CN114057905A - 一种蒸制黄精多糖及其在调整肠道微生物中的应用 - Google Patents
一种蒸制黄精多糖及其在调整肠道微生物中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114057905A CN114057905A CN202111333170.8A CN202111333170A CN114057905A CN 114057905 A CN114057905 A CN 114057905A CN 202111333170 A CN202111333170 A CN 202111333170A CN 114057905 A CN114057905 A CN 114057905A
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- polysaccharide
- steamed
- polygonatum
- acid
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种蒸制黄精多糖及其在调整肠道微生物中的应用,属于食品领域。本发明提取蒸制黄精多糖的方法,包括(1)将九蒸九晒后的蒸制黄精经粉碎过筛;(2)将粉碎后的粉末采用乙醇水溶液进行提取;之后蒸去剩余物中残余乙醇;(3)按照料液比为1:10~1:15(kg/L),在剩余物中加水,在70~90℃下提取1.5~2.5h,过滤,滤液浓缩后,再加无水乙醇沉淀多糖;(4)将沉淀物用乙醇水溶液洗涤,得到粗制黄精多糖;(5)在粗制黄精多糖中加入水进行复溶;之后沉淀蛋白,分离水相后透析、浓缩、干燥,得到蒸制黄精多糖。本发明所述的蒸制黄精多糖增加SCFAs与LCFAs的水平,增加如双歧杆菌属、拟杆菌属、Parabacteroides属等有益菌的水平。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蒸制黄精多糖及其在调整肠道微生物中的应用,属于食品领域。
背景技术
短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)和长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)已经发现具有各种有益作用。如改善胰岛素抵抗、提供神经保护、缓解慢性炎症等,且这两类脂肪酸是机体重要的能量来源之一,由于一般情况下不会专门补充SCFAs和LCFAs,可通过日常饮食获得或者对已摄入的碳水化合物进行生物转化获得。生物转化过程有肠道菌群参与,且肠道菌群更倾向于复杂碳水化合物的转化,比如多糖,以有利于肠道菌群多样性。然而,在多糖转化过程中,SCFAs、LCFAs与肠道菌群的具体关联变化的研究尚不明确。
黄精(Polygonatum sibiricum)作为一种富含多糖的代表性两用药材,已被报道具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、改善细胞功能紊乱以及促进睡眠、记忆等作用。根据传统的中医理论,黄精在临床使用前要经过“九蒸九晒”的处理,以进一步增强功效。然而,对于蒸制黄精,尤其是对其中多糖功效的关注甚少。
发明内容
[技术问题]
在多糖转化过程中,SCFAs、LCFAs与肠道菌群的具体关联变化的研究尚不明确。而且,对于蒸制黄精,尤其是对其中多糖功效的关注甚少。
[技术方案]
为了解决上述至少一个问题,本发明提供了从蒸制黄精中提取并净化得到黄精多糖,进行肠道菌群发酵实验,得到黄精多糖的功效;其中本发明采用的肠道菌群发酵实验是用从健康人群粪便中提取的肠道微生物群,来评估功能性成分的功效的方法,具有简单、可信,成本低等优点,且逐渐被广大研究者接受;而且本发明通过对SCFAs、LCFAs、生物信息学等结果分析,得到了黄精多糖在肠道菌群参与发酵情况下SCFAs、LCFAs与肠道菌群的关联变化,为与黄精相关的临床应用于饮食摄入提供合理的理论依据。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种提取蒸制黄精多糖的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将九蒸九晒后的蒸制黄精经粉碎过筛,得到粉碎后的粉末;
(2)将步骤(1)粉碎后的粉末采用乙醇水溶液进行提取,去除脂溶性成分;之后蒸去剩余物中残余乙醇;
(3)按照料液比为1:10~1:15(kg/L),在步骤在(2)的剩余物中加水,在70~90℃下提取1.5~2.5h,过滤,滤液浓缩后,再加无水乙醇沉淀多糖;
(4)将步骤(3)的沉淀物用乙醇水溶液洗涤,得到粗制黄精多糖;
