CN114057374B - Method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified camellia oleifera shell fibers - Google Patents
Method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified camellia oleifera shell fibers Download PDFInfo
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- CN114057374B CN114057374B CN202111287579.0A CN202111287579A CN114057374B CN 114057374 B CN114057374 B CN 114057374B CN 202111287579 A CN202111287579 A CN 202111287579A CN 114057374 B CN114057374 B CN 114057374B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
- C02F11/13—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by heating
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
- D06M11/36—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with oxides, hydroxides or mixed oxides; with salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
- D06M11/38—Oxides or hydroxides of elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic System
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
- D06M11/50—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with hydrogen peroxide or peroxides of metals; with persulfuric, permanganic, pernitric, percarbonic acids or their salts
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
- D06M2101/02—Natural fibres, other than mineral fibres
- D06M2101/04—Vegetal fibres
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by modifying oil-tea camellia shell fibers, which is characterized in that an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution is used for modifying an oil-tea camellia shell fiber material to increase the content proportion of cellulose; taking the residual sludge into a stirrer, adding a small amount of alkaline surfactant into the residual sludge, and uniformly mixing; leaching the uniform material to judge the possibility that the mixed material can foam; when the protein elution amount in the material reaches a threshold range, adding the mixed and modified oil-tea camellia shell fiber material, and performing a sludge microbubble amplification process, so that air can be compressed and mixed with the material in a high-speed stirring process, thereby promoting the reduction of sludge density and the increase of volume; the finally prepared micro-bubble sludge has larger contact area, so that the energy consumption required by drying is greatly reduced. The modified oil-tea camellia shell fiber is blended into a sludge foam drying system, so that the forming efficiency, stability and drying performance of the micro-bubble sludge are improved, and the energy consumption required by the system can be further reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environment-friendly sludge treatment, and particularly relates to a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified camellia oleifera shell fibers.
Background
In recent years, with the advancement of urbanization in China, the scale of town sewage treatment plants is continuously enlarged, and the yield of excess sludge which is a byproduct of sewage treatment is sharply increased. The sludge contains a large amount of pathogens, heavy metals, antibiotics and other toxic and harmful substances, so that secondary pollution to water, soil and the like is easily caused, the effective treatment capacity of a sewage treatment system is reduced, and the serious threat to the ecological environment and human health is formed.
The excess sludge treatment of town sewage treatment plants in the current stage of China mainly aims at reduction and harmlessness, and further meets the resource requirement of excess sludge treatment. Because the excess sludge is formed by cementing and coagulating suspended solids in water in different modes, the structure is loose, the shape is irregular, and the specific surface area and the porosity are high, the 'water content' is extremely high, and the dehydration difficulty is higher. The large volume of the excess sludge with high water content (75-85%) reduces the collection, storage and conveying efficiency of the sludge and increases the cost, and has important influence on the sludge treatment and disposal. The sludge drying realizes the deep removal of the sludge moisture through the heat and mass transfer effect of the sludge and a heat source, is an effective way for reducing the subsequent treatment difficulty, and is a direct means for realizing the sludge reduction.
In the drying process, the volume of the material is shrunk due to the removal of the moisture in the sludge, so that the moisture evaporation area is reduced. Meanwhile, when the water content of the sludge is reduced to 40% -60%, the sludge can present a viscous state and have strong adhesion and agglomeration capabilities, so that the skin effect in the convection drying process and the problem of heat exchange interface adhesion in the conduction drying process are caused, the heat transfer efficiency is greatly reduced, and the energy consumption and the cost of the process operation are high. Therefore, the improvement of the heated state of the sludge is the guarantee of maintaining the high-efficiency drying process.
