CN114133217A - Preparation method of LTCC ceramic heater for electronic cigarette - Google Patents
Preparation method of LTCC ceramic heater for electronic cigarette Download PDFInfo
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- CN114133217A CN114133217A CN202111476231.6A CN202111476231A CN114133217A CN 114133217 A CN114133217 A CN 114133217A CN 202111476231 A CN202111476231 A CN 202111476231A CN 114133217 A CN114133217 A CN 114133217A
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000003571 electronic cigarette Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000010344 co-firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical group [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000462 isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bicarbonate Substances [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002003 electrode paste Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical group [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 12
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009747 swallowing Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/40—Constructional details, e.g. connection of cartridges and battery parts
- A24F40/46—Shape or structure of electric heating means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/70—Manufacture
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/06—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by burning-out added substances by burning natural expanding materials or by sublimating or melting out added substances
- C04B38/063—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B38/0635—Compounding ingredients
- C04B38/0645—Burnable, meltable, sublimable materials
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- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/06—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by burning-out added substances by burning natural expanding materials or by sublimating or melting out added substances
- C04B38/063—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B38/0635—Compounding ingredients
- C04B38/0645—Burnable, meltable, sublimable materials
- C04B38/068—Carbonaceous materials, e.g. coal, carbon, graphite, hydrocarbons
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- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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- Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)
Abstract
A preparation method of an LTCC ceramic heater for electronic cigarettes belongs to the field of electronic components. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a porous ceramic material; secondly, preparing conductor and resistance materials; then, processing the raw materials into a green body of the electronic cigarette ceramic heating body by an LTCC process; and finally, preparing the electronic cigarette ceramic heating body by low-temperature co-firing. According to the material, the sintering temperature is regulated and controlled by adopting the microcrystalline glass, the pore distribution and the pore size of the porous ceramic are regulated and controlled by the pore-forming agent, the smoke stroke distance is reduced by slotting, the multilayer matching co-firing of the porous ceramic and various conductor pastes is realized, the generation of proper smoke quantity in the atomization process of the electronic cigarette is realized, the airflow is smooth, and the scorched effect is avoided. The reliability, the quality consistency and the stability of the product are greatly improved, and the oil guide groove is introduced to greatly improve the atomization quality of the atomizer. The ceramic heating element is widely applied to the electronic cigarette to realize the preparation of the novel ceramic heating element of the electronic cigarette.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to electronic products, and further relates to the field of electronic cigarettes, in particular to a preparation method of an LTCC ceramic heater for electronic cigarettes.
Background
The ceramic heating body of the electronic cigarette is a heating element, and the heating element is powered by a battery to generate heat, so that the tobacco tar beside the heating element volatilizes to form smoke, and the effect of cloud swallowing and fog spraying is achieved when a person inhales the electronic cigarette. The quality of the heating wire mainly depends on materials, heating wires and the manufacturing process thereof. The preparation of the traditional electronic cigarette porous ceramic substrate is similar to the preparation flow of a general ceramic component, the key point of the existing ceramic heating element lies in the printing of ceramic strength and lines, the preparation process of the electronic cigarette ceramic heating element adopts the steps of firstly sintering the porous ceramic substrate, and then printing and sintering resistors and electrode patterns, the adhesive force of the resistors and electrodes is very low, the product stability is poor, and the poor reliability and quality consistency of the product cannot be ensured. Meanwhile, in the use process, as the viscosity of the tobacco tar increases, the tobacco tar can form a film on the surface of the ceramic, so that the atomization amount of the tobacco tar is reduced, the electronic cigarette taste is reduced, and the requirements of consumers are difficult to meet. Therefore, a preparation method of a novel multilayer co-fired porous ceramic heating element meeting the requirements is urgently needed.
In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the problems of low reliability of the adhesion between the resistor and the electrode and the porous ceramic substrate, poor quality consistency and influence of the viscosity of the tobacco tar on the atomization amount of the product in the traditional process technology are solved.
