CN114086319A - Method for reinforcing electric spinning hernia patch - Google Patents
Method for reinforcing electric spinning hernia patch Download PDFInfo
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- CN114086319A CN114086319A CN202111394463.7A CN202111394463A CN114086319A CN 114086319 A CN114086319 A CN 114086319A CN 202111394463 A CN202111394463 A CN 202111394463A CN 114086319 A CN114086319 A CN 114086319A
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- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
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- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/04—Macromolecular materials
- A61L31/048—Macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/04—Macromolecular materials
- A61L31/06—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/146—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/4291—Olefin series
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/43—Acrylonitrile series
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
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- D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of application of biomedical materials, and particularly relates to a method for enhancing an electrospinning hernia patch. The fiber structure of the electrospun hernia patch is softened and adhered, and the mechanical property of the electrospun composite hernia patch is improved under the condition that the porous appearance of the electrospun material is reserved. The method has the advantages of simple flow, high controllability, easy operation, good reinforcing effect and capability of keeping the porous structure of the surface of the patch; under the condition of not damaging the fiber structure, the mechanical tensile strength of the patch is improved by more than 200%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of application of biomedical materials, and particularly relates to a method for reinforcing an electrospinning hernia patch.
Background
In daily life, the injury of human tissues or organs is a common disease which can seriously affect the normal life of people and even threaten life, namely hernia, one part of the human tissues or organs leaves the original part and enters another part through gaps, defects or weak parts of the human body. Since hernia causes various diseases, it poses serious threat to human health and life. Generally, adults cannot recover themselves after suffering from hernia, and must be treated by external means. There are different treatments for hernia. The traditional treatment methods comprise hernia truss, traditional Chinese medicine therapy, injection sealing, surgical operation and the like. For adults, surgical treatment is generally used. The traditional operation is to directly sew the damaged part with thick thread, and the method has the defects of tension suture, severe pain and slow recovery.
The appearance of the hernia patch provides a new idea for treating hernia, but the traditional woven patch is single in shape, and the foreign body sensation after the part of the woven hernia patch is implanted is strong, while the hernia patch prepared by electrostatic spinning can reduce the risk of immunoreaction and tissue calcification; secondly, the thickness, area and shape of the product can be adjusted more easily, so that the clinical requirements can be met more easily; thirdly, the prepared patch has a porous structure, so that the growing of cells is facilitated, and the healing is promoted; finally, the electrostatic spinning technology can fundamentally reduce the production cost, so that the electrostatic spinning technology can be widely applied to primary hospitals. However, the hernia patch prepared by electrostatic spinning has lower mechanical performance, so that the mechanical performance of the hernia patch is improved by a proper mode, and the hernia patch is better applied to the treatment of hernia.
At present, the method for improving the mechanical property of the electrostatic spinning nanofiber membrane mainly comprises the following steps: 1. polymer blending modification method; 2. solvent bonding enhanced mechanical methods; 3. adding nano particles and blending; 4. a heat treatment process. The heat treatment process may be found to be more suitable for improving the mechanical properties of the electrospun composite hernia patch by comparing the several methods, because the method does not change the composition of the fibers, only changes the physical properties of the polymer, and does not increase the risk of the hernia patch in application. Generally, when the heat treatment temperature reaches above the glass transition temperature Tg of the fiber film and below the melting temperature Tm thereof, the fibers are softened and the polymer chain segments slide, so that effective adhesion between the fibers can be generated, and the mechanical property of the patch can be improved.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for enhancing an electrospinning hernia patch, and aims to solve the technical problems that the existing heating mode for improving the mechanical property of an electrospinning nanofiber membrane generally needs to take off the fiber membrane, not only the appearance of the fiber membrane is influenced, but also secondary processing is influenced.
The invention provides a method for reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch, which has the following specific technical scheme:
the method for reinforcing the electro-spinning hernia patch comprises the steps of generating thermal radiation by an infrared radiation heat device to treat the electro-spinning hernia patch; the electrospinning hernia patch is a nanofiber membrane prepared from one or more of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, poly L-lactide-caprolactone, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybutylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, zein and polyacrylonitrile through electrostatic spinning.
In certain embodiments, the method comprises the steps of:
s1, starting an infrared radiation heating device, and radiating by using a fast medium wave infrared tube to enable the temperature of a local space to reach a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane and lower than the melting temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane to obtain a local high-temperature space;
s2, moving the roller part carrying the electro-spinning hernia patch to the local high-temperature space in the step S1 for 10-30S of slow rotation treatment at 10-40 r/min.
