CN114114883B - Method for detecting atomic clock jump by observing multiple pulsar - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for detecting atomic clock jumps by observing multiple pulsar, which comprises the steps of taking time provided by an atomic clock as reference, carrying out conventional timing observation on the multiple pulsars, selecting the multiple pulsars from observed historical timing data when the reference atomic clock is interrupted, carrying out timing observation by taking a restarted atomic clock as reference, and calculating by utilizing a multi-star clock jump detection algorithm to obtain a clock jump correction value. The invention can realize high-precision and rapid calculation of any clock jump value and provides support for rapid recovery of an interrupted time system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of time frequency, and relates to a method for detecting the size of any atomic clock hop.
Background
Atomic time is the basis for maintaining the current time reference, and is generated by relying on an atomic clock. The atomic clock belongs to a precise instrument, the manufacturing process is complex, the requirement on the environment is high, the mass production is difficult, two clocks manufactured by the same manufacturer have great performance difference, and the service life of the common atomic clock is about 10 years. The atomic time has the characteristics of uniform interval, convenient use and the like, is an integral time scale, has the characteristic of error accumulation, and influences the long-term stability of the atomic time. Atomic time is derived from an atomic clock, and is influenced by the manufacturing technology and the using environment of the atomic clock, so that the single clock has errors and the possibility of causing the interruption of the atomic time due to the fault. In order to avoid the situation of atomic time interruption, a timekeeping laboratory usually adopts a mode of jointly timekeeping a plurality of atomic clocks, utilizes comparison between atomic clocks in a timekeeping clock group to find and shield problematic atomic clocks in time, and adopts an atomic time algorithm to form a comprehensive atomic time scale, thereby reducing the influence of errors of a single atomic clock and improving the accuracy and reliability of atomic time.
Only a punctuality laboratory adopts a group of atomic clocks to maintain time reference, a common time user terminal usually only uses 1-2 atomic clocks to maintain time, and for users with small number of clocks, when the atomic clocks are interrupted, the atomic clocks are restarted or a new atomic clock is replaced, time before and after interruption is discontinuous, time cannot be recovered automatically, and the atomic clocks need to be compared and calibrated with external time reference to realize the continuity of time before interruption. The traditional approach is to detect clock jumps based on a 1pps alignment using a reference atomic clock. 1pps is a periodic pulse signal, which is not identifiable. The time jump value less than 1s can only be detected by comparing the reference atomic clock with 1pps, and the clock jump more than 1s has the problem of integer ambiguity. Thus, a 1pps atomic clock alone cannot detect a greater than 1s clock jump. The accurate calibration of time needs to be realized by combining external time code information.
Pulsar is a compact celestial body, has the characteristics of strong magnetic field and strong electric field, radiates stable periodic pulse signals, is known as the most stable 'natural clock' in the nature, considers that the long-term stability of millisecond pulsar can be comparable with that of an atomic clock, and can be applied to the time-frequency field. The pulsar clock has the advantages of long service life, high reliability, wide service range, difficult attack and the like. The pulse rotation frequency characteristic can be measured very accurately by an astronomical observation technology, for example, pulsar J0437-4715 measures an intrinsic rotation frequency value of 173.68794581218460089Hz, an error of 8.0E-14Hz, and a rotation frequency uncertainty (error/rotation frequency) of 4.6E-16 by a timing technology. With the progress of observation technology, for example, FAST starts to observe pulsar in a conventional manner and build SKA in the future, the measurement precision of the intrinsic autorotation frequency of pulsar is continuously improved, and the application of pulsar is further accelerated.
The pulsar radiates stable periodic pulse signals, the profile characteristics of different pulsar radiations are different, the rotation periods are different, and the identifiability is realized. The periodic pulse signal of the radiation can be likened to a second pulse (1 pps) of an atomic clock. According to the 1pps comparison technology similar to the traditional atomic clock, a clock jump value larger than the rotation period of the pulsar cannot be detected by using a single pulsar. In addition, the millisecond pulsar timing has high precision and is more suitable for detecting clock jumps, but the detectable clock jump value range is smaller due to the short period. Even if Zhong Tiaozhi Δ t smaller than the period (P) is detected, it cannot be determined whether the actual clock skip value is Δ t or Δ t-P.