The invention has the following inventive concept: the low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer co-fired technology is adopted to embed the heating element in the multilayer co-fired ceramic, and the fluidity of the high-viscosity tobacco tar is ensured by regulating and controlling an oil circuit route through the oil guide groove cavity. Firstly, preparing a porous LTCC ceramic material and a resistor and electrode slurry matched with the porous LTCC ceramic material; secondly, preparing a porous LTCC raw porcelain belt by a tape casting process; then, preparing a green body of the ceramic heating element of the electronic cigarette by processes of printing an electrode and a resistance layer, preparing an oil guide groove, laminating and the like; and finally, carrying out low-temperature co-firing at 850 +/-30 ℃ to prepare the LTCC ceramic electronic cigarette ceramic heating body. The ceramic heating element is used for solving the problems that the existing ceramic heating element of the electronic cigarette has small smoke quantity and poor taste due to poor fluidity of high-viscosity tobacco tar, and has poor reliability of a post-firing electrode and resistance, short service life, poor consistency, low production efficiency and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows: preparing a porous LTCC ceramic heating body material, namely preparing a porous LTCC material, resistance paste and electrode paste which can be matched with co-firing; tape casting, namely preparing the porous ceramic powder into tape casting slurry and performing tape casting to prepare a raw ceramic tape; printing conductor paste-preparing a resistance layer and an electrode layer; preparing an oil guide groove (oil guide groove cavity) -carrying out laser cutting on the green ceramic tape under the condition of ensuring the strength; preparing a green body, namely aligning and laminating the printed green ceramic tape, the green ceramic tape without special treatment (the lamination thickness is selected according to the actual condition) and the green ceramic tape for preparing the oil guide groove (the lamination thickness is selected according to the actual condition) in sequence, carrying out isostatic pressing and cutting to prepare the green body of the multilayer co-fired ceramic electronic cigarette ceramic heating body; and (3) matching co-firing, namely matching co-firing the green body to prepare the co-fired body of the ceramic heating body.
The multilayer co-firing process provided by the invention comprises the following specific steps:
(a) preparing materials:
al in porous ceramic main component material2O385-95 parts of SiO21-6 parts of CaCO3The dosage is 3-6 parts of NaHCO3The using amount is 0-4 parts. According to different pore diameters and porosity requirements, carbon black or starch is selected as a pore-forming agent, wherein carbon black or starch is addedThe amount of the porous ceramic is 25 to 50 percent of the mass of the main component of the porous ceramic. Mixing to prepare the porous ceramic material.
The electrode paste is electronic silver conductor paste, and comprises: 80.2 to 87.5 wt.% of silver powder, 0.2 to 4.5 wt.% of glass powder and 7.5 to 19.6 wt.% of organic carrier.
The resistance paste is ruthenium-based resistance paste and comprises 20-50 wt% of ruthenium dioxide powder, 20-60 wt% of glass powder and 5-30 wt% of organic carrier.
(b) Tape casting: according to the characteristics of the porous LTCC material, proper organic resin and solvent are selected for preparing casting materials, and the thickness of the porous ceramic green ceramic chip is controlled to be 20-300 mu m through a casting process.
(c) Printing resistor and conductor paste: a resistance layer, an electrode layer and a cutting line are prepared on a green ceramic chip by adopting a screen printing mode, and a good lap joint area is designed on the resistance and the electrode. The resistance size and reliability are ensured by designing different resistance thicknesses and graphs, and the resistance size is 1.0-3.5 omega.
(d) Design and preparation of an oil guide groove: a cavity (the film is defined as an oil guide groove layer) is punched on the green porcelain sheet on the basis of ensuring the strength of a sintered product by using a laser cutting machine, so that the purposes that high-viscosity tobacco tar has good fluidity, the heat of resistance is quickly contacted, and the atomization amount can be ensured are achieved.
(e) Preparing a raw embryo body: and carrying out accurate alignment lamination on the prepared green ceramic chip according to the sequence of the printing layer, the conventional tape casting green ceramic tape and the oil guide groove layer green ceramic tape. Hot isostatic pressing is carried out on the laminated diaphragm, the isostatic pressing pressure is less than 10Mpa, and the time is 3-10 min; finally, cutting into green embryo bodies of single products;
(f) LTCC matching co-firing: and (3) co-firing the green body in a high-temperature box type sintering furnace at the sintering temperature of 850 +/-30 ℃.