Further, in step S1, the temperature of the local hot space is 40 to 600 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 100-300 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 50-180 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polylactic acid material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 70-160 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polycaprolactone material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 40-55 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is polybutylene succinate, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 50-100 ℃.
Further, in step S2, the distance from the roller to the infrared heat radiating device is 2-10cm, and the diameter of the roller is 10-100 cm.
In some embodiments, the infrared radiation heating device is a single-tube fast medium wave infrared lamp tube device, a double-tube infrared lamp tube device or a multi-tube infrared lamp tube device.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: according to the method for reinforcing the electrospun hernia patch, the electrospun hernia patch is treated by heat radiation generated by the infrared radiation heat device, different temperatures can be set according to different materials, and the local space temperature can reach a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature Tg of the material and lower than the melting temperature Tm. The infrared radiation does not need to contact products and transfer media; the infrared heating tube can be precisely matched with a heated material, namely, the infrared heating tube is effectively absorbed by the material; the quick response time can control the output heat; the material can be heated locally or completely, the heating area can be controlled, and the heating time can be controlled. A general conventional method for heating a high molecular polymer is to heat the surface of the material by heating the surrounding environment, radiating heat, conducting heat or by hot air convection, and then conducting the heat to the interior of the material. The method has low efficiency, long heating time, uneven heating and large thermal stress. The infrared auxiliary heating device has the biggest characteristic that the fast medium wave is generated inside a heated object, a heat source comes from the inside of the object, the heating is uniform, the phenomenon of half-cooked outer coke and inner coke cannot be caused, the product quality is favorably improved, meanwhile, the heating time is greatly shortened due to the fact that the inner coke and the outer coke are heated simultaneously, the heating efficiency is high, and the product yield is favorably improved. And the inertia of heating is very small, can realize the rapid control of temperature rise and fall, is favorable to continuous production and automatic control. The space temperature enables the surface of the electrospun hernia patch to be softened and adhered, the mechanical property of the electrospun composite hernia patch is improved under the condition that the structure is not damaged, and compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of simple process, high controllability, easiness in operation, good reinforcing effect and capability of keeping the porous structure of the surface of the patch; under the condition of not damaging the fiber structure, the mechanical tensile strength of the patch is improved by more than 200%.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of an untreated electrospun hernia patch of example 1;
fig. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the electrospun hernia patch of the invention after treatment in example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings 1-2 in conjunction with specific embodiments.
The invention provides a method for reinforcing an electrospinning hernia patch, which has the following specific technical scheme:
the method for reinforcing the electro-spinning hernia patch comprises the steps of generating thermal radiation by an infrared radiation heat device to treat the electro-spinning hernia patch; the electrospinning hernia patch is a nanofiber membrane prepared from one or more of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, poly L-lactide-caprolactone, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybutylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, zein and polyacrylonitrile through electrostatic spinning.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, starting an infrared radiation heating device, and enabling the temperature of the irradiated local space to be higher than the glass transition temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane and lower than the melting temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane to obtain a local high-temperature space;
s2, moving the roller part carrying the electro-spinning hernia patch to the local high-temperature space in the step S1 to rotate at a slow speed of 10-40r/min for 10-30S.
Wherein, in step S1, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 40-600 ℃. In step S2, the distance between the roller and the infrared radiation heat device is 2-10cm, and the diameter of the roller is 10-100 cm.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 100-300 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 50-180 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polylactic acid material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 70-160 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is made of polycaprolactone material, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 40-55 ℃.
Preferably, when the electrospun hernia patch is polybutylene succinate, the temperature of the local high-temperature space is 50-100 ℃.
In the invention, the infrared radiation heating device is a single infrared lamp tube device, a double infrared lamp tube device or a multi-infrared lamp tube device.
Example 1
Dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride in a mixed solvent of N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone (Ace) in a volume ratio of 3:1 to prepare a spinning solution with a mass volume ratio of 25%. Preparing an electrospun hernia patch by electrospinning and using a roller as a receiver; setting the temperature of the infrared radiation heating device to 300 ℃; taking down the obtained electrospun patch belt roller, placing at a distance of 2-5cm from the infrared radiation heating device, slowly rotating at 10-40r/min for 10-30s, cooling to room temperature, and taking down the treated electrospun hernia patch. Thereby obtaining a patch with high mechanical property, which is based on infrared radiation heat to generate adhesion on the surface, and the tensile strength is improved by about 300 percent compared with the original patch.
