CN114047108A - Method for conveniently measuring floating rate of granular fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for conveniently measuring floating rate of granular fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN114047108A CN114047108A CN202111497134.5A CN202111497134A CN114047108A CN 114047108 A CN114047108 A CN 114047108A CN 202111497134 A CN202111497134 A CN 202111497134A CN 114047108 A CN114047108 A CN 114047108A
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- floating rate
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- rate
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphoric acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002426 superphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N2015/1024—Counting particles by non-optical means
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer, which comprises the steps of firstly selecting 50 granules from 2-4 mm granular fertilizers, then uniformly putting the 50 granules into a glass beaker filled with a standard aqueous solution, putting the glass beaker into a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃ for standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating granules to calculate the floating rate of the fertilizer. The smaller the floating rate value is, the better the fertilizer dissolution performance is, and when the floating rate is less than or equal to 3%, the fertilizer dissolution performance can meet the requirements. The method has the advantages of simple, convenient and highly-referenced effects on the floating rate of the granular fertilizer, no investment cost, capability of saving expenditure, objective detection result, contribution to popularization and utilization and the like, and can effectively control the quality of fertilizer products, thereby improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fertilizer quality control, in particular to a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer.
Background
China is the largest producing country and consuming country of fertilizers, and the fertilizers play a crucial role in modern agriculture in China and are important materials for promoting the yield increase of crops.
With the long-term development of the fertilizer industry and the popularization of the agricultural chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer industry has gradually advanced into the development and maturation period, the product quality of the fertilizer is a precondition guarantee, and under the common conditions, the floating rate of the fertilizer in water is one of the standards for evaluating the quality of the fertilizer besides detecting and monitoring the basic indexes of the fertilizer such as nutrient, moisture, roundness, particle size, particle strength and the like.
According to the regional characteristics of China, the planting types and modes of crops are different, and two main situations exist in the application process of the fertilizer: one is directly applied to dry soil and the other is applied to agricultural paddy fields. In the latter case, when the granulated fertilizer is applied to a paddy field, the uncoated granulated fertilizer may float on water due to poor water solubility of the fertilizer itself because of the influence of the production process, the selection type of raw materials and the content of impurities, so that the fertilizer is in direct contact with the air to cause nutrient loss, particularly, the volatilization of nitrogen elements is more prominent, and the fertilizer efficiency is directly influenced; for coated granular fertilizer, because the performance characteristics of the used coating agent are different, and the addition amount is too high or too low, the water solubility of the fertilizer is also possibly reduced, so that the fertilizer floats in water after being applied to an agricultural paddy field and influences the utilization rate of the fertilizer, therefore, the measurement of the water solubility index of the fertilizer is very critical, and the establishment of a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of the granular fertilizer is imperative.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer, which can effectively detect and monitor the product quality and improve the fertilizer utilization rate. The method of the invention has the advantages of visual, convenient and strong reference effect on the floating rate of the granular fertilizer, simple, convenient and easy operation, no investment cost, capability of saving expenditure, objective detection result, contribution to popularization and application and the like, and can effectively control the quality of fertilizer products, thereby improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) sieving the granulated fertilizer by using a 2-4 mm screen, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved fertilizer;
(2) uniformly feeding 50 fertilizers from a height of about 3cm into a glass beaker containing 200 g of a standard aqueous solution;
(3) placing the glass beaker filled with the fertilizer in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles;
(4) and (3) calculating: the floating rate of the whole granules was defined as the floating rate (%)
The smaller the floating rate value is, the better the fertilizer dissolution performance is, and when the floating rate is less than or equal to 3%, the fertilizer dissolution performance can meet the requirement.
The standard aqueous solution comprises, by mass, 0.2% of glycerol (glycerin), 0.3% of PEG (polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 200), 0.1% of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), and 99.4% of deionized water.
The granulated fertilizer is a granulated fertilizer before coating or a granulated fertilizer after coating.
The granular fertilizer before coating is monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer; the coated granular fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, urea, compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer.
