CN114063890A - Data backup method and storage device - Google Patents
Data backup method and storage device Download PDFInfo
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- CN114063890A CN114063890A CN202010778580.2A CN202010778580A CN114063890A CN 114063890 A CN114063890 A CN 114063890A CN 202010778580 A CN202010778580 A CN 202010778580A CN 114063890 A CN114063890 A CN 114063890A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
- G06F3/0604—Improving or facilitating administration, e.g. storage management
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/14—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
- G06F11/1402—Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
- G06F11/1446—Point-in-time backing up or restoration of persistent data
- G06F11/1448—Management of the data involved in backup or backup restore
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/14—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in operation
- G06F11/1402—Saving, restoring, recovering or retrying
- G06F11/1446—Point-in-time backing up or restoration of persistent data
- G06F11/1458—Management of the backup or restore process
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
- G06F3/0638—Organizing or formatting or addressing of data
- G06F3/064—Management of blocks
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a data backup method and a storage device, the data backup method comprising the steps of: providing a storage device, wherein the storage device comprises a storage module, and the storage module is provided with a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block; writing data into a first logical block address of the first mapping table, writing the data into a physical block address of the memory block through the first mapping table, and simultaneously writing the data into another physical block address of the memory block through a second logical block address of the second mapping table; executing a backup instruction; and using the second mapping table and the data stored in the address of the other physical block as backup data. Therefore, after the backup command is executed, the backup action can be instantly completed, and the function of quick backup is further realized.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to backup methods, and more particularly, to a data backup method and a storage device capable of implementing fast backup and incremental backup.
Background
In recent years, Solid-State Drive (SSD) has become the mainstream of storage devices. Since data stored in the storage device is important, the data stored in the storage device is generally backed up in various forms, and software layer backup by backup and restore software is the simplest implementation.
Generally, the backup method is based on an operating system, and uses backup and restore software built in the system or supplied by a third party to perform backup of a software layer. The backup method includes the whole disk data backup or partial data backup, but because the backup method is constructed in a software layer, each operating system and software authorization need to be considered, and the backup data is exposed in a readable and writable data hidden area.
In other words, the conventional backup method needs to rely on specific software or operating system, and is able to write a large amount of data in response to the entire operating system and software environment, and cannot effectively separate the data in use from the backup data, which is not only limited but also time-consuming and inefficient.
Therefore, how to develop a data backup method and a storage device that can effectively solve the problems and disadvantages of the prior art is a problem that is yet to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
It is a primary objective of the present disclosure to provide a data backup method and a storage device, so as to solve and improve the problems and disadvantages of the prior art.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a data backup method and a storage device, wherein when writing data into a first logical block address of a first mapping table, the data is written into a physical block address of a storage block through the first mapping table, and the data is written into another physical block address of the storage block through a second mapping table at the same time, and after executing a backup instruction, the data stored in the second mapping table and the other physical block address can be used as backup data immediately, so that a backup operation is completed instantly, thereby implementing a fast backup function.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a data backup method and a storage device, which can achieve the technical effect of effectively separating the data in use from the backup data by immediately stopping the simultaneous writing of data to the physical block address and the other physical block address after executing the backup command, and instead writing the newly added data written to the first logical block address of the first mapping table to the physical block address only.
Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a data backup method and a storage device, in which a first logical block address and a second logical block address are divided into a plurality of first logical block areas and a plurality of second logical block areas, the first logical block area to which the storage address of each newly added data belongs is recorded, and all the recorded data in each first logical block area is written into another physical block address corresponding to the second logical block area, so as to provide a data backup manner of partition incremental backup, and only the recorded data in the first logical block area is backed up, thereby greatly reducing the data access amount and effectively reducing the backup time.
To achieve the above object, a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure provides a data backup method, including: (a) providing a storage device, wherein the storage device comprises a storage module, and the storage module is provided with a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block; (b) writing data to a first logical block address of the first mapping table, writing the data to a physical block address of the memory block through the first mapping table, and simultaneously writing the data to another physical block address of the memory block through a second logical block address of the second mapping table; (c) executing a backup instruction; and (d) using the second mapping table and the data stored in the other physical block address as a backup data.
