CN113568089B - Mode division multiplexer based on multicore annular photon lantern - Google Patents
Mode division multiplexer based on multicore annular photon lantern Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02042—Multicore optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
- G02B6/02338—Structured core, e.g. core contains more than one material, non-constant refractive index distribution in core, asymmetric or non-circular elements in core unit, multiple cores, insertions between core and clad
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
- G02B6/03633—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - -
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
- G02B6/2552—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding reshaping or reforming of light guides for coupling using thermal heating, e.g. tapering, forming of a lens on light guide ends
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Abstract
A mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core annular photon lantern is characterized in that the cross section of an input end of the mode division multiplexer comprises a low doped material area (1), an annular inner cladding layer (2), an outer cladding layer (3) and m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the inner cladding layer (2) at equal intervals, wherein m =2N-1, N is a positive integer larger than 1. The fiber cores are divided into N groups, except the fiber cores 1 of the multiplexing fundamental mode are independently one group, every two of the other fiber cores are one group, the parameters are completely the same, and the fiber cores are axially symmetrically distributed along a connecting line between the center of the photon lantern and the fiber cores 1. The cores of all the paired cores, the larger the effective mode refractive index of the fundamental mode, are arranged in the reverse order in the entire inner cladding (2) the farther they are from the core (1). The multi-core annular photon lantern is axially tapered through a thermal insulation with the length of L, and then transits to an output end (5) matched with the parameters of the few-mode annular-core optical fiber, so that the basic mode input from m fiber cores is efficiently converted into a corresponding basic mode and N-1 groups of high-order modes in the annular-core transmission optical fiber.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of optical fiber communication, and relates to a mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core annular photon lantern, which can realize high-efficiency conversion and multiplexing of a plurality of modes at the same time and has potential application value in a space division multiplexing transmission system.
Background
In recent years, with the rapid development of the internet industry, higher demands have been made on the transmission rate and capacity of wired networks. Since single-mode optical fiber became the main transmission medium of communication system in the last decades, the transmission capacity of optical fiber has been greatly increased due to the introduction of various technical means. From the time division multiplexing technology which is the mainstream in the 1980 s, wave division multiplexing, polarization multiplexing, quadrature phase shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation and other technologies for processing light waves gradually appear, and the technology makes a contribution of non-wear-out for increasing the capacity of a single optical fiber. However, this also makes many parameters of the present light wave, including time, frequency, amplitude, phase, polarization, etc., to be applied to the limit, and it is difficult to further improve the existing base. Especially, under the restriction of shannon limit caused by nonlinear effect in single-mode optical fiber, the capacity of the method for improving optical communication capacity in the future approaches the upper limit. In this context, the only remaining dimension of an optical wave that can increase the communication capacity of an optical fiber is its spatial dimension. Therefore, a mode division multiplexing technique using orthogonal modes in an optical waveguide as different channels has been developed and is a research focus in the field of optical communication.
In an optical fiber mode division multiplexing system, a Photon Lantern (PL) is gradually becoming a key research object of a mode division multiplexing/demultiplexing device due to its characteristics of low insertion loss, high conversion efficiency, easy integration with an optical fiber communication system as an all-fiber device, and the like, especially the advantage of multiplexing multiple modes simultaneously. However, how to generate and multiplex high-purity high-order modules is a difficult point to be solved in the research of photon lanterns. In theoretical design, as the output end of the traditional photon lantern is welded with few-mode/multimode optical fibers, the multiplexing mode is a Linear Polarization (LP) mode, and a plurality of fiber cores are added at the input end every time a first-order multiplexing module is added, so that the mode crosstalk of the photon lantern is increased rapidly. Therefore, even if various parameters of the traditional high-order photon lantern are optimized, the purity of the multiplexed high-order module cannot be obviously improved. In experimental manufacturing, due to the increase of the number of multiplexing modes, a longer cone length is needed to meet the adiabatic condition, and the structure of the photon lantern is difficult to keep stable in the process of fused tapering, so that an additional means is needed to fix the whole structure of the photon lantern. Therefore, in order to greatly improve the module purity of the high-order photon lantern, the traditional photon lantern structure must be improved and innovated on the premise of meeting the fiber core arrangement rule.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the crosstalk between modules is rapidly increased along with the increase of the number of the modules in the traditional high-order photon lantern for multiplexing a plurality of modules, and provides a multi-core annular photon lantern module division multiplexer with high module purity and high conversion efficiency.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core annular photon lantern comprises the multi-core annular photon lantern, wherein the cross section of the input end of the multi-core annular photon lantern comprises a central low doped material region (1), an annular inner cladding (2), an outer cladding (3) and m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the annular inner cladding (2), wherein m =2N-1, N is a positive integer greater than 1; the m fiber cores (4) are divided into N groups according to the sequence of the effective mode refractive indexes of the fundamental mode from large to small, and the N groups are numbered from small to large according to the groups, wherein the single fiber core with the largest effective refractive index of the fundamental mode is the first group which is numbered as 1, and the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode is the largest; every two of the other fiber cores form a group, the parameters of the two fiber cores in the same group are completely the same, and the two fiber cores are axially symmetrically distributed along a connecting line between the center of the cross section and the single fiber core 1; the fiber cores with smaller effective mode refractive indexes of the fundamental mode in all the N-1 paired fiber cores are closer to the single fiber core 1, namely the two fiber cores of the Nth group are close to the fiber core 1, and the fiber cores of all the groups are arranged in a reverse order in the whole annular inner cladding (2); the photon lantern is reduced in proportion by adiabatic tapering in the axial direction, and is transited to an output end (5) matched with the transmitted few-mode ring-core optical fiber after the length L of the tapering, so that the fundamental mode input from m fiber cores is functionally converted into the corresponding fundamental mode and N-1 groups of high-order modes in the transmitted ring-core optical fiber with high efficiency.