(5)在步骤(4)的粗制黄精多糖中加入水进行复溶,得到多糖溶液;之后采用硫酸铵-叔丁醇法沉淀蛋白,分离水相后透析、浓缩、干燥,得到蒸制黄精多糖。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(1)中所述的过筛是过40-60目筛。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(2)和(4)中乙醇水溶液为体积分数为75-80%的乙醇水溶液。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(2)中提取是按照料液比1:10~1:15(kg/L)、55-65℃下提取1-3h。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(2)中提取次数为1-3次。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(3)中无水乙醇的用量为浓缩液体积的3-5倍。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(4)中所述多糖在九蒸九晒后的黄精中得率为0.5-1.5%。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(3)中硫酸铵-叔丁醇法是加入硫酸铵和叔丁醇,其中硫酸铵的浓度为40%(g/L),叔丁醇的浓度为10%(v/v);所述的浓度是相对于粗制黄精多糖溶溶液。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,步骤(5)中所述的干燥是冷冻干燥,具体是在-24℃下冷冻干燥24h。
本发明的第二个目的是本发明所述的方法提取得到的蒸制黄精多糖(HWP)。
本发明的第三个目的是提供一种提高肠道有益菌群数量且增加短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸浓度的方法,所述的方法是采用本发明所述的蒸制黄精多糖。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的肠道有益菌群包括双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Parabacteroides属。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的短链脂肪酸包括乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸中的一种或多种。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的长链脂肪酸包括亚麻酸、顺-6-油酸、顺-9-油酸、顺-11-油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸中的一种或几种。
本发明的第四个目的是本发明所述的蒸制黄精多糖在制备调节肠道菌群结构的药品、食品或保健品中的应用。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的药品为片剂、丸剂、分散剂、颗粒剂、喷雾剂或膏药贴剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的调节肠道菌群结构为选择性促进SCFAs和LCFAs的增加,刺激肠道益生菌双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Parabacteroides属的增加,降低有害菌属志贺菌属(Shigella)的丰度,且双歧杆菌属对SCFAs和LCFAs浓度的增加起主要作用,拟杆菌属、Parabacteroides属可进一步增加SCFAs和LCFAs的水平。
[有益效果]
(1)本发明所述的蒸制黄精多糖可以增加SCFAs与LCFAs的水平,增加如双歧杆菌属,拟杆菌属、Parabacteroides属等有益菌的水平,并且双歧杆菌属菌对SCFAs和LCFAs浓度的增加起主要作用,拟杆菌属、Parabacteroides属则进一步增加SCFAs和LCFAs的水平。这些结果证明了这些有益菌和SCFA、LCFAs之间的关联性。
(2)本发明采用的蒸制黄精多糖对调节肠道微生物的作用,为与黄精相关的临床用药与饮食摄入提供合理的理论依据。
(3)本发明的方法提取蒸制黄精多糖的得率在1.38%以上,纯度在77.3%以上。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备得到的蒸制黄精多糖和对照品的单糖组成对比;其中,对照品的曲线中1为甘露糖(Man),2为葡萄糖(GlcN),3为核糖(Rib),4为鼠李糖(Rha),5为葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA),6为半乳糖醛酸(GalA),7为半乳糖胺(GalN),8为葡萄糖(Glc),9为半乳糖(Gal),10为木糖(Xyl),11为阿拉伯糖(Ara),12为岩藻糖(Fuc);蒸制黄精多糖的曲线为实施例1制备得到的蒸制黄精多糖的单糖组成分析。