To achieve the above object, a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure provides a storage device, including: a controller; the storage module is connected with the controller and is provided with a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block; before a backup command is executed, when data is written into a first logical block address of the first mapping table, the data is written into a physical block address and another physical block address of the memory block through a second logical block address of the first mapping table and the second mapping table at the same time; after the backup command is executed, the second mapping table and the data stored in the other physical block address become a backup data, and when a new data is written to the first logical block address, the new data is written to the physical block address through the first mapping table.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a memory device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship among data, a logical block address, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a memory block before a backup command is executed according to a data backup method of an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship among data, new data, a logical block address, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after a backup command is executed according to a data backup method of an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a relationship among data, new data, a logical block address and a logical block area thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after a backup command is executed according to the data backup method of the embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating relationships among data, new data, addresses of logic blocks and logic block areas thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a memory block after a backup command is executed according to a data backup method of an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating relationships among data, new data, addresses of logic blocks and logic block areas thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a memory block after a backup command is executed according to a data backup method of an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship among data, new data, a logical block address and a logical block area thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after an incremental backup instruction is executed in the data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 12 is a partial flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Description of the symbols
1: storage device
10: controller
11: memory module
111: first mapping table
112: second mapping table
113: memory block
114: firmware program code execution area
S100, S200, S300, S400, S500, S600, S700, S800, S900, S1000: step (ii) of
S710, S720, S730: step (ii) of
G1, G2, G3, G4, G5: first logic block area
G11, G12, G13: first logic block area
G21, G22, G23, G24, G25, G26, G27: first logic block area
Detailed Description
Some exemplary embodiments that incorporate the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be described in detail in the specification which follows. It is to be understood that the disclosure is capable of various modifications in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure, and that the description and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3, wherein fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure, fig. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of a storage device according to an embodiment of the disclosure, and fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating a relationship among data, a logical block address, a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block according to the data backup method. As shown in fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the data backup method of the present disclosure may be applied to a Host (Host) running an Operating System (OS), but is not limited thereto, and the data backup method of the present disclosure includes the following steps. First, as shown in step S100, the storage apparatus 1 is provided. The storage device 1 includes a storage module 11, and the storage module 11 has a first mapping table 111, a second mapping table 112 and a storage block 113. Next, as shown in step S200, data is written to a first Logical Block Address (LBA) of the first mapping table 111, and the data is written to a physical Block Address of the memory Block 113 through the first mapping table 111, and the data is simultaneously written to another physical Block Address of the memory Block 113 through a second Logical Block Address of the second mapping table 112. It should be noted that the first logical block address of the first mapping table 111 and the second logical block address of the second mapping table 112 are shown in the left half of the first mapping table 111 and the second mapping table 112 in fig. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 11 of the present disclosure, and the first logical block address is associated with the second logical block address, i.e., any specific one of the second logical block addresses can be found and located by another specific one of the first logical block addresses. In addition, the data written to the first logical block address is synchronously and completely written to the physical block address and the other physical block address, respectively. In other words, there is a complete data in each of the physical block address of the memory block 113 and the other physical block address, rather than storing different portions of the data separately. In addition, the logical block address referred to in this disclosure preferably refers to all address intervals in the logical area, not a single address, but not limited thereto. Next, as shown in step S300, a backup instruction is executed. Then, in step S400, the second mapping table 112 and the data stored in the address of another physical block are used as backup data. Specifically, when the user wants to perform backup by using the data backup method of the present disclosure, after executing the backup command in the operating system, the backup operation is instantly completed, that is, the second mapping table 112 and the data stored in the address of another physical block are used as backup data, so as to implement the function of fast backup.