The refractive index n1 of the low-doped material region (1), the refractive index n2 of the annular inner cladding (2), the refractive index n3 of the outer cladding (3) and the refractive index n4 of m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the annular inner cladding (2) meet the following conditions: n4> n2> n1 and n4> n2> n3.
The multi-core annular photon lantern comprises a conical optical fiber device formed by combining a plurality of single-mode or few-mode optical fibers with a low-doped glass rod and a glass sleeve, a conical optical fiber device formed by directly tapering multi-core optical fibers or photonic crystal optical fibers with a low-doped region and the like, and a conical waveguide which has a cross section with a shape unchanged, a geometric dimension in a propagation direction in a conical change and a plurality of input ports in the cross section of an input end. And the materials used for the optical fiber and the waveguide do not include any limitation.
The N-1 groups of high-order modes refer to N-1 Linear Polarization (LP) mode groups or N-1 Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) mode groups supported in an annular optical fiber matched with the multi-core annular photon lantern output end (5), and the number of degenerate modes in each-order module is fixed to be 4.
The effective mode refractive index of the fundamental mode in all the paired cores at the input end of the multi-core annular photon lantern is between the effective refractive index of the 1 st order mode in the single core 1 and the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the invention provides a mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core annular photon lantern, which can realize high-efficiency conversion and multiplexing of multiple modes at the same time and has important potential application value in a space division multiplexing transmission system. According to the invention, by adopting the multi-core annular photon lantern structure, the number of modes in each module is fixed to be 4, and special fiber core parameters and arrangement sequence are adopted, so that the effective mode refractive index curves of the high-order modules are distributed more uniformly and dispersedly, the crosstalk among the modules is reduced, the module purity of the high-order modules is greatly improved, and the problem that the crosstalk among the modules is rapidly increased along with the increase of the number of the modules in the traditional high-order photon lantern multiplexing a plurality of modules is solved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a multi-core ring photon lantern mode division multiplexer.
Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary refractive index profile of a ring-core fiber matched to a multi-core ring photonic lantern mode division multiplexer in accordance with an embodiment.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an input end of an exemplary 11-core ring photonic lantern mode division multiplexer in an embodiment.
Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an input end of a 13-core ring-type photonic lantern mode division multiplexer as an example in an embodiment.
Fig. 5 is a cross-talk matrix of an example 13-core ring photonic lantern mode division multiplexer in an embodiment.
Fig. 6 shows the operating bandwidth of the 13-core ring-type photonic lantern mode-division multiplexer in the example embodiment.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are only used for illustration purposes and do not limit the application scope of the present invention, and the following takes as an example the design of a mode division multiplexer for implementing high-performance 5 high-order module multiplexing based on a multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern.
Fig. 1 shows a structural schematic diagram of a mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core ring photon lantern, and a cross section of the mode division multiplexer comprises a low doped material region (1), a ring-shaped inner cladding (2), an outer cladding (3) and m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the inner cladding (2), wherein m =2N-1, N is a positive integer, and the fiber cores (4) are divided into N groups. To achieve multiplexing of 5 high-order modules, the initial setting in this example is taken to be N =6,m =11. The core numbered 1 multiplexes the fundamental mode of l =0, and the paired cores numbered 2 to 6 respectively multiplex 5 high-order modes of l =1 to 5 (where l is the angular order of the mode). For parameter simplicity, the refractive index of all cores (4) (11 in total) is set to 1.4775, and the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode is changed only by using different core diameters. It should be noted that in order to make the structure of the multi-core ring-shaped photonic lantern more clear, the outer cladding on the structural diagram and the input end cross-sectional diagram of fig. 1 are not drawn to actual scale, and the outer diameter of the outer cladding (3) provided in the numerical calculation of this example is 900 μm. The following description is provided for the determination process of each parameter and the fiber core arrangement sequence of the photon lantern.