A method for detecting atomic clock jump by using pulsar timing observation data is provided by Yunnan astronomical stage Li Zhixuan and the like of Chinese academy of sciences in 2020, the atomic clock Zhong Tiaozhi is calculated by using a Bayesian statistical method, and the algorithm is verified by using the actually measured data of a Yunnan 40-meter antenna, wherein the clock jump detection precision is 80ns. But this method is only suitable for detecting clock jumps smaller than the period of the pulsar rotation. In this document, the clock jump is detected by using J0437-4715 to time observation data, the period of the source is 5.7ms, and for Zhong Tiaozhi which is greater than 5.7ms, there is pulse phase integer ambiguity and no integer period value can be specifically given.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for detecting atomic clock jumps by observing multiple pulsar, which can utilize the principle of a method for observing and detecting any atomic clock jump by multiple pulsars and provides a basic scheme for observing and resolving the atomic clock jumps by utilizing multiple pulsars.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem comprises the following steps:
(1) Selecting at least 2 pulsar to perform timing observation by taking the time provided by the restarted atomic clock as a reference to obtain a pulsar data integral profile and the pulse arrival time TOA of each pulsar;
(2) Respectively carrying out timing analysis on the data before clock jump and the observed data after clock jump of each pulsar in a combined manner to obtain a decimal phase value (phi) caused by the time jump value in each pulsar 1 ,φ 2 ,......)；
(3) Setting a time jump value search range, and calculating to obtain the whole-cycle phase ambiguity (N) of each pulsar 1 ,N 2 ,......)；
(4) According to the decimal phase value (phi) 1 ,φ 2 ,... And whole-cycle phase ambiguity (N) 1 ,N 2 ,... Said.), and calculating a reference time jump value T = P by selecting one of the pulsar selected in step (1) at will i ·(N i +φ i ) Wherein, P i The cycle of the ith pulsar; correcting the timing reference time by using the reference time jump value T as a correction amount, repeating the step (2) and the step (3), and updating the reference time jump value T;
(5) And calibrating the observation reference time system by using the updated reference time jump value T.
Selecting 3 pulsar with highest timing precision from observed historical data before the step (1), and determining the observation time length and the observation sequence of each pulsar according to the antenna observation capability and the pulsar radiation intensity.
And (2) selecting a combination of at least 1 common pulsar and at least 1 millisecond pulsar to detect the clock jump.
The step (3) arbitrarily sets the time jump value search range as [ T 1 ，T 2 ](ii) a Selecting any pulsar i from the observed pulsars, wherein the period of the pulsar i is P i Fractional phase change of phi i Determining the integer ambiguity search range of pulsar i as [ N min ，N max ]，
Setting the searching step length as 1, and assuming the whole period number as M, the corresponding searched atomic clock Zhong Tiaozhi delta T M ＝P i *(M+φ i ) (ii) a Acquired atomic clock jump estimated value delta T M The phase change of the pulse caused to other pulsar j is
The difference between the actual change in the bit Zhong Tiaoxiang is phi j -[Φ j ]-φ j = δ; the cutoff condition of the search is that the difference of the absolute phases is smaller than a set threshold; obtain a set of integer periods (N) 1 ,N 2 ,..) so that the decimal phase change value of pulsar satisfies (phi) 1 ,φ 2 ,......)。
The cutoff condition searched in the step (3) is that delta is less than or equal to 0.005.
The beneficial effects of the invention are: and 2 or more pulsar are observed for 1 time respectively by taking the time after the restart of the interruption as reference, so that the high-precision rapid calculation of any clock jump value can be realized, and the support is provided for the rapid recovery of an interrupted time system. According to the above embodiment, by using the multi-satellite detection method, the total observation time of 3 sources after clock hopping is less than 1 hour, the clock hopping value can be calculated, and finally the time system calibration is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the phase variation of different pulsar signals over a time span T;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an embodiment for correcting time jumps using multiple pulsar observations;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of simulated clock hopping to cause the hopping of the phase of the pulsar.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following drawings and examples, which include, but are not limited to, the following examples.