In some embodiments, the storage device 1 further comprises a controller 10, and the storage module 11 is connected with the controller 10. Further, the storage module 10 of the storage apparatus 1 may include a firmware code execution area 114 for the firmware code to execute and cooperate with the controller 10 to control the first mapping table 111, the second mapping table 112 and the storage block 113, but not limited thereto. Furthermore, the storage device 1 may be, for example, a solid state disk, the storage module 11 may be, for example, a Flash memory, the first mapping table 111 and the second mapping table 112 may be, for example, a Flash Translation Layer (FTL) mapping table, but not limited thereto, and the first mapping table 111 and the second mapping table 112 are associated with each other. The first mapping table 111 and the second mapping table 112 can be used to record the mapping relationship between the first logical block address and the second logical block address and the physical block address of the memory block 113 of the memory module 11 of the memory device 1 and the other physical block address. For example, in FIG. 3, the addresses 0000-4999 of the first logical block address map to the addresses 5001-10000 of the memory block 113, and the addresses 5000-9999 of the second logical block address map to the addresses 0001-5000 of the memory block 113. Since the first mapping table 111 corresponds addresses 0000 to 4999 in the first logical block address to addresses 5001 to 10000 in the memory block 113, and the second mapping table 112 corresponds addresses 5000 to 9999 in the second logical block address to addresses 0001 to 5000 in the memory block 113, the addresses 5001 to 10000 in the memory block 113 are physical block addresses, and the addresses 0001 to 5000 in the memory block 113 are other physical block addresses. Alternatively, the physical block address and the other physical block address do not have to be a single continuous address range, but can be designed as a plurality of address ranges separated from each other according to the manufacturer or client requirement. For example, the addresses 0001 to 0200 in the memory block 113 are physical block addresses, and the addresses 0201 to 0250, the addresses 0381 to 0500 and the addresses 0801 to 0830 in the memory block 113 are other physical block addresses, but not limited thereto.
Please refer to fig. 4 and fig. 5 in conjunction with fig. 2, wherein fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a relationship among data, new data, a logical block address, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after a backup instruction is executed according to the data backup method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 2, fig. 4 and fig. 5, after the step S400 of the data backup method of the present disclosure, a step S500 of writing new data to the first logical block address and writing the new data to the physical block address through the first mapping table 111 may be further included. In other words, after the second mapping table 112 and the data stored in the other physical block address are used as the backup data, the data backup method of the present disclosure immediately stops the operations of simultaneously writing the data to the physical block address and the other physical block address, and the subsequently written new data is only written to the physical block address through the first mapping table 111. Therefore, the data backup method can achieve the technical effect of effectively separating the data in use from the backup data.
Briefly, before the backup command is executed, when data is written to the first logical block address, the data is synchronously written to the physical block address and another physical block address through the first mapping table 111 and the second mapping table 112. After the backup command is executed, the second mapping table 112 and the data stored in the other physical block address become backup data, and when the new data is written into the first logical block address, the new data is written into the physical block address through the first mapping table 111.
Referring to fig. 6, fig. 7, fig. 8 and fig. 9 in conjunction with fig. 2, wherein fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure, FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between data, new data, logical block address and its logical block area, the first mapping table, the second mapping table and the storage block after the backup command is executed according to the data backup method of the present disclosure, FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between data, new data, logical block address and its logical block area, the first mapping table, the second mapping table and the storage block after the backup command is executed according to the data backup method of the present disclosure, fig. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a relationship between data, new data, a logical block address and a logical block area thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after a backup instruction is executed in the data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown in fig. 2 and fig. 6 to 9, after the step S400 of the data backup method of the present disclosure, the method may further include a step S600 of dividing the first logical block address and the second logical block address into a plurality of first logical block areas and a plurality of second logical block areas, wherein the size of the plurality of first logical block areas is equal to the size of the plurality of second logical block areas. In some embodiments, the sizes of each of the first logic block regions may be the same or different, for example, in fig. 7, the sizes of the first logic block region G1, the first logic block region G2, the first logic block region G3, the first logic block region G4 and the first logic block region G5 are the same as each other; in fig. 8, the sizes of the first logic block area G11, the first logic block area G12, and the first logic block area G13 are different from each other. In some embodiments, the sizes of a portion of the plurality of first logic block regions are the same as each other, and the sizes of the remaining plurality of first logic block regions are the same as each other and different from the sizes of the portion of the plurality of first logic block regions, for example, in fig. 9, the sizes of the first logic block region G21, the first logic block region G22, and the first logic block region 23 are the same, and the sizes of the first logic block region G24, the first logic block region G25, the first logic block region G26, and the first logic block region 27 are the same as each other but different from the sizes of the first logic block region G21, the first logic block region G22, and the first logic block region 23. On the other hand, in the second mapping table 112, the second logical block addresses are divided into a plurality of second logical block areas, and the sizes of the plurality of first logical block areas are correspondingly equal to the sizes of the plurality of second logical block areas. For example, if the first logical block address is divided into the first logical block area G1, the first logical block area G2, the first logical block area G3, the first logical block area G4 and the first logical block area G5 (as shown in fig. 7), the second logical block address is also divided into five second logical block areas with equal size.