First, a core fiber needs to be found as an object for matching the multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern. The ring-core optical fiber should satisfy as much as possible: the effective mode index difference between the modules is large enough to suppress coupling between the modules; and the effective mode refractive index difference of the in-module mode is small enough to ensure that the differential group delay of the in-module mode is small enough. This example uses a ring core fiber designed in "Scalable mode division transmission over a 10-km ring-core fiber using high-order-ordered structure models [ J ]. Optics Express,2018,26 (2): 594-604" by Zhu et al in 2018, which has good mode division multiplexing characteristics and has been successfully applied to a 10km class of mode division multiplexing system. By carrying 32 gbaud rate QPSK signals on a total of 80 orbital angular momentum mode channels containing 10 wavelengths, they achieve transmission rates up to 5.12Tb/s over the ring-core fiber. The refractive index profile of this ring-core fiber is shown in fig. 2. The ring core adopts graded refractive index distribution:
where R is the distance from the center of the ring, R is the radius of the center of the ring, W is the thickness of the ring, n max And n min Maximum and minimum refractive indices, respectively, and α is a graded index. The number of modules supported by the ring-core fiber and the effective modal index spacing between the modules will be determined primarily by two parameters, R and W. In order to make the ring core optical fiber multiplex 5 high-order modules and ensure the delta n between the modules eff >2×10 -3 R is set to 7.6 μm. In addition, in order for the ring core fiber to support only the radial mode of the first order, W is set to 3.8 μm.
After the parameters of the ring-core optical fiber are determined, other parameters of the multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern can be further determined. Since the diameter ratio of the inner ring and the outer ring of the ring-core optical fiber is 0.6, the diameter of the low-doped region (1) at the input end of the photonic lantern and the outer diameter of the annular inner cladding (2) are respectively set to be 150 micrometers and 250 micrometers, namely the tapering ratio of the photonic lantern is 0.076. In order to ensure that the photon lantern strictly meets the adiabatic condition, the length L of the tapered cone is set to be 10cm. In order to make the difference between the core diameters as large as possible while satisfying that the maximum core high-order mode refractive index is lower than the minimum core fundamental mode refractive index, the maximum core 1 and the minimum core 6 are set to have diameters of 13 μm and 6 μm, respectively, and the remaining cores have diameters of 11.6 μm, 10.2 μm, 8.8 μm, and 7.4 μm, respectively, at regular intervals, as shown in table 1 and fig. 3.
Table 1, 11 core ring photon lantern mode division multiplexer fiber core diameter
Table 2, 11 core ring photon lantern mould division multiplexer module purity
The purity of each module of the photon lantern multiplexing obtained by numerical calculation is shown in table 2. As can be seen from table 2, the purity of the multiplexed 0 th and 1 st order modes is very low with the reverse order core arrangement, making these two order modes unsuitable for use as independent channels. But the purity of the high order modules of 2 nd to 5 th order are all above 14 dB. In order to compensate for the loss of the 1 st order mode, and achieve the goal of multiplexing 5 higher order modes, we add a group of cores, so that the number of cores is increased to 13 (N =7,m = 13). The core numbered 1 multiplexes the fundamental mode of l =0, the pair of cores numbered 2 multiplexes the mode group of l =1, and the paired cores numbered 3 to 7 respectively multiplex the 5 high-order mode groups of l =2 to 6. And the fundamental mode with l =0 and the 1-order module with l =1 are abandoned as channels due to pure pair low, the fiber core parameters for correspondingly multiplexing the two-order modules are set to be the same, namely the parameters of the fiber core 2 and the parameters of the fiber core 1 are set to be the same, and larger refractive index distribution space is provided for the other 5 high-order modules so as to improve the purity of the high-order modules. With this setup, the core parameters of the 13-core ring-type photonic lantern mode-division multiplexer are shown in table 3, while the input end cross-section is shown in fig. 4. The purity of the 2 nd to 6 th order modules of the 13-core ring-shaped photon lantern mode division multiplexing coupler obtained by numerical calculation is shown in table 4.
