CN114032909A - Ecological loss reduction method for open-pit mining - Google Patents
Ecological loss reduction method for open-pit mining Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an open-pit mining ecological loss reduction method, which comprises the following steps: s10: obtaining geological layer information, soil information and ecological information of a mining area; s20: according to the earlier planning and process, mining, discharging, classifying and storing the stripped surface soil and rock-soil layers, and reducing land occupation; realizing stratum reconstruction through logistics transportation and allocation, and enabling the properties of a reconstructed aquifer and a water-resisting layer to be close to the original stratum and effectively connected with the surrounding original layer; s30: discharging the residual discharged rock soil into the pit when the pit is closed in the strip mine, and building an artificial reservoir according to the terrain; s40: and restoring the landform and vegetation of the mining area after the pit is closed in the strip mine, and cooperatively building water storage irrigation to improve the ecological stability of the area.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of surface mining and ecological restoration, in particular to an ecological loss reduction method for surface mining.
Background
Compared with underground mining, open-pit mining has the advantages of simple production process, low cost and large scale. The mining mode after stripping the resource overburden stratum causes subversive damage to the ecology of the overburden aquifer, the water barrier and the earth surface. At present, the natural restoration, artificial restoration or comprehensive restoration of the refuse dump after mining is commonly used in an ecological protection mode, which changes the form and landscape pattern before surface mining, destroys the original stratum sequence, changes the water resource circulation required by the ecology, destroys the regional ecological structure and threatens the regional ecological safety.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned problems and needs, the present disclosure provides an ecological method for reducing surface losses in open pit mining, which achieves the above-mentioned technical objectives and brings other technical effects.
The invention provides an ecological loss reduction method for open-pit mining, which comprises the following steps:
s10: obtaining geological layer information, soil information and ecological information of a mining area;
s20: according to the earlier planning and process, mining, discharging, classifying and storing the stripped surface soil and rock-soil layers, and reducing land occupation; the reconstruction of the stratum is realized through logistics transportation optimization and allocation, so that the properties of a reconstructed aquifer and a water-resisting layer are close to those of the original stratum and are effectively connected with the original layer at the periphery;
s30: discharging the residual discharged rock soil into the pit when the pit is closed in the strip mine, and building an artificial reservoir according to the terrain;
s40: and restoring the landform and vegetation of the mining area after the pit is closed in the strip mine, and cooperatively building water storage irrigation to improve the ecological stability of the area.
In addition, the surface mining ecological damage reduction method can also have the following technical characteristics:
in an example of the present invention, in the step S20, the performing of the formation reconstruction by the logistics transportation and deployment includes: an external discharge period and an internal and external discharge combined implementation period;
the discharge period comprises the steps that the stripped rock soil is discharged to a designated storage area, and the stripped rock soil is divided into a stacking area with strong discharge permeability, a stacking area with strong discharge water-resisting property and a discharge surface soil stacking area according to three categories of permeability, water-resisting property and surface soil to be stored respectively;
the combined implementation period of the inner row and the outer row comprises the steps of additionally arranging an inner row rock-soil turnover field which moves along with the pushing of an inner row working upper on an inner row operation step of a mine pit, namely a stacking area with strong inner row permeability and a stacking area with strong inner row water-resisting property; when in outward discharging operation, the new outward discharged soil is not directly stacked on the original site and moves away from the working upper according to a certain speed, so that the first outward discharged rock soil is consumed in time, and the later outward discharged rock soil moves forwards in time; the first stacked rock soil is consumed in time during the inner row operation, and the rock soil stacking position conveyed later is pushed along with the inner row operation side to be changed forwards in time, so that the material transportation distance is reduced.
In one example of the invention, the inner drainage piling region with high permeability and the inner drainage piling region with high water resistance are arranged on different earth-discharging operation steps according to different earth properties for reconstructing stratum operation.
In an example of the present invention, before reconstructing the water barrier in step S20, the method further includes: and obtaining the compressive strength value of the mining area water-resisting layer, and obtaining the construction parameters of the reconstructed water-resisting layer by changing the particle size of rock and soil, adding auxiliary materials and compacting process parameters, so that the compressive strength is met, and the permeability coefficient of the reconstructed water-resisting layer is ensured to be less than 0.001 m/d.