Next, after step S600, the data backup method of the present disclosure may further include step S700 of writing at least one new data to the first logical block address, recording a first logical block area to which the storage address of each new data belongs, and writing each new data to the physical block address of the storage block 113 through the first mapping table 111. In some embodiments, the division of the first logic block address into a plurality of first logic block areas and the first logic block area to which the storage address for recording the new data belongs may be implemented by the firmware of the storage device 1, but not limited thereto, and the firmware is preferably run in the firmware program code execution area 114 of the storage module 11, but not limited thereto.
Please refer to fig. 10 and 11 in conjunction with fig. 2 and 9, in which fig. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and fig. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship among data, new data, a logical block address, a logical block area thereof, a first mapping table, a second mapping table, and a storage block after an incremental backup instruction is executed in the data backup method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 2, 9, 10 and 11, the data backup method of the present disclosure may further include step S800, step S900 and step S1000 after step S700. In step S800, an incremental backup command is executed, in step S900, a second logical block area corresponding to each recorded first logical block area is searched, and in step S1000, all data in each recorded first logical block area is written into another physical block address corresponding to the second logical block area. For example, the storage address of the newly added data in fig. 9 is located in the first logical block G23, so the first logical block G23 is recorded, after the incremental backup command is executed in step S800, in step S900, the data backup method of the present disclosure finds the second logical block corresponding to the recorded first logical block G23, and in step S1000, writes all the data in the first logical block G23 to another physical block address corresponding to the second logical block corresponding to the first logical block G23. On the other hand, taking fig. 7 and 8 as an example, if the storage address of the newly added data is located in the first logical block area G3 and the first logical block area G12, in steps S900 and S1000 of the data backup method of the present disclosure, all the recorded data in the first logical block area G3 and the first logical block area G12 are written to another physical block address through the second mapping table 112. Therefore, the data backup method provided by the disclosure provides a data backup mode of partition incremental backup, and only the data in the recorded first logic block area is backed up, so that the data access amount can be greatly reduced, and the backup time can be effectively reduced.
Referring to fig. 12 in conjunction with fig. 2 and fig. 10, fig. 12 is a partial flowchart illustrating a data backup method according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown in fig. 2, 10 and 12, the data backup method of the present disclosure may include step S710, step S720, step S730, step S800, step S900 and step S1000 after step S600. After step S600, as shown in step S710, a plurality of first logical block areas are numbered, such that each first logical block area corresponds to an area number. Then, in step S720, at least one new data is written to the first logical block address, and the area number corresponding to the first logical block area to which the storage address of each new data belongs is recorded. Then, in step S730, each new data is written into the physical block address of the memory block 113 through the first mapping table 111. After steps S710 to S730 are completed, the data backup method of the present disclosure performs steps S800, S900 and S1000. Step S800 executes an incremental backup command, in step S900, a second logical block area corresponding to each recorded first logical block area is searched, and in step S1000, all data in each recorded first logical block area is written into another physical block address of the storage block 113 corresponding to the second logical block area. Taking fig. 11 as an example, in step S710, the first logical block area G21 through the first logical block area G27 are numbered, for example, the first logical block area G21 through the first logical block area G27 are corresponding to area numbers 1 through 7. Next, in step S720, when the new data is written into the first logical block area G23, the area number 3 corresponding to the first logical block area G23 is recorded. Then, in step S730, the newly added data is written to the physical block address through the first mapping table 111. Further, after the incremental backup command of step S800 is executed, in step S900, the second logical block area corresponding to each recorded first logical block area is searched, and in step S1000, all data in each recorded first logical block area is written to another physical block address corresponding to the second logical block area. Since only the corresponding area number is recorded, the amount of data access can be effectively reduced.