The sludge drying pretreatment is to add a conditioner into sludge before drying treatment so as to strengthen a material framework, reduce material shrinkage and form a porous structure in the sludge drying dehydration process, effectively ensure the water evaporation area, improve the running state of equipment and improve the overall drying efficiency. The sludge microbubble drying method comprises the steps of adding an alkaline compound to dissolve out dehydrated sludge, and wrapping a large number of microbubbles by combining mechanical stirring, so that the materials form a pore unit with a relatively ordered structure at the initial drying stage. The surface area of the sludge material is effectively increased, and the transfer process of moisture in the material is improved. The micro-bubble sludge has many advantages in the drying process, such as about 40% of drying time is effectively saved, and energy consumption is greatly reduced. However, the components of the excess sludge are very complex and vary greatly with factors such as sewage sources, plant processes, operation seasons and the like, so that the types and the contents of surface active substances which can be dissolved out from the sludge are unstable, and the formation efficiency of the micro-bubble sludge is further influenced.
The key of influencing the forming efficiency of the microbubble sludge is found by comparing various surface active substance dissolving modes such as high temperature and high pressure, acid and alkali treatment, ultrasonic waves and the like, wherein the key is the stability of sludge microbubbles. As most biomass materials are rich in cellulose components, a large number of active hydroxyl groups are distributed in glucose units with linear structures, hydrogen bonds are easy to form, the charge repulsion force of hydrophilic groups can be weakened, the density of hydrophobic groups is increased, the viscosity of a liquid phase is improved, the foam drainage rate is slowed down, and a certain foam stabilizing effect is formed. On the other hand, the biomass material has certain high temperature resistance, so that the reinforced support can be further provided for the microbubble mesh structure in the drying process. Through extensive screening, the camellia oleifera hull fiber pretreated by the alkaline hydrogen peroxide can promote the improvement of the stability of the micro-bubble sludge. In addition, because the components of the oil-tea camellia shells contain a certain content of active substances such as tea saponin, the liquid phase of the mixed material has lower surface tension, the formation of micro-bubble sludge is promoted, and the resource utilization of the oil-tea camellia shell fibers is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified camellia oleifera shell fibers.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified oil tea shell fibers comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: preparing oil-tea camellia shell fibers: collecting and cleaning camellia oleifera shell fibers, drying, crushing the dried sample, and sieving with a 60-80-mesh sieve to obtain sufficient camellia oleifera shell fiber materials;
step two: modifying oil tea shell fibers: dispersing the screened camellia oleifera hull fibers in a 1.0% hydrogen peroxide solution; then adjusting the pH of the suspension to 11.50 by using 0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and modifying the fibers by using alkaline hydrogen peroxide; stirring the suspension in water bath for 4-5 h at 60 ℃ under the working condition of 100-120 rpm; after fully stirring, adjusting the pH of the suspension to 6.0 by using 1.0mol/L diluted hydrochloric acid at room temperature, and centrifuging for 15min-20min at 6000 r; collecting residues, washing the residues with ultrapure water, and drying the residues in an oven at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ for more than 10 hours; placing the dried fiber in a room temperature dryer for storage until the use period;
step three: stirring and homogenizing sludge: pouring solid dewatered sludge into a stirrer, and stirring for 5-10 min under the working condition of 100-120 rpm to ensure that the substances are uniformly distributed and the residual sludge is changed into slurry;
step four: surfactant addition: adding 1.5-3.0% of quicklime or sodium hydroxide into the slurry sludge in the third step based on the wet weight of the sludge, and performing pre-stirring treatment under the working condition of 100-120 rpm for 2-3 min to dissolve out active substances in the sludge;
step five: and (3) testing sludge dissolution: uniformly mixing the material after the pre-stirring treatment with deionized water according to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1; finally, comparing whether the concentration of the dissolved protein in the material exceeds the dissolution threshold interval of 900mg/L-1000mg/L, so as to judge whether the sludge after the pre-stirring treatment has the condition of foaming;
step six: sludge microbubble amplification: when the concentration of protein dissolved out from the mixed material in the fourth step is higher than the threshold interval, adding the modified camellia oleifera shell fiber material into the sludge in the stirrer, stirring for 80-100 min under the working condition of 120-150 rpm, and compressing air into the sludge to continuously enlarge the volume of the sludge to finally form micro-bubble sludge which is in a fluid state of solid-liquid two-phase mixing; the addition of the modified oil-tea camellia shell fibers also enables the microbubbles to form a skeleton structure, thereby promoting the stability of the mixed material;
step seven: drying the microbubble sludge: pouring the prepared micro-bubble sludge onto a horizontal bearing container, flatly placing the micro-bubble sludge, then placing the bearing container in a heat energy oven, and manually controlling the temperature of the oven to be 65-85 ℃ to carry out a micro-bubble sludge drying process.