图2为对照例3对照组、实施例2高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3低剂量组(HWPL)中SCFAs的含量;其中A:乙酸;B:丙酸;C:异戊酸。
图3为对照例3对照组、实施例2高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3低剂量组(HWPL)中LCFAs的含量;其中,A:亚麻酸;B:顺-6-油酸;C:顺-9-油酸;D:顺-11-油酸;E:棕榈酸;F:硬脂酸。
图4为对照例3对照组、实施例2高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3低剂量组(HWPL)中肠道菌群门分类水平上的组成分析及其占总菌群百分比;其中,A:总趋势图;B:厚壁菌门;C:拟杆菌门;D:拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门的比值;E:放线菌门。
图5为对照例3对照组、实施例2高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3低剂量组(HWPL)中肠道菌群属分类水平上的组成分析占总菌群百分比;其中,A:总趋势图;B:Parabacteroides属;C:双歧杆菌属;D:拟杆菌属;E:志贺菌属。
图6为实施例1所制备得到的多糖在发酵过程中SCFAs、LCFAs与肠道菌群中的相关性分析;A:短链脂肪酸与肠道菌群;B:长链脂肪酸与肠道菌群。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的优选实施例进行说明,应当理解实施例是为了更好地解释本发明,不用于限制本发明。
试剂来源:
SCFA标准品(乙酸、丙酸和异戊酸)购自Sigma-Aldrich;
LCFA标准品购自安谱实验室技术有限公司;
酵母提取物购自Oxoid公司;
Cholate和其他试剂购自阿拉丁化学试剂有限公司和麦克林化学试剂有限公司;
各种化学试剂均为常规试剂。
测试方法:
1、SCFAs的测试:使用GCMS-QP2010 Ultra测定,该仪器装有DB-WAX柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);
GC-MS方法:离子化模式:EI,发射电流:1mA,电子能量:70eV,界面温度:50℃源温度:210℃,电压:2000V,初始温度:60℃,保持1分钟,15℃/min升高到240℃,保持10分钟;进样器方法:温度:250℃,分流比=10:1;载体模式:恒定电流,数值:1mL/min;
将七个不同发酵时间的样品溶液在13000rpm和4℃下离心20分钟,以去除蛋白质等杂质;收集上清液,注入2μL的样品进行分析;
SCFAs的线性范围由检测前的参考溶液的连续浓度确定;注入2μL的样品进行分析。
2、LCFAs的测试:使用GCMS-QP2010 Ultra测定,该仪器装有TG-FAME柱(50m×0.25mm×0.2μm);
GC-MS方法:离子化模式:EI,发射电流:1mA,电子能量:70eV,界面温度:50℃源温度:210℃,电压:2000V,初始温度:100℃,保持1分钟,5℃/min升高到200℃,保持1min,10℃/min升高到25℃,保持1分钟;进样器方法:温度:250℃,分流比=5:1;载体模式:恒定电流,数值:1mL/min;
七种不同发酵时间的样品溶液,体积为150μL,冷冻干燥,并加入200μL甲醇进行均质;之后加入40μL三甲基硅基重氮甲烷进行甲基化,保持10分钟,冷冻干燥,并加入200μL正己烷进行均质化;
将样品在13000rpm和4℃下离心3分钟,并将2μL上清液注入柱中;
甲基化LCFAs的线性范围由检测前的参考溶液的连续浓度确定;注入2μL的样品进行分析。
3、微生物菌群结构及多样性分析
选取0、12、24、36、48h的发酵样本进行测序分析(n=3);
对符合检测要求的文库,在MiSeq机器上进行双端测序和对应凭拼接;对序列质量进行质控和过滤得到优化序列,然后按照97%相似性对非重复序列(不含单序列)进行OTU聚类,在聚类过程中去除嵌合体,得到OTU的代表序列;
采用RDP classifier贝叶斯算法对97%相似水平的OTU代表序列进行物种分类学分析,通过与16s细菌和古菌核糖体数据库、ITS真菌数据库和功能基因数据库进行比对,得到各样本的群落物种组成。基于OTU可以进行多种多样性指数分析,分类学分析等统计分析。
4、数据处理