The measured floating rate of the granulated fertilizer is used for judging the dissolution performance of the granulated fertilizer, and when the floating rate is less than or equal to 3 percent, the dissolution performance of the fertilizer meets the requirement, and the fertilizer is a qualified product; when the floating rate is more than 3 percent, the fertilizer has poor dissolving performance and is an unqualified product. In the invention, 3 percent of the sources are based on the internal control standard of most fertilizer enterprises. The measured floating rate of the granulated fertilizer is used for judging the dissolution performance of the granulated fertilizer, and when the floating rate is less than or equal to 3 percent, the dissolution performance of the fertilizer meets the requirement, and the fertilizer is a qualified product; when the floating rate is more than 3 percent, the fertilizer has poor dissolving performance and is an unqualified product. The fertilizer floating rate is used for measuring the dissolution performance of the fertilizer, and when the floating rate value is smaller, the dissolution performance of the fertilizer is better. When the floating rate of the fertilizer is less than or equal to 3 percent, the impurity content in the fertilizer is low, the nutrients contained in the fertilizer can be dissolved in a short time, and the nutrients are released quickly to generate fertilizer effect, so that crops can absorb and promote growth as soon as possible, and normal fertilizer effect is exerted; when the floating rate of the fertilizer is more than 3 percent, the impurity content in the fertilizer is increased, inert substances contained in the fertilizer cannot be dissolved, the nutrient content is relatively reduced, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is influenced.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the method has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer, which is an innovation point of the invention, and the method has the functions of intuition, convenience and strong reference on the floating rate of the granular fertilizer;
2. the invention provides a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer, which is also one of the standards for evaluating the quality of the fertilizer, so that the dissolving performance of the fertilizer in water is measured, the quality of a fertilizer product can be effectively monitored, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved;
3. the invention provides a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of granular fertilizer, which has the advantages of simple experimental instrument, small difficulty in manual operation and objective detection result, and can timely guide the production of fertilizer, the correct screening of coating agent and the reasonable control of the addition amount;
4. the invention provides a method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of granular fertilizer, which has low detection and analysis cost and saves the fund for production users.
In a word, the method of the invention has the functions of intuition, convenience and strong reference on the floating rate of the granular fertilizer; the measuring method is simple, quick and easy to operate, has no investment cost, can save expenditure, has objective detection results, is beneficial to popularization and application, and the like, and can effectively control the quality of fertilizer products, thereby improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
Detailed Description
The method for conveniently determining the floating rate of a granulated fertilizer according to the present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1: determination of the Floating Rate of uncoated 64% granular diammonium phosphate (18+46)
(1) In a 500ml glass beaker was prepared 200 g of a standard aqueous solution: weighing 0.4 g of glycerol (glycerol), 0.6 g of PEG (polyethylene glycol with the molecular weight of 200) and 0.2 g of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), adding into 198.8 g of deionized water, and stirring uniformly;
(2) sieving uncoated 64% granular diammonium phosphate (18+46) by using a 2-4 mm sieve, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved diammonium phosphate;
(3) uniformly putting 50 granules of diammonium phosphate into a glass beaker filled with 200 g of standard aqueous solution from the height of about 3 cm;
(4) placing the glass beaker filled with diammonium phosphate in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles: 2 grains;
(5) the percent floatation (2/50 particles) is calculated as 100 percent and 4 percent
According to the condition that the floating rate of the uncoated 64 percent diammonium phosphate is 4 percent, the dissolution performance of the uncoated 64 percent diammonium phosphate is poor, and the product is unqualified.
Example 2: determination of the Floating Rate of uncoated 45% granular triple superphosphate
(1) In a 500ml glass beaker was prepared 200 g of a standard aqueous solution: weighing 0.4 g of glycerol (glycerol), 0.6 g of PEG (polyethylene glycol with the molecular weight of 200) and 0.2 g of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), adding into 198.8 g of deionized water, and stirring uniformly;
(2) sieving uncoated 45% granular triple superphosphate by using a 2-4 mm screen, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved triple superphosphate;
(3) uniformly pouring 50 particles of heavy calcium superphosphate into a glass beaker filled with 200 g of standard aqueous solution from the height of about 3 cm;
(4) placing the glass beaker filled with the triple superphosphate in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles as 1 particle;
(5) the percent floatation (1/50 particles) was calculated as 2%
According to the fact that the floating rate of the uncoated 45 percent of granular triple superphosphate is 2 percent, the uncoated 45 percent of granular triple superphosphate has good dissolving performance and qualified products.
Example 3: measurement of after-coating 46% Urea lifting Rate
(1) In a 500ml glass beaker was prepared 200 g of a standard aqueous solution: weighing 0.4 g of glycerol (glycerol), 0.6 g of PEG (polyethylene glycol with the molecular weight of 200) and 0.2 g of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), adding into 198.8 g of deionized water, and stirring uniformly;
(2) sieving the coated 46% urea by using a 2-4 mm screen, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved urea;
(3) uniformly feeding 50 urea granules from a height of about 3cm into a glass beaker containing 200 g of a standard aqueous solution;
(4) placing the glass beaker filled with urea in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles as 0;
(5) the percent floatation (0/50 particles) was calculated as 0%
According to the condition that the floating rate of the coated 46 percent urea is 0, the coated 46 percent urea has better dissolving performance and is qualified.