In one example of the present invention, before reconstructing the aquifer in step S20, the method further comprises: the compressive strength value and the permeability coefficient of the aquifer in the mining area are obtained, the construction parameters of the reconstructed aquifer are obtained by changing the particle size of the rock and soil and the parameters of the compaction process, and the reconstructed aquifer permeability coefficient is ensured to be close to the original aquifer permeability coefficient while the compressive strength is met.
In an example of the present invention, before reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier in step S20, the method further includes: and calculating the thickness parameters of each water-resisting layer and each aquifer during reconstruction on the basis of the rock-soil crushing expansion coefficient of each layer and the parameters of the compaction process by considering natural sedimentation factors.
In one example of the present invention, in step S20, after reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier and before reconstructing the topsoil layer, the method further includes: and constructing a water-resisting layer at a position with a certain depth from the surface soil layer.
In one example of the present invention, the building of the artificial reservoir depending on the terrain in step S30 includes: the construction is divided into at least two blocks according to the terrain, wherein at least one block is built at a high position of the terrain, and at least another block is built at a low position of the terrain.
In one example of the invention, a flood discharge channel and a drainage system are further built between at least two artificial reservoirs, wherein the flood discharge channel is used for discharging the artificial reservoir at a high terrain position to the artificial reservoir at a low terrain position; the drainage system is used for draining water resources of the artificial reservoir at the low part of the terrain to the artificial reservoir at the high part of the terrain.
In one example of the present invention, in step S30, a closed water-proof ring bedding is constructed when the pit is closed in the open pit mine, and the slope angle of the closed water-proof ring bedding is determined based on the physical and mechanical properties of the laid rock soil.
The following description of the preferred embodiments for carrying out the present invention will be made in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that the features and advantages of the present invention can be easily understood.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings of the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below. Wherein the drawings are only for purposes of illustrating some embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention to all embodiments thereof.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a surface mining ecological impairment method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a mining flow diagram of a surface mining ecological impairment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
List of reference numerals:
a stacking area WS with strong discharge permeability;
discharging a stacking area WG with strong water-resisting property;
discharging a topsoil stacking area WB;
a stacking region NS with strong inner discharge permeability;
and internally discharging a stacking area NG with strong water-resisting property.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of specific embodiments of the present invention. Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. It should be noted that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of protection of the invention.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The use of "first," "second," and similar terms in the description and claims of the present application do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather the terms are used to distinguish one element from another. Also, the use of the terms "a" or "an" and the like do not necessarily denote a limitation of quantity. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "upper", "lower", "left", "right", and the like are used merely to indicate relative positional relationships, and when the absolute position of the object being described is changed, the relative positional relationships may also be changed accordingly.
An open pit mining ecological impairment method according to the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, comprises the steps of:
s10: obtaining geological layer information, soil information and ecological information of a mining area; acquiring geological formation information, soil layer information, ecological information and the like by technical means such as drilling, geophysical prospecting, remote sensing, manual field investigation and the like; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of carrying out exploration and experiment on a mining area, and obtaining basic geological data such as stratum lithology, water-resisting layer permeability, surface topography, surface soil layer thickness and the like in the mining area.
Secondly, testing and analyzing the mechanical properties of the rock and soil to obtain the data of rock crushing expansion coefficient, residual expansion coefficient, natural angle of repose and the like.
And thirdly, underground water in the mining area is observed, and data such as underground water level, flow direction and water pressure are obtained.
And fourthly, sampling and testing the soil to obtain soil water content, physicochemical properties, soil organic matter and microorganism species and abundance, and 'three water' conversion information.
Investigating the mining area and surrounding ecology to obtain ecological information such as vegetation coverage, abundance, species diversity and species.