Wherein: the drying temperature in the first step is 40-60 ℃.
Wherein: in the second step, the normal temperature is 25 ℃, and the solid-to-liquid ratio of the ultra-pure water washing is 1:1.
Wherein: and fifthly, detecting the organic indexes as protein.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the alkaline hydrogen peroxide modified oil-tea shell fiber prepared by the invention has the advantages of stable structure, high surface roughness, high crystallinity and the like, is more favorable for promoting the formation efficiency of micro-bubble sludge, and can form a skeleton to support the network structure of sludge micro-bubbles in the presence of the fiber, thereby promoting the stability of the micro-bubble sludge;
2. the invention can fully utilize the active substances such as protein, saponin and the like contained in the oil-tea camellia shell fiber to promote the high-value utilization of the oil-tea camellia shell fiber, and the solid-weight proportion of material organic matters in the system is increased along with the addition of the oil-tea camellia shell fiber, so that the heat value of the material is improved, and the resource utilization after the drying treatment is facilitated;
3. the preparation method has the advantages of simple process, easy operation, mild and easily-controlled reaction conditions, low cost, low energy consumption, short consumed time, no corrosion to equipment materials and the like, and is suitable for industrial production.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without inventive exercise. Wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the comparison of the sample before and after modification of the oil-tea camellia shell fiber (a: the oil-tea camellia shell sample before modification; b: the oil-tea camellia shell sample after modification);
FIG. 2 is a graph of the decrease in density of the micro-bubble sludge;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of the elution content of protein from the micro-bubble sludge;
FIG. 4 is a comparison graph of the dissolution content of tea saponin from micro-bubble sludge;
FIG. 5 is a comparison graph of surface tension of micro-bubble sludge;
FIG. 6 is a graph of microbubble sludge stability;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a microbubble sludge and a sludge drying process;
FIG. 8 is a graph of micro-bubble sludge and sludge drying;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified oil-tea camellia shell fibers.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment 1 of the invention provides a method for foaming and drying sludge under the condition of limited protein elution amount, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: stirring and homogenizing sludge: pouring solid dewatered sludge into a stirrer, and stirring for 5min under the working condition of 100rpm to ensure that the substances are uniformly distributed and the residual sludge becomes slurry;
step two: surfactant addition: adding 1.0% sodium hydroxide particles into the slurry sludge based on the wet weight of the sludge, and performing pre-stirring treatment for 3min under the working condition of 100rpm to dissolve out active substances in the sludge;
step three: dissolution of surface active substances: uniformly mixing part of the sludge obtained in the step two with deionized water according to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1; finally, comparing the protein concentration of the sample solution with a dissolution threshold interval (900 mg/L-1000 mg/L), and finding that the protein dissolution concentration value under the adding amount condition is lower than the threshold interval, as shown in FIG. 3;
step four: surfactant supplementation: supplementing 1.0% of sodium hydroxide particles into the stirrer, and repeatedly performing pre-stirring treatment and sludge leaching test under the same working condition to ensure that the concentration of protein dissolved out from the measured sludge is higher than a threshold interval, wherein the reaction system has a basic foaming condition;
step five: sludge microbubble amplification: stirring the slurry sludge with foaming condition for 100min under the working condition of 150rpm, compressing air into the sludge to form microbubbles with different sizes, and finally forming the microbubble sludge which is in a fluid state of combining solid phase and liquid phase;
step four and six: drying the microbubble sludge: paving the microbubble sludge in the stirrer on a 105-DEG C bearing container at a thickness of about 5cm, recording the weight of the sludge every 10min, thus obtaining the water dispersion loss of the microbubble sludge and judging the drying process of the microbubble sludge according to the water dispersion loss.