The pulsar rotates stably, the phase of a radiated periodic pulse signal reaching the Solar System centroid (SSB) can be accurately predicted, and the pulsar is positioned at t 0 The autorotation parameter measured at any moment can be used for calculating the phase from the pulse signal to the SSB at any moment, and the phase forecasting formula is as follows:
wherein phi is Forecasting The phase, phi, at which the pulse predicted for time t arrives at SSB 0 Is t 0 The phase of the pulse measured at a time, commonly referred to as the initial phase, v,
Is t 0 If the pulsar is in a double star system, the phase of the pulse reaching the SSB also comprises the influence of the double star system time delay on the phase of the pulse signal.
The pulsar autorotates stably, and for the same reference clock, the Time of Arrival (TOA) of the same pulsar observed at different moments has correlation, namely, the pulse phase has correlation, and pulsar timing analysis is to study the correlation of the TOA of the measured TOA of the pulsar measured at different moments. If the reference atomic clock is measured without error, and the autorotation parameters of the pulsar are accurate and error-free (the forecast phase is accurate), the measured pulse phase is consistent with the pulse phase forecasted by the model, namely the residual error between the measured pulse phase and the model is 0. However, the residual error is not 0 in practice due to the influence of noise of the pulsar itself. For example, in J0437-4715, the timing residual within the data span of 14 years at present is RMS of 108ns, the range (difference between the maximum value and the minimum value) is within 1.5 μ s, the source period is 5.7ms, and the pulse phase occupied by the residual is 0.026% of the period, i.e. the phase of the pulse signal is stable.
Research shows that the phase consistency of the pulse radiated by most pulsar at different moments is better than 0.5 percent of phases, namely the phase stability is high. If the reference clock jumps, the phases of the pulse signals observed subsequently jump correspondingly. Since the rotation frequencies of different pulsar are different, and the rotation phase changes caused by different pulsar are different in the same Zhong Tiaozhi, as shown in fig. 1. The existing pulsar timing technology can only detect the phase jump value of a decimal part, and cannot judge the integer phase change, namely the problem of integer phase cycle ambiguity exists.
But there is a unique combination of integer phase periods for a group of pulsar such that Zhong Tiaozhi satisfies the fractional phase change for all pulsars. The specific calculation method is as follows:
if the reference time is at t 0 The time of occurrence of a clock jump, zhong Tiaozhi is Δ t, the whole period and fractional phase change of Zhong Tiaozhi in the generation of the ith pulsar can be described as follows:
△t＝P i ·(N i +φ i ) (2)
wherein, P i The period of the ith pulsar, N i 、φ i A Zhong Tiaozhi Δ t causes a full period and fractional phase change for the ith pulsar. For a given Zhong Tiaozhi, a pulsar has a unique set of parameters (N) i ,φ i ) The above formula is satisfied, but in the practical pulsar timing analysis, we can only fit to get the decimal phase phi i The phase period value of the whole-cycle phase of the pulsar generated by the clock jump cannot be judged, namely, the whole-cycle phase ambiguity exists. However, the rotation periods of different pulsar are different from each other, from 1.3 milliseconds to tens of seconds, and the rotation period values of any two pulsar have no integral multiple relation. Therefore, there is a unique phase integer ambiguity array (N) for any one set of pulsar 1 ,N 2 ,N 3 ,......,N m ) Such that the unique clock hop count satisfies the fractional phase change value (phi) of the set of pulsar 1 ,φ 2 ，φ 3 ，......,φ m ) Thus, the timing observation data for multiple pulsar may be used to solve to give Zhong Tiaozhi Δ t, satisfying for all pulsars:
wherein N is i Is an integer number, which represents the number of phase whole-cycle changes produced in pulsar i by Zhong Tiaozhi Δ t.