S20: according to the earlier planning and process, mining, discharging, classifying and storing the stripped surface soil and rock-soil layers, and reducing land occupation; the reconstruction of the stratum is realized through logistics transportation optimization and allocation, so that the properties of a reconstructed aquifer and a water-resisting layer are close to those of the original stratum and are effectively connected with the original layer at the periphery; specifically, the reconstruction of the stratum by the logistics transportation optimization and allocation comprises the following steps: an external discharge period and an internal and external discharge combined implementation period;
the discharging period comprises the step of discharging the stripped rock soil to a designated storage area, and respectively storing the stripped rock soil into a stacking area WS with strong discharging permeability, a stacking area WG with strong discharging water-resisting property and a discharging surface soil stacking area WB according to three categories of permeability, water-resisting property and surface soil;
the pure discharge period refers to a period that the interior of a pit does not have an inner discharge condition and all the stripped rock soil is discharged to a specified storage area in the initial mining period of the strip mine; rock soil is discharged and stacked in three types of areas according to strong permeability, strong water resistance and surface soil.
The stacking area WS with strong outward discharge permeability, the stacking area WG with strong outward discharge water-resisting property and the stacking area WB with outward discharge surface soil are selected according to the mining plan, so that all outward discharge rock soil is gradually consumed along with mining;
the discharged piling area WS with strong permeability and the discharged piling area WG with strong water-resisting property are firstly stripped and piled to the discharged top soil piling area WB before rock and soil are piled, so that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the area are prevented from being degraded due to rock and soil piling and taking operation;
the surface soil stacked and stored in the WB stacking area of the externally-discharged surface soil stacking area needs to be maintained through physical, biological, chemical and other means, so that water and soil loss and function degradation are avoided.
And in the exploration stage, drilling coring is adopted, permeability parameters of each layer are obtained through a permeability test, the stratum is divided into a water-proof section and a water-permeable section according to the permeability parameters of the stratum, the heights of each step are determined according to the permeability parameters, and the rock and soil with strong water-proof property and strong permeability are conveniently classified, transported and stored during stripping.
The combined implementation period of the inner row and the outer row comprises the steps of additionally arranging an inner row rock-soil turnover field which moves along with the pushing of an inner row working upper on an inner row operation step of a mine pit, namely a stacking area NS with strong inner row permeability and a stacking area NG with strong inner row water-resisting property; when in outward discharging operation, the new outward discharged soil is not directly stacked on the original site and moves away from the working upper according to a certain speed, so that the first outward discharged rock soil is consumed in time, and the later outward discharged rock soil moves forwards in time; the first stacked rock soil is consumed in time during the inner row operation, and the rock soil stacking position conveyed later is timely and forwards changed along with the pushing of the inner row operation side, so that the material conveying distance is reduced;
the internal and external discharge combined implementation period refers to a period that a working slope has been advanced for a certain distance and a mine pit has internal discharge conditions in the middle stage of strip mining, and internal discharge operation based on stratum reconstruction can be realized in the period through combined allocation and transportation of internal and external rock and soil resources of the mine pit;
in the implementation process, the external dumping site (or each classification area) has two schemes: scheme one is a traditional fixed position; and the second scheme is to circulate the outer soil discharge field, namely the outer soil discharge field moves along with the consumption of the old rock soil and the accumulation of the new rock soil. And in order to reduce the transport distance of rock-soil transport vehicles, an inner-row rock-soil turnover field which is continuously pushed and moved along with the inner-row working upper is also arranged on the inner-row operation steps of the mine pit, and the field is divided into two areas (a stacking area NS with strong inner-row permeability and a stacking area NG with strong inner-row water-resisting property) according to strong rock-soil permeability and strong water-resisting property. And (4) conveying the surface soil stripped in the internal and external discharge combined implementation stage to an external discharge surface soil stacking area WB or directly participating in earth surface earthing operation.