Example 2
The embodiment 2 of the invention provides a method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified camellia oleifera shell fibers, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: preparing oil-tea camellia shell fibers: collecting and cleaning camellia oleifera shell fibers, drying at 40 ℃, crushing and grinding the dried samples, and sieving with a 60-80-mesh sieve to obtain sufficient camellia oleifera shell fiber samples;
step two: modifying oil tea shell fibers: dispersing the screened camellia oleifera hull fibers in a 1.0% hydrogen peroxide solution; then adjusting the pH of the suspension to 11.50 by using 0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and modifying the fibers by using alkaline hydrogen peroxide; stirring the suspension in water bath for 4h under the working conditions of 60 ℃ and 100 rpm; after stirring well, the suspension was adjusted to pH 6.0 with 1.0mol/L HCl at room temperature (about 25 ℃) and centrifuged at 6000r for 15min; collecting residues, washing with ultrapure water (water-to-fiber ratio is 1:1), and drying in an oven at 60 deg.C for 10h to ensure that the fibers are free of moisture, as shown in FIG. 1, which is a diagram of the oil-tea camellia shells before and after modification;
step three: stirring and homogenizing sludge: pouring solid residual sludge into a stirrer, and stirring for 5min under the working condition of 100rpm to ensure that the substances are uniformly distributed and the residual sludge becomes slurry;
step four: surfactant addition: adding 2.0% of sodium hydroxide particles into the uniformly stirred slurry sludge by taking the wet weight of the sludge as a reference, and performing pre-stirring treatment for 3min under the working condition of 100rpm to dissolve out active substances in the sludge;
step five: dissolution of surface active substances: uniformly mixing part of the sludge obtained in the fourth step with deionized water according to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1; by comparison, the protein dissolution concentration value under the condition of the adding amount is obviously higher than the threshold interval (900-1000 mg/L), and as shown in FIG. 3, the possibility of generating foam is provided;
step six: sludge microbubble amplification: adding a modified camellia oleifera shell fiber material accounting for 5 per mill of the wet weight of the sludge into a stirrer, stirring for 80min under the working condition of 150rpm, and simultaneously recording the density of the microbubble sludge at the time of 10min, 20min, 40 min, 60 min and 80 min; comparing the density change of the microbubble sludge without adding the camellia oleifera hull fiber with the density change of the microbubble sludge without adding the camellia oleifera hull fiber, as shown in fig. 2; in order to further detect the stability of the microbubble sludge, a part of the microbubble sludge is placed in a sealed environment with controllable temperature for 48 hours, 12 hours are taken as a time gap, the density increase amplitude of the microbubble sludge is recorded, and is compared with the microbubble sludge without added fibers, as shown in FIG. 6;
(8) Drying the microbubble sludge: the modified fiber microbubble-containing sludge prepared in the stirrer is paved in a bearing container with the thickness of 5cm and the density of about 0.6g/ml, then the container is placed in a hot air oven, the temperature of the oven is controlled to be 105 ℃, the water dispersion loss of the microbubble sludge is recorded every 10min, the sludge drying process is judged according to the water dispersion loss, and meanwhile, the drying process is compared with the drying process of the unconditioned initial sludge (the density of about 1.04 g/ml), as shown in figure 8.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using modified oil-tea camellia shell fibers is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: preparing oil-tea camellia shell fibers: collecting and cleaning camellia oleifera shell fibers, drying, crushing the dried sample, and sieving with a 60-80-mesh sieve to obtain sufficient camellia oleifera shell fiber materials;