Example 2
Polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer is dissolved in a mixed solvent of N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone (Ace) in a volume ratio of 1:1 to prepare a spinning solution with a mass volume ratio of 45%. Preparing an electrospun hernia patch by electrospinning and using a roller as a receiver; setting the temperature of the infrared radiation heating device to be 160 ℃; taking down the obtained electrospinning patch belt roller, placing at a distance of 2-5cm from the infrared radiation heating device, slowly rotating at 10-40r/min for 10-30s, cooling to room temperature, and taking down the treated electrospinning hernia patch. Thereby obtaining the high-mechanical-property patch which is based on infrared radiation heat and enables the surface of the patch to be bonded, and compared with the original patch, the tensile strength of the patch is improved by about 400 percent.
In summary, according to the method for reinforcing the electrospun hernia patch provided by the invention, the electrospun hernia patch is treated by heat radiation generated by the infrared radiation heat device, and different temperatures and lamp wavelengths can be set according to different materials, so that the local space temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature Tg and lower than the melting temperature Tm of the material. The space temperature enables the surface of the electrospun hernia patch to be softened and adhered, the mechanical property of the electrospun composite hernia patch is improved under the condition that the structure is not damaged, and compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of simple process, high controllability, easiness in operation, good reinforcing effect and capability of keeping the porous structure of the surface of the patch; under the condition of not damaging the fiber structure, the mechanical tensile strength of the patch is improved by more than 200%.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and those skilled in the art should also be able to make various changes, modifications, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The method for reinforcing the electrospun hernia patch is characterized in that the electrospun hernia patch is treated by heat radiation generated by an infrared radiation heat device; the electrospinning hernia patch is a nanofiber membrane prepared from one or more of polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, poly L-lactide-caprolactone, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybutylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, zein and polyacrylonitrile through electrostatic spinning.
2. A method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
s1, starting an infrared radiation heating device, and radiating by using a fast medium wave infrared tube to enable the temperature of a local space to reach a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane and lower than the melting temperature of the electrospun nanofiber membrane to obtain a local high-temperature space;
s2, moving the roller part carrying the electric spinning hernia patch to the local high-temperature space in the step S1 for 10-30S with slow rotation treatment at 10-40 r/min.
3. The method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the local hyperthermia space in step S1 is 40-600 ℃.
4. The method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 3 wherein the temperature of the localized high temperature space is 100-300 ℃ when the electrospun hernia patch is a polyvinylidene fluoride material.
5. A method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 3 wherein the temperature of the localized hyperthermia space is 50-180 ℃ when the electrospun hernia patch is a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) material.
6. A method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 3 wherein the temperature of said localised plenum is 70-160 ℃ when said electrospun hernia patch is of polylactic acid material.
7. A method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 3 wherein the temperature of the localized hyperthermia space is 40-55 ℃ when the electrospun hernia patch is a polycaprolactone material.
8. The method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 3 wherein the temperature of the localized hyperthermia space is 50-100 ℃ when the electrospun hernia patch is polybutylene succinate.
9. The method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 2 wherein the distance of the roller to the infrared radiant heat device is 2-10cm and the diameter of the roller is 10-100cm in step S2.
10. The method of reinforcing an electrospun hernia patch according to claim 1 wherein the infrared radiating means is a single tube fast mid wave infrared tube means, a dual tube infrared tube means or a multi tube infrared tube means.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111394463.7A CN114086319B (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Method for reinforcing electro-spinning hernia patch |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111394463.7A CN114086319B (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Method for reinforcing electro-spinning hernia patch |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114086319A true CN114086319A (en) | 2022-02-25 |
| CN114086319B CN114086319B (en) | 2023-04-25 |
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| CN202111394463.7A Active CN114086319B (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2021-11-23 | Method for reinforcing electro-spinning hernia patch |
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| CN106492272A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2017-03-15 | 广州迈普再生医学科技有限公司 | Tissue repair fibrous membrane and its preparation method and application and tissue repair product |
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| CN112210888A (en) * | 2020-10-23 | 2021-01-12 | 中原工学院 | Polylactic acid elastic non-woven material beneficial to tissue regeneration and preparation method thereof |
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| US20070031607A1 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2007-02-08 | Alexander Dubson | Method and apparatus for coating medical implants |
| CN104096272A (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2014-10-15 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Postoperation anti-infectious composite electrostatic-spinning nanometer fiber-film sheet for repairing hernia and preparation method thereof |
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