The moving method of the circulation external soil discharge field is as follows:
circulating an outer soil discharge field (three areas including a stacking area WS with strong outer permeability, a stacking area WG with strong outer water-resisting property and an outer soil discharge stacking area) is arranged in advance of the working slope by a certain distance (the specific distance is determined according to the relation among the mining speed, the stripping soil amount and the stratum reconstruction soil demand amount); the external dumping field is used as a storage and turnover field for stripping rock soil in the mining process. The new discharged soil is not directly stacked in the original field, but moves to the direction far away from the working upper according to a certain speed. Therefore, the rock soil discharged firstly is consumed in time, and the rock soil discharged later moves forwards in time. When the pit is closed near the open pit mine, the outer discharging soil field is orderly moved from the earth surface at the front part of the working slope to the earth surface at the rear part of the inner discharging working slope according to the continuous planning;
the moving method of the inner rock-soil transfer field comprises the following steps:
the inner rock-soil transfer field (two areas, namely an inner discharge stacking area NS with strong permeability and an inner discharge stacking area NG with strong water-resisting property) is arranged in different areas of the inner operation steps, so that temporary storage and timely consumption of rock-soil are facilitated (the temporary storage capacity is determined by the mining speed and the inner discharge operation speed). When the soil is taken out in the inner row operation, firstly stacked rock soil is consumed in time, and then the stacked position of the transported rock soil is pushed along with the inner row operation side to be changed forward in time. Thereby reducing the material transport distance.
It is worth mentioning that the thickness of the stratum reconstructed in the inner row is thicker than that of the original stratum due to the fact that the amount of the original rock and soil transported away by mineral resources is not enough to completely make up the space formed by mining, and the fact that the reconstructed stratum is settled along with the time is considered.
S30: discharging the residual discharged rock soil into the pit when the pit is closed in the strip mine, and building an artificial reservoir according to the terrain;
in particular, excessive rock and soil mass has been consumed to reconstruct the original formation, plus mined coal resources, the remaining rock and soil has been insufficient to fill the mining pit. At the moment, the pits are artificially divided into two or even multiple areas according to the topography during the inner-row operation, and the rest outer-row rock soil is paved layer by layer from the bottom of each pit according to a certain width and thickness circle by circle, so that each pit forms an artificial reservoir with stable slope.
After the paving is finished, the cushion layer is reinforced and further subjected to water-proof treatment by adopting an engineering means, and at least the following three conditions are met:
firstly, the water in different aquifers is prevented from communicating;
and secondly, the problem that groundwater resources are lost due to the fact that water in a water-bearing layer flows into a pit is avoided.
And thirdly, geological disasters such as landslide, debris flow and the like of the side slope of the mine pit are avoided.
S40: restoring the landform and vegetation of the mining area after the pit of the strip mine is closed, and cooperatively building a water storage irrigation device to improve the ecological stability of the area; the stage refers to the period of recovering the landform, vegetation and the like of a mining area according to a certain method after the pit is closed in a mine. The remodeling and optimization of the original surface topography are realized through mechanical, manual or intelligent measures, so that the water and soil conservation effect is better, and the stress resistance of the plant is improved.
Each pit formed in step S30 may serve as a local artificial reservoir. And (4) optimizing and reshaping the landform at the stage by combining the landform and the ecological survey in the step S10, so that the normal growth of vegetation can be met by daily rainfall, and meanwhile, redundant rainfall can be timely gathered into an artificial reservoir for later use.
And recovering original vegetation and communities in the mining area by adopting a conventional method.
And (4) building an irrigation project by depending on an artificial reservoir, and ensuring the normal water demand for vegetation growth in the region.
Firstly, local species are taken as the main priority when the vegetation is restored, the composition of various plants is adjusted, and the stress resistance is improved.
And secondly, the landform is trimmed according to the requirements of the local species on the physical and chemical properties, gradient and orientation of the soil, so that the landform is more suitable for the growth of vegetation.
And thirdly, when the landform is remolded, the flow direction of the surface water is as follows to the maximum extent: high reservoir → reclamation and maintenance area → low reservoir.
The method comprises the following steps of (1) searching from geological ecological conditions before mining, reconstructing a near-original stratum, reconstructing an aquifer and a water-resisting layer, reconstructing a near-natural terrain, constructing a seasonal water storage area on the earth's surface in the mining process, recovering vegetation after mining, improving stress resistance and the like, performing systematic loss reduction and ecological restoration, and constructing a systematic loss reduction technical system for resource mining and regional ecological coordinated development; the method has the advantages of realizing systematic ecological loss reduction of the open-pit mining, avoiding the problems of poor one-sided treatment and restoration effects or overhigh economic cost, reducing the damage degree of the open-pit mining to ecological elements such as water, soil, vegetation and the like, improving the ecological restoration effect and achieving the purpose of resource development and regional environment coordinated sustainable development.