A group of pulsar is observed by taking the time reference with clock jump as reference timing, and the rotation decimal phase variation (phi) of the pulsar caused by the reference time jump can be obtained by utilizing the special timing data processing software tempo2 1 ,φ 2 ，φ 3 ，......,φ m ). The estimated atomic clock time jump value range is assumed as follows: t is a unit of 1 —T 2 . Firstly, any pulsar i is selected from a group of observed pulsars, and the period of the pulsar i is P i Fractional phase change of phi i Determining the integer ambiguity search range of pulsar i according to the Zhong Tiaozhi range:
wherein int represents rounding, and the whole-cycle phase ambiguity search range corresponding to pulsar i in the clock jump range is calculated according to the formula: n is a radical of min —N max Setting the search step length as 1, assuming that the whole cycle number is M, the corresponding searched atomic clock Zhong Tiaozhi is:
△T M ＝P i *(M+φ i ) (5)
wherein, P i Is the autorotation period of pulsar i, phi i The decimal phase difference before and after clock jump is obtained by using timing technology. Atomic clock jump pre-estimated value delta T obtained by calculation of formula (5) M For the other pulsar j, the phase change of the pulse caused by the method is as follows:
wherein phi j Representing an estimate of Zhong Tiaozhi Δ T M The amount of change in the phase value of the autorotation caused by pulsar j. The difference between the estimated phase change due to Zhong Tiaozhi and the actual Zhong Tiaoxiang bit change is:
Φ j -[Φ j ]-φ j ＝δ (7)
<xnotran> , [ </xnotran>]Representing an integer no greater than a certain number, the first two terms are represented as the fractional phase jump value that the estimate Zhong Tiaozhi produces for pulsar j. Phi is a j To obtain the actual fractional phase jump value by timing data analysis.
The above equation (7) is expressed as a whole as the difference between the rotation phase of the pulsar generated by the search clock and the rotation phase actually measured by the observation data, and is expressed as δ. The phase residual error delta is used as a searching and judging condition, the pulsar is characterized by stable autorotation, the general phase measurement precision is better than 0.5% of phase, and the uncertainty of the autorotation phase of the millisecond pulsar is better than 0.1% of phase. The cutoff condition for the search is here given as the absolute phase residual being less than 0.005, δ in equation (7):
|δ|≤0.005 (8)
according to the detection method of the time jump value of the atomic clock, at least more than two pulsar solutions Zhong Tiaozhi are needed, namely for any Zhong Tiaozhi, one group of observed pulsars exist and are only in a unique group of integer periods (N) according to the judgment condition 1 ,N 2 ,N 3 ,......,N m ) So that the fractional phase change value of the pulsar satisfies (phi) 1 ,φ 2 ，φ 3 ，......,φ m )。
In the aspect of pulsar optimization, a combination of a common pulsar (P-sec) and a millisecond pulsar (P-millisecond) can be selected for detecting the clock jump. When the phase integer ambiguity searching range is set, when a common pulsar is selected at first, the integer searching range is small because of the long period, namely the searching step is large (the time interval is large), and the searching frequency is reduced. But the common pulsar has poor timing precision, and a decimal phase jump value phi calculated by timing i The error is large, and occasionally, the whole-cycle ambiguity search fails; when the millisecond pulsar is selected for the first time, the short period results in large data volume of the whole search candidate period, but the TOA measurement precision of the millisecond pulsar is high, namely the phase phi i The measurement precision is high, and the correctness of the integer ambiguity search is improved. And finally, calculating to obtain a jump value T of the reference time according to a formula (2) according to the searched integer ambiguity value N and the decimal phase jump value phi obtained by timing.
The embodiment of the invention utilizes the time jump correction implementation scheme observed by a plurality of pulsar to comprise the following steps:
and taking the time provided by the atomic clock as a reference, carrying out conventional timing observation on 3 pulsar satellites, and when the reference atomic clock is interrupted, recovering the reference atomic clock and then generating time jump of the provided time signal. Selecting 3 pulsar from observed historical timing data, performing timing observation by taking the restarted atomic clock as a reference, and calculating by using the multi-star detection clock jump algorithm given above to obtain a clock jump correction value, wherein the specific reference clock jump correction implementation scheme is as follows:
(1) Multiple pulsar observation scheme
When an atomic clock is interrupted and the provided reference time and standard time generate a jump value after restarting, firstly, selecting 3 sources with the highest timing precision from historical data observed by the antenna, and determining the observation duration and the observation sequence of the sources of each source according to the observation capability of the antenna and the radiation intensity of pulsar;
(2) Observe 3 pulsar in proper order
And sequentially carrying out timing observation on 3 pulsar by taking the time provided by the restarted atomic clock as reference, and obtaining an integral profile through a professional pulsar data processing software PSRCHIVE. And time of arrival TOA data for each pulsar.