step two: modifying oil-tea camellia shell fibers: dispersing the screened camellia oleifera hull fibers in a 1.0% hydrogen peroxide solution; then adjusting the pH value of the suspension to 11.50 by using 0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and modifying the fiber by using alkaline hydrogen peroxide; stirring the suspension in water bath for 4-5 h at 60 ℃ under the working condition of 100-120 rpm; after fully stirring, adjusting the pH of the suspension to 6.0 by using 1.0mol/L diluted hydrochloric acid at room temperature, and centrifuging for 15min-20min at 6000 r; collecting residues, washing the residues with ultrapure water, and drying the residues in an oven at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ for more than 10 hours; placing the dried fiber in a room temperature dryer for storage until the fiber is used;
step three: stirring and homogenizing sludge: pouring solid dewatered sludge into a stirrer, and stirring for 5-10 min under the working condition of 100-120 rpm;
step four: surfactant addition: adding 1.5-3.0% of quicklime or sodium hydroxide into the slurry sludge in the third step based on the wet weight of the sludge, and performing pre-stirring treatment under the working condition of 100-120 rpm for 2-3 min;
step five: and (3) sludge dissolution test: uniformly mixing the material after the pre-stirring treatment with deionized water according to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1; finally, comparing whether the concentration of the dissolved protein of the material exceeds the dissolution threshold interval of 900mg/L-1000 mg/L;
step six: sludge microbubble amplification: when the concentration of the protein dissolved out from the mixed material in the fourth step is higher than the threshold interval, adding the modified camellia oleifera shell fiber material into the sludge in the stirrer, and stirring for 80-100 min under the working condition of 120-150 rpm;
step seven: drying the microbubble sludge: pouring the prepared micro-bubble sludge onto a horizontal bearing container to enable the micro-bubble sludge to be laid flat, then placing the bearing container into a heat energy oven, and manually controlling the temperature of the oven to be 65-85 ℃ to carry out a micro-bubble sludge drying process.
2. The method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using the modified camellia oleifera shell fibers according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the drying temperature in the first step is 40-60 ℃.
3. The method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using the modified camellia oleifera shell fibers according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and in the second step, the normal temperature is 25 ℃, and the solid-to-liquid ratio of the ultra-pure water washing is 1:1.
4. The method for promoting foaming and drying of sludge by using the modified camellia oleifera shell fibers according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: and fifthly, detecting the organic matter index as protein.
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102633421A (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2012-08-15 | 湖南大学 | Sludge drying method |
| CN107190546A (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2017-09-22 | 湖南工业大学 | A kind of method that utilization oil-tea camellia husks prepare the nanofibrils cellulose of high length-diameter ratio |
| CN107419574A (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2017-12-01 | 湖南工业大学 | A kind of method that Cellulose nanocrystal palpus is prepared using oil-tea camellia husks |
| CN113181878A (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-07-30 | 湖南省林业科学院 | Method for preparing sludge-based biochar through microbubble drying-low-oxygen baking pretreatment |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US9776900B2 (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2017-10-03 | Buckman Laboratories International, Inc. | Use of celluloses in sludge dewatering, and sludge products thereof |
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102633421A (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2012-08-15 | 湖南大学 | Sludge drying method |
| CN107190546A (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2017-09-22 | 湖南工业大学 | A kind of method that utilization oil-tea camellia husks prepare the nanofibrils cellulose of high length-diameter ratio |
| CN107419574A (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2017-12-01 | 湖南工业大学 | A kind of method that Cellulose nanocrystal palpus is prepared using oil-tea camellia husks |
| CN113181878A (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-07-30 | 湖南省林业科学院 | Method for preparing sludge-based biochar through microbubble drying-low-oxygen baking pretreatment |
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