In an example of the present invention, the piling region NS with high inner drainage permeability and the piling region NG with high inner drainage water-resisting property are arranged on different soil discharging operation steps according to different soil properties for reconstructing stratum operation, so that the nearby soil taking operation of the inner drainage operation equipment is facilitated.
In one example of the invention, in step S20, the water gushing amount of the pit during mining is reduced by changing the permeability of the aquifer at the boundary of the mining area through the information of the water volume and the flow direction of the underground aquifer obtained by the drilling survey.
In an example of the present invention, before reconstructing the water barrier in step S20, the method further includes: the compressive strength value of the water-resisting layer is obtained through a mechanical property test of rock and soil in a surveying stage, and the construction parameters of the reconstructed water-resisting layer are obtained through changing the particle size of the rock and soil, adding auxiliary materials and compacting process parameters, so that the compressive strength is met, and the permeability coefficient of the reconstructed water-resisting layer is ensured to be less than 0.001 m/d.
In one example of the present invention, before reconstructing the aquifer in step S20, the method further comprises: the compressive strength value and the permeability coefficient of the aquifer are obtained through a rock-soil mechanical property test in a surveying stage, and the construction parameters of the reconstructed aquifer are obtained by changing the particle size of the rock-soil and the parameters of a compaction process, so that the compressive strength is met, and the permeability coefficient of the reconstructed aquifer is ensured to be close to the permeability coefficient of the original aquifer.
In an example of the present invention, before reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier in step S20, the method further includes: and calculating the thickness parameters of each water-resisting layer and the aquifer during reconstruction on the basis of the rock-soil crushing expansion coefficient and the parameters of the compaction process of each layer and by considering natural sedimentation factors, so as to provide a basis for construction, and constructing the mining space of mineral resources (coal) according to the standard of the construction water-resisting layer.
In one example of the present invention, in step S20, after reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier and before reconstructing the topsoil layer, the method further includes: constructing a water-resisting layer at a position with a certain depth from a surface soil layer; apart from the certain degree of depth position construction one deck water barrier of earth's surface when reconsitution topsoil layer to this water barrier can form dive through stopping rivers infiltration when the rainfall, and this dive can carry out the water resource to the earth's surface vegetation and supply, promotes ecological stability. The depth is obtained from parameters of capillary water lifting capacity, permeability, water retention and the like of the surface soil.
In an example of the present invention, in step S20, in order to avoid geological disasters such as landslide and debris flow of the formation in case of special precipitation weather during stratum reconstruction by internal drainage, a drainage project is constructed during stratum reconstruction by internal drainage, and accumulated water is drained to a safe place in time.
In one example of the present invention, the building of the artificial reservoir depending on the terrain in step S30 includes: the construction is divided into at least two blocks according to the terrain, wherein at least one block is built at a high position of the terrain, and at least another block is built at a low position of the terrain. The surface water storage area is constructed in the areas with higher and lower terrain through construction, the functions of water storage in full-rainfall seasons and water shortage seasons are realized, and the ecological safety of the area is guaranteed. The low level reservoir is used to accumulate rainwater during rainfall. The water resource of the low-level reservoir is transferred to the high-level reservoir through the drainage pump, and irrigation and maintenance are carried out on the area through natural water pressure or pump drainage in daily life.
In one example of the invention, a flood discharge channel and a drainage system are further built between at least two artificial reservoirs, wherein the flood discharge channel is used for discharging the artificial reservoir at a high terrain position to the artificial reservoir at a low terrain position; the drainage system is used for draining water resources of the artificial reservoir at the low part of the terrain to the artificial reservoir at the high part of the terrain, and can drain water to nearby rivers under special conditions. Thereby ensuring the safe operation of the reservoir in extreme weather.
In an example of the present invention, in step S30, a closed water-proof ring cushion layer is constructed when the open pit mine is closed, and the slope angle of the closed water-proof ring cushion layer is determined based on the physical and mechanical properties of the laid rock soil, so as to ensure that the closed water-proof ring cushion layer has good stability after being formed.
