspondence between the mode quality and the operating wavelength of the optical fiber according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below. It should be noted that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work based on the embodiments of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Examples
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a photonic crystal fiber with active filtering of higher order radial modes in an embodiment of the present invention. The photonic crystal fiber provided by the invention is composed of six layers of structures, and comprises a first air round hole 1, a high-refractive-index ring 2, a second air round hole 3, a third air round hole 4, a fourth air round hole 5 and a fiber cladding 6 from inside to outside in sequence. Compared with other optical fiber designs, the optical fiber designed by the embodiment has three layers of air holes except the first air circular hole 1, and the number of the air holes in each layer is 60, which balances the manufacturing difficulty and the excellent performance of the optical fiber provided by the invention. In addition, the design effectively increases the air filling rate of the cladding, thereby reducing the material refractive index of the cladding, enhancing the material refractive index difference between the cladding and the transmission layer, and further achieving the advantages of supporting more OAM modes, inhibiting the cross talk between modes and preventing energy from leaking to the cladding. In addition, the three layers of air holes are nested from small to large, which is more beneficial to manufacturing the optical fiber prefabricated rod by utilizing a stacking method.
In the present embodiment, the first air circular hole 1 is located at the center of the cross section of the optical fiber and has a radius r0And 25.5 μm. Thickness d and outer ring radius r of high refractive index ring 212 μm and 27.5 μm, respectively, and a refractive index of 1.56. The second air round hole 3, the third air round hole 4 and the fourth air round hole 5 respectively comprise 60 radiuses (d)2/2、d3A combination of/2 and d4/2) small air holes of 1.5 μm, 1.6 μm and 1.7. mu.m. The distances between the circle centers of the respective small air round holes of the second air round hole 3, the third air round hole 4 and the fourth air round hole 5 and the circle center of the first air round hole 1 are 29 μm, 32.1 μm and 35.4 μm, respectively. The fiber cladding 6 is composed of fused silica material and has a refractive index of 1.444. Radius (r) of optical fiber cladding 65) 58 μm and a thickness of 2 μm.
The results of fig. 2 show that the photonic crystal fiber can support 180 OAM modes and it has no higher order radial modes between the operating wavelengths 1.5 μm to 1.7 μm, which helps to multiplex and demultiplex OAM modes, increasing the capacity of the communication system. In addition, the photonic crystal fiber supports up to 226 OAM modes at an operating wavelength of 1.5 μm, and supports 208 OAM modes at an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm.
The results of fig. 3 show that the photonic crystal fiber actively filtering higher-order radial modes achieves increased cladding radius to effectively suppress higher-order radial modes, which can be explained by the following formula:
f=N*(r2 2+r3 2+r4 2)/(r5 2-r1 2)
wherein r is1Outer ring radius of high refractive index ring, r2、r3、r4The radii of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole, r5Is the radius of the cladding of the optical fiber, VeffIs the normalized frequency, n, of the optical fiberHRIs the refractive index of the high refractive index ring, ncladIs the refractive index of the cladding, nsio2Is the refractive index of the quartz material, nairIs the refractive index of air, f is the air filling rate in the cladding, N is the number of air holes in each layer, and the ratio ρ is the radius r of the first air circular hole0And r1The results show that V is fixed to 0.93 when the rho ratio is fixedeffWith r5Is significantly reduced, thereby increasing the cladding radius of the fiber, making VeffLess than the cutoff frequency of the higher order radial modes, thereby suppressing all higher order radial modes. The optical fiber cladding 6 radius (r) of the photonic crystal fiber is optimally designed5) And 58 μm.
The results in FIG. 4 show that in HEl+1,1Modes and EHl-1,1The difference in refractive index between the modes exceeds 2X 10-3This is much greater than 10-4. Such a large refractive index difference ensures HEl+1,1Modes and EHl-1,1The patterns can be well separated and it can be avoided that they are degenerated into the corresponding LP patterns LPl,1. In addition, the larger the refractive index difference, the lower the inter-mode crosstalk.The high refractive index difference achieved in the proposed photonic crystal fiber that actively filters higher order radial modes can therefore have its inter-mode crosstalk at a low level.