(3) The timing analysis obtains the small phase jump value before and after the clock jump
Respectively carrying out timing analysis on the data before the clock jump of 3 pulsar and the observed data after the clock jump by using timing data processing software tempo2 to obtain a decimal phase jump value (phi) caused by the time jump value in 3 pulsars 1 ,φ 2 ，φ 3 )。
(4) Searching for pulsar whole-cycle ambiguity caused by clock hopping
Setting a certain time jump value search range, and calculating and providing 3 pulsar phase whole-cycle ambiguity value combinations (N) according to the pulse phase whole-cycle ambiguity search method provided above 1 ,N 2 ,N 3 )。
(5) The calculation gives a time jump value.
Calculating the decimal phase value (phi) obtained according to the step (3) 1 ,φ 2 ，φ 3 ) And the whole-cycle phase ambiguity (N) obtained in step (4) 1 ,N 2 ,N 3 ) And (3) selecting any pulsar according to the data, and calculating by using a formula (2) to obtain a reference time jump value T. And correcting the timing reference time by using the time correction value T, performing timing fitting by using the tempo2 again, and updating the time jump correction value T.
(6) Correcting system time
And calibrating the observation reference time system according to the calculated time jump value T. According to the above embodiment, by using the multi-satellite detection method, the total observation time of 3 sources after clock hopping is less than 1 hour, the clock hopping value can be calculated, and finally the time system calibration is realized.
The following is an example of 3 pulsar signals, and the reference clock hopping value detection verification is performed by using analog data. Firstly, using the fake plug-in the timekeeping software tempo2, the pulse arrival Time (TOA) data of 3 pulsar (J0332 +5434, J0953+0755 and J1920+ 1040) is simulated, and the specific simulation data is described as follows:
(1) Taking a 40-meter antenna of a Hao-Ping in the national time center of the Chinese academy as an observation station, and carrying out pulsar TOA data simulation;
(2) The pulse star calendar adopted during data simulation is obtained by analyzing the actual observation data of a Hao ping 40 m antenna in a timing manner;
(3) TT (TAI) is adopted as the simulation data reference time, JPL DE436 is adopted as the solar system planet calendar, and TCB is adopted as the reference time scale;
(4) The simulation sets the reference clock generation clock jump time as follows: MJD 57005, clock jump value-20 seconds;
(5) The starting point of the data TOA is MJD 56500, before the clock jump occurs (MJD: 56500-57005), the TOA data points are 1/7 days, the TOA error is 1 mu s, the pulse peak phase before the clock jump is near 0, the phase residual error is RMS of 1 mu s, and the measurement error of the pulse star TOA of the antenna part of 40 meters of Hao in the prior art is better than 200ns;
(6) After the clock jump occurs, assuming that 3 pulsar are alternately observed, the total observation time is less than 1 hour, each pulsar is observed for 1 time, and the TOA error is 1 microsecond.
Fig. 3 shows phase changes of 3 pulsar signals caused by Zhong Tiaozhi generated by a simulated reference clock, wherein the TOA phase mean value of 3 pulsar signals before clock jump is near 0, the phase jump of J0332+5434 after clock jump is about 7ms, the phase jump of J0953+0755 is about-9 ms, and the phase jump of J1920+1040 is about-60 ms, which are both smaller than the rotation cycle of the pulsar signals, and thus the number of whole rotation cycles of the pulsar signals which are jumped by cannot be judged, and only a decimal phase cycle of the phase jump can be given.
The method comprises the following steps of calculating the integer ambiguity combination of three pulsar by utilizing the simulation data of 3 pulsars and combining the previously given method for detecting the clock jumps of the plurality of pulsars as follows: (28, 79,9). The fractional phase jump correction, error and integer ambiguity values for the 3 pulsar are shown in table 1 below.