Example 4: determination of floating rate of coated compound fertilizer (15-15-15)
(1) In a 500ml glass beaker was prepared 200 g of a standard aqueous solution: weighing 0.4 g of glycerol (glycerol), 0.6 g of PEG (polyethylene glycol with the molecular weight of 200) and 0.2 g of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), adding into 198.8 g of deionized water, and stirring uniformly;
(2) sieving the coated compound fertilizer by using a 2-4 mm screen, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved compound fertilizer;
(3) uniformly putting 50 compound fertilizers into a glass beaker filled with 200 g of standard aqueous solution from the height of about 3 cm;
(4) placing the glass beaker filled with the compound fertilizer in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles as 3 particles;
(5) the percent floatation (3/50 particles) is calculated as 6%
According to the condition that the floating rate of the coated compound fertilizer (15-15-15) is 6 percent, the coated compound fertilizer (15-15-15) has poor dissolving performance and unqualified products.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of a granular fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) sieving the granulated fertilizer by using a 2-4 mm screen, and selecting 50 granules from the sieved fertilizer;
(2) uniformly putting 50 fertilizers into a glass beaker filled with 200 g of standard aqueous solution from the height of 3 cm;
(3) placing the glass beaker filled with the fertilizer in a constant-temperature water tank at 25 ℃, standing for 5 hours, and recording the number of floating particles;
(4) and (3) calculating: the floating rate of the whole granules was defined as the floating rate (%)
Wherein, the standard aqueous solution comprises, by mass, 0.2% of glycerol (glycerol), 0.3% of PEG (polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 200), 0.1% of HPMC (hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl cellulose), and 99.4% of deionized water.
2. The method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of the granular fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the granulated fertilizer is a granulated fertilizer before coating or a granulated fertilizer after coating.
3. The method for conveniently measuring the floating rate of the granular fertilizer as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the granular fertilizer before coating is monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer; the coated granular fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, urea, compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer.
4. A method for conveniently determining the flotation rate of a granular fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the measured floating rate of the granulated fertilizer is used for judging the dissolution performance of the granulated fertilizer, and when the floating rate is less than or equal to 3 percent, the dissolution performance of the fertilizer meets the requirement, and the fertilizer is a qualified product; when the floating rate is more than 3 percent, the fertilizer has poor dissolving performance and is an unqualified product.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202111497134.5A CN114047108A (en) | 2021-12-09 | 2021-12-09 | Method for conveniently measuring floating rate of granular fertilizer |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202111497134.5A CN114047108A (en) | 2021-12-09 | 2021-12-09 | Method for conveniently measuring floating rate of granular fertilizer |
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| CN114047108A true CN114047108A (en) | 2022-02-15 |
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| CN202111497134.5A Withdrawn CN114047108A (en) | 2021-12-09 | 2021-12-09 | Method for conveniently measuring floating rate of granular fertilizer |
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Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1151152A (en) * | 1994-06-24 | 1997-06-04 | 挪威海德罗公开有限公司 | Agricultural composition and conditioning agent for reducing hygroscopicity and dust formation of fertilizers |
| JP2001031489A (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-02-06 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Degradable film-coated fertilizer excellent in preventing property of floating |
| CN104163708A (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2014-11-26 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | Water-soluble compound fertilizer suspension agent and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN104926532A (en) * | 2015-06-25 | 2015-09-23 | 上海永通化工有限公司 | Anti-floating agent, anti-floating controlled release urea and preparing method of anti-floating controlled release urea |
| CN107570038A (en) * | 2017-10-18 | 2018-01-12 | 广州公孙策信息科技有限公司 | A kind of agricultural agglomerated grain fertilizer dissolving mixers |
| CN108264397A (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2018-07-10 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of coated slow-release material and preparation method thereof and by its film-coated and slow release fertilizer obtained |
-
2021
- 2021-12-09 CN CN202111497134.5A patent/CN114047108A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1151152A (en) * | 1994-06-24 | 1997-06-04 | 挪威海德罗公开有限公司 | Agricultural composition and conditioning agent for reducing hygroscopicity and dust formation of fertilizers |
| JP2001031489A (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-02-06 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Degradable film-coated fertilizer excellent in preventing property of floating |
| CN104163708A (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2014-11-26 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | Water-soluble compound fertilizer suspension agent and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN104926532A (en) * | 2015-06-25 | 2015-09-23 | 上海永通化工有限公司 | Anti-floating agent, anti-floating controlled release urea and preparing method of anti-floating controlled release urea |
| CN107570038A (en) * | 2017-10-18 | 2018-01-12 | 广州公孙策信息科技有限公司 | A kind of agricultural agglomerated grain fertilizer dissolving mixers |
| CN108264397A (en) * | 2018-01-17 | 2018-07-10 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of coated slow-release material and preparation method thereof and by its film-coated and slow release fertilizer obtained |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 李长友;: "如何降低大颗粒尿素产品中的细粉含量", 中氮肥, no. 04, pages 38 - 40 * |
| 杨焕银, 陈杲: "粒状复混肥在水中的漂浮及其防止", 化肥工业, no. 05, pages 36 - 39 * |
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