The mode quality plays an important role in stable transmission and multiplexing of the OAM mode, which can be expressed by the following formula:
where eta is the mode quality of the fiber, IrAnd IcWhich refers to the average intensity of the modes in the transmission layer and the eigenmodes in the entire section of the proposed fiber except the PML layer, respectively, ring refers to the transmission layer portion, the hole-section refers to the entire section except the PML layer, E refers to the electric field strength of the vector eigenmodes, and x and y are dimensionless parameters. The results of fig. 5 show that the smaller the operating wavelength, the higher the mode quality of the proposed fiber. It is particularly noteworthy that all the eigenmodes in the fiber proposed by the present invention have a high mode quality, with values exceeding 94.9% between the operating wavelengths 1.5 μm and 1.7 μm. This performs better than most current optical fibers.
In summary, the photonic crystal fiber actively filtering the high-order radial mode provided by the invention can support 180 OAM modes, up to 226 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.5 μm, and 208 OAM modes at the working wavelength of 1.55 μm, thereby greatly increasing the capacity of the communication system. In addition, mode purity is inevitably reduced by a method for restraining a high-order radial mode by reducing the thickness of a transmission layer in the prior art, and spin orbit angular momentum coupling is easy to occur. In addition, the optical fiber also has the advantages of low inter-mode crosstalk, high mode quality and the like, has good application value in designing a high-capacity communication system, and shows great potential in high-capacity OAM mode division multiplexing communication.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering a high-order radial mode is characterized by comprising a first air round hole, a high-refractive-index ring, a second air round hole, a third air round hole, a fourth air round hole and a fiber cladding which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside;
the first air round hole is positioned in the center of the cross section of the optical fiber; the number of each layer of air holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole is the same, and the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole are nested with each other from small to large.
2. The photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher-order radial modes according to claim 1, wherein the number of each layer of air holes of the second air circular hole, the third air circular hole and the fourth air circular hole is 60.
3. The photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher-order radial modes according to claim 1, wherein the radius of the first air circular hole is 25.5 μm; the thickness and outer ring radius of the high refractive index ring are 2 μm and 27.5 μm, respectively, and the refractive index thereof is 1.56; the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole respectively comprise 60 small air round holes with the radius of 1.5 mu m, 1.6 mu m and 1.7 mu m; the distances between the circle centers of the respective small air round holes of the second air round hole, the third air round hole, and the fourth air round hole and the circle center of the first air round hole are 29 μm, 32.1 μm, and 35.4 μm, respectively.
4. The photonic crystal fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber cladding is comprised of fused silica material and has a refractive index of 1.444.
5. The photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher-order radial modes according to claim 1, wherein the photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher-order radial modes is capable of suppressing the higher-order radial modes with high efficiency by increasing the cladding radius, and the principle is that the normalized frequency of the fiber after increasing the cladding radius is smaller than the cutoff frequency of the higher-order radial modes, so as to suppress all the higher-order radial modes; this is explained by the following formula:
f=N*(r2 2+r3 2+r4 2)/(r5 2-r1 2)
wherein r is1Outer ring radius of high refractive index ring, r2、r3、r4The radii of the second air round hole, the third air round hole and the fourth air round hole, r5Is the radius of the cladding of the optical fiber, VeffIs the normalized frequency, n, of the optical fiberHRIs the refractive index of the high refractive index ring, ncladIs the refractive index of the cladding, nsio2Is the refractive index of the quartz material, nairIs the refractive index of air, f is the air filling rate in the cladding, N is the number of air holes in each layer, and the ratio ρ is the radius r of the first air circular hole0And r1The results show that V is fixed to 0.93 when the rho ratio is fixedeffWith r5Is significantly reduced, thereby increasing the cladding radius of the fiber, making VeffLess than the cutoff frequency of the higher order radial modes, thereby suppressing all higher order radial modes.
6. The photonic crystal fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber cladding has a radius of 58 μm and filters higher order radial modes between 1.5 μm and 1.7 μm at the operating wavelength.
7. The photonic crystal fiber according to claim 1, wherein the photonic crystal fiber actively filters higher order radial modes supports 180 OAM modes, 226 OAM modes at an operating wavelength of 1.5 μm, and 208 OAM modes at an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm.
8. The photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher order radial modes according to claim 1, wherein the mode quality of the photonic crystal fiber for actively filtering higher order radial modes is expressed by the following formula in the stable transmission and multiplexing of OAM mode:
where eta is the mode quality of the fiber, IrAnd IcWhich refers to the average intensity of the modes in the transmission layer and the eigenmodes in the entire section of the proposed fiber except the PML layer, respectively, ring refers to the transmission layer portion, the hole-section refers to the entire section except the PML layer, E refers to the electric field strength of the vector eigenmodes, and x and y are dimensionless parameters.
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