Has the advantages that:
the preparation of the LTCC multilayer co-fired ceramic electronic cigarette ceramic heating body provided by the invention can realize the co-firing of the resistor and the electrode, greatly improve the reliability and consistency of the ceramic heating body, simultaneously realize the slicing and sintering of the green cutting before the co-firing, and improve the strength and the production efficiency of the product compared with the traditional process of slicing and silver coating after sintering.
The invention fully considers the tobacco tar atomization quality factors, namely tobacco tar materials, heating resistance, processing technology and other aspects. Through the integrated sintering of LTCC material, bury the heating resistor in porous ceramic matrix, full play its heat conduction effect that generates heat increases product reliability simultaneously. Through leading the preparation of oil groove cavity, can effectively shorten the oil circuit, increase atomizing volume, reduce the atomizing time, promote oily smog taste greatly.
Therefore, the invention adopts the LTCC multilayer co-firing technology to embed the heating element and regulates and controls the oil circuit route scheme through the cavity to prepare the ceramic heating element for the electronic cigarette so as to realize the preparation of the ceramic heating element for the electronic cigarette with high reliability, and can be widely applied to the ceramic heating element for the electronic cigarette so as to realize the preparation of the novel ceramic heating element for the electronic cigarette.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention has the following specific implementation modes:
(a) preparing materials: al in porous ceramic main component material2O3The dosage is 85 parts of SiO2The dosage is 5 parts of CaCO3The dosage is 6 parts of NaHCO3The using amount is 4 parts. According to the requirements of different pore diameters and porosities, selecting carbon black, starch, and other pore-forming agents, wherein the adding amount is 45% of the mass of the main component of the porous ceramic, and mixing to prepare the porous ceramic material. Electrode slurry: silver powder 85.4 wt.%, glass frit 3.2 wt.%, and organic vehicle 11.4 wt.%. Resistance material: 30 wt.% of ruthenium dioxide powder, 44 wt.% of glass powder and 26 wt.% of organic carrier.
(b) Tape casting: preparing parameters such as a resin formula, solid content, viscosity, rheological property and the like of the porous ceramic tape casting material according to a conventional tape casting process to prepare corresponding tape casting slurry; controlling the speed, temperature zone, knife edge height and other parameters in the casting process to obtain the ceramic green film with the thickness of 50 microns +/-5 microns.
(c) Printing resistor and conductor paste: preparing a resistance layer, an electrode layer and a cutting line on the green ceramic chip by adopting a screen printing mode. The thickness and the graph of the resistor can be adjusted according to index requirements, and the size of the resistor is 2 omega +/-0.2 omega.
(d) Preparing a raw embryo body: and carrying out accurate alignment lamination on the prepared green ceramic chips in sequence. Hot isostatic pressing is carried out on the laminated diaphragm, the isostatic pressing pressure is 3Mpa, and the time is 5 min; and cut into a desired shape.
(e) Matching and co-firing: and (3) performing matched co-firing on the green body in a high-temperature box type sintering furnace at the temperature of 850 +/-30 ℃ to prepare a co-fired body of the ceramic heating element.