采用SPSS 24统计软件对数据进行处理,实验结果以平均值±标准误来表示。组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05代表具有显著性差异。
实施例1
一种提取蒸制黄精多糖(HWP)的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)取九蒸九晒后的蒸制黄精粉碎,过40目筛;
(2)称取1kg步骤(1)过筛后的粉末,加入10L体积分数为80%的乙醇水溶液,在60℃下提取2h,重复提取两次,以去除脂溶性成分;之后蒸去剩余物中残余乙醇;
(3)按照料液比1:12.5(kg/L),取步骤(2)的剩余物0.5kg,加入6.25L水,于80℃加热提取2次,每次2h;合并提取液,减压浓缩至固含量为40%,再加入4倍体积的无水乙醇,在4℃下过夜沉淀多糖;
(4)将步骤(3)的沉淀物用体积分数为80%的乙醇水溶液洗涤两次,得到粗制多糖;
(5)在5g步骤(4)的粗制多糖中加入500mL水,复溶多糖,得到质量浓度1%的多糖溶液,之后在多糖溶液中加入硫酸铵、叔丁醇进行剧烈混匀后4℃静置24h,其中硫酸铵在多糖溶液中的浓度为40%(g/L),叔丁醇的浓度为10%(v/v);之后4℃、5000rpm离心30min,取水相,透析至无杂质析出,再进行减压浓缩至固含量为80%,最后在-24℃下冷冻干燥24h,得到蒸制黄精多糖(HWP)。
经过苯酚硫酸法测定,所得多糖以葡萄糖计,蒸制黄精多糖的纯度为77.3%。
得到的蒸制黄精多糖通过单糖组成分析,结果如图1,从图1可以看出:蒸制黄精多糖中主要的单糖为甘露糖(Man)、核糖(Rib)、半乳糖(Gal)和阿拉伯糖(Ara),含量分别为19.53%,8.8%,51.93%和19.74%(图1)。
而常规的黄精多糖,有些不含有核糖,且阿拉伯糖的占比低;有些酒炙黄精中甘露糖占比5.5%,未检出阿拉伯糖;而实施例1制备得到的黄精多糖含有核糖,且甘露糖占比高、阿拉伯糖占比较高;所以实施例1制备得到的蒸制黄精多糖和目前常规方法得到的黄精多糖是存在区别的。
对照例1
将实施例1步骤(3)中水提取部分的提取温度、提取时间和料液比分别改为70℃,1.5h和1:12.5,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到蒸制黄精多糖。
对照例2
将实施例1步骤(3)中水提取部分的提取温度、提取时间和料液比分别改为90℃,2h和1:10,其他和实施例1保持一致,得到蒸制黄精多糖。
将实施例1和对照例1、2中水提取部分的得率进行性能测试,测试结果见表1。
表1实施例1和对照例1、2得到的多糖得率
例 | 蒸制黄精多糖(%) |
实施例1 | 1.38 |
对照例1 | 0.99 |
对照例2 | 1.29 |
从表1可以看出:实施例1中蒸制黄精多糖的水提取得率最高。
实施例2 HWP高剂量组(HWPH)
一种提高肠道有益菌群数量且增加短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸浓度的方法,包括如下步骤:
将400mg实施例1制备的蒸制黄精多糖和22.5毫升的培养基、2.5毫升的IGF混合均匀,在37℃的厌氧环境中进行培养;收集7个不同的发酵时间样品(0、6、12、24、36、48和60小时),并在-80℃下保存;
其中,所述的培养基的制备为:1L无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.8),蛋白胨2g,酵母提取物2g,氯化钠0.1g,磷酸氢二钾0.04g,磷酸二氢钾0.04g,七水硫酸镁0.01g,六水氯化钙0.01g,碳酸氢钠2g,80-吐温2mL,高温灭菌后加:血红素0.02g,维生素K1 10mL,猪胆盐0.5g,半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5g;
人类粪便细菌液(IGF)制备:使用一次性无菌采样器收集健康年轻人的10g粪便,并立即用80毫升无菌磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH=6.8)在充满氮气的厌氧操作箱中提取,-80℃保存备用。
实施例3 HWP低剂量组(HWPL)
调整实施例2中的蒸制黄精多糖的含量为200mg,其和实施例2保持一致。
对照例3对照组(Control)
省略实施例2中的蒸制黄精多糖,其和实施例2保持一致。
将实施例2、3和对照例3收集得到的样品进行性能测试,测试结果如下:
SCFAs的测试结果如图2,从图2可以看出:与对照例3相比,实施例2的高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3的HWP低剂量组(HWPL)中乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸水平明显上升;且实施例2高剂量组比实施例3的低剂量组含量增加明显。