TABLE 1 calculated phase jump parameters for 3 pulsar
And obtaining a clock jump correction value corresponding to each pulsar calculation according to the data in the table, taking the clock jump correction value as the clock jump correction value, fitting again by using tempo2, and updating the clock jump correction value. Zhong Tiaoxiang the off-parameter fit values are given in the table below.
TABLE 2 correction values and errors for clock jumps using pulsar fitting
| Source name | Clock jump fitting value (second) | Error (seconds) |
| J0332+5434 | 19.999999744 | 6.48e-07 |
| J0953+0755 | 20.000000073 | 5.59e-07 |
| J1920+1040 | 20.000000517 | 6.02e-07 |
| Mean value of clock run fit | 20.000000111 | 6.0e-07 |
The mean of the 3 pulsar-fitted clock hops was: 20.000000111, error: 0.6 microseconds. The deviation of Zhong Tiaozhi from the actual value is calculated to be 111 nanoseconds, and the TOA error of the simulated data is 1 microsecond. At present, the TOA measurement error of the multi-millisecond pulsar is better than that of a hundred-nanosecond level nanosecond, and in data published by a North American pulsar timing array in 2019, the TOA measurement error of J1939+2134 is 7 nanoseconds. The TOA precision is far higher than that of the simulation data, namely the source observation data is used for solving Zhong Tiaozhi, and the solving precision can be better than ns magnitude. In other words, in practical application, the clock jump correction value with higher precision can be obtained by using the combination of the millisecond pulsar with high timing precision and the common pulsar.
Claims (4)
1. A method for detecting atomic clock jumps by observing multiple pulsar is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1. selecting 3 pulsar data integration profiles and the pulse arrival time TOA of each pulsar by taking the time provided by the restarted atomic clock as reference;
2. respectively carrying out timing analysis on the data before clock jump and the observed data after clock jump of each pulsar in a combined manner to obtain a decimal phase value (phi) caused by the time jump value in each pulsar 1 ,φ 2 ,......)；
3. Setting a time jump value search range, and calculating to obtain the whole-cycle phase ambiguity (N) of each pulsar 1 ,N 2 ,......)；
In the third step, the search range of the time jump value is set as [ T ] arbitrarily 1 ，T 2 ](ii) a Selecting any pulsar i from the observed pulsars, wherein the period of the pulsar i is P i The decimal phase value is phi i Determining the integer ambiguity search range of pulsar i as [ N min ，N max ]，
Setting the search step length as 1, assuming the whole cycle number as M, the corresponding searched atomic clock Zhong Tiaozhi Delta T M ＝P i *(M+φ i ) (ii) a Acquired atomic clock jump estimated value delta T M For the other pulsar j, the phase of the pulse is changed to
The difference between the actual change in the bit Zhong Tiaoxiang is phi j -[Φ j ]-φ j = δ; the cutoff condition of the search is that the difference of the absolute phases is smaller than a set threshold; obtaining a set of full-cycle phase ambiguities (N) 1 ,N 2 ,... Said.) such that the decimal phase value of a pulsar satisfies (phi &.) (phi.) 1 ,φ 2 ,......)；
4. According to the decimal phase value (phi) 1 ,φ 2 ,... And whole-cycle phase ambiguity (N) 1 ,N 2 ,... Said.), selecting one of the pulsar selected in step one, and calculating to obtain a reference time jump value T = P · i ·(N i +φ i ) Wherein P is i The cycle of the ith pulsar; correcting the timing reference time by using the reference time jump value T as a correction quantity, repeating the second step and the third step, and updating the reference time jump value T;
5. and calibrating the observation reference time system by using the updated reference time jump value T.
2. The method for detecting atomic clock hops by observing multiple pulsar according to claim 1, wherein said step one selects 3 pulsar with highest timing precision from observed historical data, and determines observation duration and observation sequence of each pulsar according to antenna observation capability and pulsar radiation intensity.
3. The method of detecting an atomic clock hop using observed multiple pulsar measurements according to claim 1, wherein said step one selects a combination of at least 1 common pulsar and at least 1 millisecond pulsar for clock hop detection.
4. The method of detecting an atomic clock jump using an observation of multiple pulsar as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cutoff condition of step three search is δ ≦ 0.005.
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