In summary, the present disclosure provides a data backup method and a storage device, when writing data into a first logical block address of a first mapping table, the data is written into a physical block address of a storage block through the first mapping table, and the data is simultaneously written into another physical block address of the storage block through a second mapping table, so that after executing a backup instruction, the data stored in the second mapping table and the other physical block address can be used as backup data, so that the backup operation is instantly completed, and a fast backup function is further implemented. Meanwhile, after executing the backup command, the action of simultaneously writing data to the physical block address and the other physical block address is immediately stopped, and the newly added data written to the first logical block address of the first mapping table is only written to the physical block address, so that the technical effect of effectively separating the data in use from the backup data can be achieved. In addition, the first logic block address and the second logic block address are divided into a plurality of first logic block areas and a plurality of second logic block areas, the first logic block area which the storage address of each newly added data belongs to is recorded, all the recorded data in each first logic block area are written into the other entity block address corresponding to the second logic block area, a data backup mode of partition increment backup is provided, only the recorded data in the first logic block area is backed up, and the data access amount can be greatly reduced, and the backup time can be effectively reduced.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method of data backup comprising the steps of:
providing a storage device, wherein the storage device comprises a storage module, and the storage module is provided with a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block;
writing a data into a first logical block address of the first mapping table, writing the data into a physical block address of the memory block through the first mapping table, and simultaneously writing the data into another physical block address of the memory block through a second logical block address of the second mapping table;
step (c) executing a backup command; and
step (d) uses the second mapping table and the data stored in the other physical block address as a backup data.
2. The data backup method of claim 1, wherein the first logical block address in the first mapping table is associated with the second logical block address in the second mapping table.
3. The data backup method of claim 1, further comprising step (e) after the step (d): writing a new data to the first logical block address, and writing the new data to the physical block address through the first mapping table.
4. The data backup method of claim 1, further comprising step (f) after the step (d): the first logic block address and the second logic block address are divided into a plurality of first logic block areas and a plurality of second logic block areas respectively, wherein the sizes of the plurality of first logic block areas are correspondingly equal to the sizes of the plurality of second logic block areas.
5. The data backup method according to claim 4, wherein the size of each of the first logical block areas is the same or different.
6. The data backup method of claim 4, wherein the sizes of a portion of the plurality of first logic block areas are the same as each other, and the sizes of the remaining plurality of first logic block areas are the same as each other and different from the sizes of the portion of the plurality of logic block areas.
7. The data backup method of claim 4, further comprising step (g) after the step (f): writing at least one new data to the first logic block address, recording the first logic block area to which the memory address of each new data belongs, and writing each new data to the physical block address through the first mapping table.
8. The data backup method of claim 7, further comprising the following steps after the step (g):
step (h) executing an incremental backup instruction; and
step (i) searching the plurality of second logic block areas corresponding to each recorded first logic block area;
and (j) writing all the recorded data in each first logical block area into the other physical block address corresponding to the plurality of second logical block areas.
9. The data backup method of claim 4, further comprising the following steps after the step (f):
step (g1) numbering the first logical block areas so that each first logical block area corresponds to an area number;
step (g2) writing at least one new data to the first logical block address, and recording the area number corresponding to the first logical block area to which the storage address of each new data belongs;
step (g3) writing each new data into the physical block address through the first mapping table;
step (h) executing an incremental backup instruction; and
step (i) searching the plurality of second logic block areas corresponding to each recorded first logic block area;
and (j) writing all the recorded data in each first logical block area into the other physical block address corresponding to the plurality of second logical block areas.
10. A memory device, comprising:
a controller; and
the storage module is connected with the controller and is provided with a first mapping table, a second mapping table and a storage block;
before a backup command is executed, when data is written into a first logical block address of the first mapping table, the data is written into a physical block address and another physical block address of the memory block through a second logical block address of the first mapping table and the second mapping table at the same time; after the backup command is executed, the second mapping table and the data stored in the other physical block address become a backup data, and when a new data is written to the first logical block address, the new data is written to the physical block address through the first mapping table.
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