The multilayer ceramic heating element prepared by the method can reduce the path of high-viscosity tobacco tar to a great extent, simultaneously meets the basic requirements of the ceramic heating element prepared by the traditional method on atomization amount degree, no oil leakage, smooth smoking airflow, no scorched smell and the like, and realizes the problem that the traditional atomizer can not fully atomize the high-viscosity tobacco tar. Meanwhile, the mode of preparing the electronic cigarette ceramic heating body by using the multilayer co-firing mode has the advantages of stable production, high consistency, high yield and the like.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only examples for clarity of illustration, and the present invention includes but is not limited to the above embodiments, and all embodiments need not be exhaustive. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. Embodiments that meet the requirements of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A preparation method of an LTCC ceramic heater for electronic cigarettes is characterized by comprising the following process modules:
(1) preparing materials:
1) preparing a porous ceramic material: in the porous ceramic main component material, by mass, Al2O385-95 parts of SiO21-6 parts of CaCO3The dosage is 3-6 parts of NaHCO3The using amount is 0-4 parts; adding pore-forming agent with the mass of 25-50% of the mass of the main component of the porous ceramic according to the requirements of different apertures and porosities, and mixing to prepare the porous ceramic material;
2) electrode data preparation: the electrode paste is silver conductor paste, and comprises: 80.2-87.5 wt% of silver powder, 0.2-4.5 wt% of glass powder and 7.5-19.6 wt% of organic carrier;
3) preparing resistance paste: the resistance paste is ruthenium-based resistance paste, and comprises 20-50 wt% of ruthenium dioxide powder, 20-60 wt% of glass powder and 5-30 wt% of organic carrier;
(2) tape casting: preparing corresponding casting slurry according to the performance parameters of the porous ceramic casting material by a conventional casting process, and preparing a green ceramic chip with the thickness of 20-300 mu m;
(3) printing resistor and conductor paste: preparing a resistance layer, an electrode layer and a cutting line on a green ceramic chip by adopting a screen printing mode;
(4) design and preparation of an oil guide groove: manufacturing an oil guide groove cavity on the green ceramic chip by using a laser cutting machine according to the design requirement;
(5) preparing a raw embryo body: accurately aligning and laminating the prepared green ceramic sheets according to the sequence of the printing layer, the conventional tape casting green ceramic tape and the oil guide groove layer green ceramic tape, carrying out hot isostatic pressing on the laminated films, and finally cutting into green blanks of single products;
(6) LTCC matching co-firing: and (3) performing matching co-firing on the green body in a high-temperature sintering furnace with the sintering temperature of 850 +/-30 ℃ to form the LTCC ceramic heater.
2. The preparation method of the LTCC ceramic heater for the electronic cigarette as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the pore-forming agent is carbon black or starch.
3. The preparation method of the LTCC ceramic heater for the electronic cigarette as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the thickness and the pattern of the resistance layer are adjustable, and the resistance is 1.0-3.5 omega.
4. The preparation method of the LTCC ceramic heater for the electronic cigarette as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the isostatic pressure of the isostatic pressing is less than 10Mpa, and the time is 3-10 min.
5. The preparation method of the LTCC ceramic heater for the electronic cigarette as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing materials: al in porous ceramic main component material2O385 portions of SiO2, 5 portions of CaCO3The dosage is 6 parts of NaHCO3The using amount is 4 parts; selecting carbon black as a pore-forming agent according to different pore diameters and porosity requirements, wherein the addition amount of the carbon black is 45 percent of the mass of the main component of the porous ceramic, and mixing to prepare the porous ceramic material; the electrode slurry comprises the following components: 85.4 wt.% silver powder, 3.2 wt.% glass frit, and 11.4 wt.% organic vehicle; the resistance paste comprises the following components: 30 wt.% ruthenium dioxide powder, 44 wt.% glass frit, and 26 wt.% organic support;
(2) tape casting: preparing a green ceramic chip with the thickness of 50 microns +/-5 microns by adopting a conventional tape casting process according to design requirements;
(3) printing resistor and conductor paste: preparing a resistance layer, an electrode layer and a cutting line on a green ceramic chip by adopting a screen printing mode; the thickness and the pattern of the resistor are adjustable, and the size of the resistor is 2 omega +/-0.2 omega;
(4) preparing a raw embryo body: carrying out accurate alignment lamination on the prepared green ceramic chips in sequence, and carrying out hot isostatic pressing on the laminated ceramic chips, wherein the isostatic pressing pressure is 3Mpa, and the time is 5 min; and cutting into a desired shape;
(5) matching and co-firing: and (3) performing matched co-firing on the green body in a high-temperature box type sintering furnace at 850 +/-30 ℃ to prepare a co-fired body of the ceramic heating element.
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