TABLE 3, 13 core annular photon lantern mode division multiplexer's core diameter
Table 4, 13 core ring photon lantern mould division multiplexer module purity
From table 4, it can be seen that, on the basis of the reverse arrangement, after the special fiber core diameter is set, the purity of 5 high-order modules of the multicore annular photon lantern mode division multiplexer can be kept above 22 dB. The crosstalk matrix is shown in fig. 5, and the crosstalk between 2 nd to 6 th-order modules is less than-24 dB, which proves that the photonic lantern mode division multiplexer has good performance in a mode division multiplexing system. The calculated working bandwidth of the photonic lantern mode division multiplexer is shown in fig. 6, and the purities of 2 nd to 6 th-order modules in the 400nm bandwidth of 1350nm to 1750nm can be kept above 20 dB.
In summary, the present invention provides a multi-core ring photon lantern-based mode division multiplexer, which takes the multi-core ring photon lantern mode division multiplexer capable of implementing 5 high-order mode division multiplexing as an example, and explains that the high-order mode purity of the multi-core ring photon lantern mode division multiplexing can be effectively improved under the reverse-order fiber core arrangement. And the fiber core parameters of the two lowest-order multiplexing modules are set to be the same, so that the purity of the high-order modules can be further improved, and finally, the purity of the 5 lowest-order multiplexing modules can be kept above 20dB within the wavelength range of 1350nm-1750 nm.
The present embodiment is described as an example of the use of the present invention, and is not limited to the specific form of the photon lantern, and is not limited to the photon lantern made by drawing optical fibers, the total number and shape of the incident fiber cores, the material for making the photon lantern, and the operating band, and the conventional communication band, and any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A mode division multiplexer based on a multi-core annular photon lantern is characterized in that: the multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern comprises a multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern, wherein the cross section of the input end of the multi-core ring-shaped photon lantern comprises a central low-doped material region (1), a ring-shaped inner cladding layer (2), an outer cladding layer (3) and m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the ring-shaped inner cladding layer (2), wherein m =2N-1, N is a positive integer larger than 2; the m fiber cores (4) are divided into N groups according to the sequence of the effective mode refractive indexes of the fundamental mode from large to small, and the N groups are numbered from small to large according to the groups, wherein the single fiber core with the largest effective refractive index of the fundamental mode is the first group which is numbered as 1, and the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode is the largest; every two other fiber cores form a group, the parameters of the two fiber cores in the same group are completely the same, and the two fiber cores are distributed in axial symmetry along the connecting line between the center of the cross section and the single fiber core 1; the fiber cores with smaller effective mode refractive indexes of the fundamental mode in all the N-1 paired fiber cores are closer to the single fiber core 1, namely the two fiber cores of the Nth group are close to the fiber core 1, and the fiber cores of all the groups are arranged in a reverse order in the whole annular inner cladding (2); the photon lantern is reduced in proportion by adiabatic tapering in the axial direction, and is transited to an output end (5) matched with the transmitted few-mode ring-core optical fiber after the length L of the tapering, so that the fundamental mode input from m fiber cores is functionally converted into the corresponding fundamental mode and N-1 groups of high-order modes in the transmitted ring-core optical fiber with high efficiency.
2. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer comprises: the refractive index n1 of the low doped material region (1), the refractive index n2 of the annular inner cladding (2), the refractive index n3 of the outer cladding (3) and the refractive index n4 of the m single-mode or few-mode fiber cores (4) distributed in the annular inner cladding (2) meet the following conditions: n4> n2> n1 and n4> n2> n3.
3. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer comprises: the multi-core annular photon lantern comprises a conical optical fiber device formed by tapering a plurality of single-mode or few-mode optical fibers combined with a low-doped glass rod and a glass sleeve, a conical optical fiber device formed by directly tapering a multi-core annular optical fiber or a photonic crystal optical fiber with a low-doped region, and a conical waveguide which has the cross section with the shape unchanged, the geometric dimension in the propagation direction being in conical change, is provided with a plurality of input ports in the cross section of an input end, and does not contain any limitation on materials used by the optical fiber and the waveguide.
4. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer comprises: the N-1 groups of high-order modes refer to N-1 Linear Polarization (LP) mode groups or N-1 Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) mode groups supported in an annular optical fiber matched with the output end (5) of the multi-core annular photon lantern, and the number of degenerate modes in each-order module is fixed to be 4.
5. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer comprises: the effective mode refractive index of the fundamental mode in all the paired cores at the input end of the multi-core annular photon lantern is between the effective refractive index of the 1 st order mode in the single core 1 and the effective refractive index of the fundamental mode.
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