LCFAs的测试结果如图3,从图3可以看出:与对照例3相比,实施例2的高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3的HWP低剂量组(HWPL)中亚麻酸、顺-6-油酸、顺-9-油酸、顺-11-油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸水平在第12h达到峰值;且实施例2高剂量组比实施例3的低剂量组含量增加明显。
肠道菌群门分类水平上的组成分析及其占总菌群百分比如图4,从图4可以看出:与对照例3相比,实施例2的高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3的HWP低剂量组(HWPL)中厚壁菌门丰度下降,放线菌门和拟杆菌门丰度上升,分别在24h和36h到达峰值,提示潜在有益菌门数目的增加。拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的比值则在36h到达峰值,说明肥胖相关的疾病可受到抑制。
肠道菌群属分类水平上的组成分析占总菌群百分比如图5,从图5可以看出:与对照例3相比,实施例2的高剂量组(HWPH)和实施例3的HWP低剂量组(HWPL)中有益菌属双歧杆菌在24h到达峰值,拟杆菌属、Parabacteroides属在36h到达峰值,这些菌属参与机体抗炎、抗肿瘤、供能、神经保护等方面的作用。同时,有害菌属志贺菌在24h到达最低值,且在随后发酵过程中,蒸制多糖组中志贺菌水平比对照组低,说明具有抵抗有害菌作用。
发酵过程中SCFAs、LCFAs与肠道菌群中的相关性分析如图6,从图6可以看出:在多糖发酵过程中,双歧杆菌属主要影响乙酸和丙酸水平,同时影响顺-6-油酸,顺-11-油酸,亚麻酸水平,肠球菌属影响棕榈酸、硬脂酸,顺-9-油酸和反-11-二十烯酸水平,Parabacteroides属影响反-1-二十烯酸水平。
Claims (10)
1.一种提取蒸制黄精多糖的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)将九蒸九晒后的蒸制黄精经粉碎过筛,得到粉碎后的粉末;
(2)将步骤(1)粉碎后的粉末采用乙醇水溶液进行提取,去除脂溶性成分;之后蒸去剩余物中残余乙醇;
(3)按照料液比1:10~1:15(kg/L),在步骤在(2)的剩余物中加水,在70~90℃下提取1.5~2.5h,过滤,滤液浓缩后,再加无水乙醇沉淀多糖;
(4)将步骤(3)的沉淀物用乙醇水溶液洗涤,得到粗制黄精多糖;
(5)在步骤(4)的粗制黄精多糖中加入水进行复溶,得到多糖溶液;之后采用硫酸铵-叔丁醇法沉淀蛋白,分离水相后透析、浓缩、冷冻干燥,得到蒸制黄精多糖。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中提取是55-65℃下提取1-3h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中所述多糖在九蒸九晒后的黄精中得率为0.5-1.5%。
4.权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法提取得到的蒸制黄精多糖。
5.一种提高肠道有益菌群数量且增加短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸浓度的方法,其特征在于,所述的方法是采用权利要求4所述的蒸制黄精多糖。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的肠道有益菌群包括双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Parabacteroides属。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的短链脂肪酸包括乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸中的一种或多种。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的长链脂肪酸包括亚麻酸、顺-6-油酸、顺-9-油酸、顺-11-油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸中的一种或几种。
9.权利要求4所述的蒸制黄精多糖的应用,其特征在于,所述的应用是在制备调节肠道菌群结构的药品、食品或保健品中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的药品为片剂、丸剂、分散剂、颗粒剂、喷雾剂或膏药贴剂。
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