In an example of the present invention, in step S30, the permeability coefficient of the closed water-stop ring mat layer constructed at the time of pit closure is less than 0.001m/d, and the strength of the closed water-stop ring mat layer is increased by means of grouting reinforcement, anchor net support, or the like.
A method for ecologically reducing loss in open-pit mining is described by taking a certain mining area as an example, as shown in figure 2, from the exploration of geological ecological conditions before mining, near-original stratum reconstruction, aquifer and water-resisting layer reconstruction, near-natural terrain remodeling and surface seasonal water storage area construction in the mining process, vegetation recovery and stress resistance improvement after mining realize resource mining and regional ecological coordinated development.
S10: geological formation information, soil layer information, ecological information and the like are obtained through technical means such as drilling, geophysical prospecting, remote sensing, manual field investigation and the like.
Obtaining a rock stratum profile of the strip mine area by constructing a plurality of comprehensive exploration drill holes; obtaining data such as permeability parameters, water levels, water pressures and the like of different layers through a hydrogeological test in the drilling construction process; and (4) testing the drill core to obtain parameters such as rock crushing expansion coefficient, residual crushing expansion coefficient and the like.
And obtaining ecological information such as soil water content, physicochemical properties, soil organic matter, microorganism species and abundance and the like through a soil test.
And (4) surveying the mining area and the surrounding ecology to obtain ecological information such as vegetation coverage, abundance, variety of species and variety.
S20: a pure discharge period and an internal and external discharge combined implementation period;
and stripping rock soil to a specified soil discharge field in the pure discharge period.
The mine is flat in terrain and high in benefit, and the problem of secondary stripping is involved no matter how the external soil discharge field is planned, so that the mode of circulating the external soil discharge field is adopted, the covering of coal resources is reduced, and the enterprise benefit is improved.
The method is characterized in that the stratum permeability is taken as a basis, the stripped stratum is layered by combining the equipment capability, and the stripped rock and soil are divided into three types of high permeability, high water resistance and surface soil and stored in a specified soil discharge field. And in the WS and WG stacking areas, surface soil is firstly peeled off and stacked to the WB area before rock and soil are stacked, and the surface soil stacked and stored in the WB area is maintained through physical, biological, chemical and other means, so that water and soil loss and function degradation are avoided.
And in the internal and external discharge combined implementation period, internal discharge operation based on stratum reconstruction is realized by jointly transporting rock resources inside and outside the pit.
The mine is 8Km in total length and 1Km in width, the mine is divided into 8 areas in the length direction, and rock soil stripped from the first area is stacked in the second area according to three types in the pure discharge period. And two inner-row rock-soil turnover fields are arranged on the inner-row steps in the inner-outer-row combined implementation period, one is used for turnover of rock-soil with strong permeability, and the other is used for turnover of rock-soil with strong water-resisting property. When the soil is taken in the inner row operation, the firstly stacked rock soil is consumed in time, and the rock soil stacking position after transportation is pushed along with the inner row operation side to be changed forwards in time, so that the material transportation distance is reduced. And according to the mining and discharging succession, rock soil which cannot be circulated in time in the inner soil discharging field is discharged to the circulation outer soil discharging field. The external dumping field is used as a storage and turnover field for stripping rock soil in the mining process. The new discharged soil is not directly stacked in the original field, but moves to the direction far away from the working upper according to a certain speed. Therefore, the rock soil which is firstly discharged outwards is consumed in time, and the rock soil which is then discharged outwards moves towards the ((eight) areas) direction in time. And when the area is mined backwards to the area, the rock soil on the earth surface of the area is timely discharged into a pit to participate in stratum reconstruction, and at the moment, the newly added externally discharged rock soil is stacked on the earth surface which is completely discharged in the area. And (5) arranging the circulation external soil discharge field in the region (the specific flow is shown in a mining flow chart) when recovering the region (b).
A river passes through the west-side mine boundary, and a plurality of drill holes are constructed in the area to perform anti-seepage reconstruction on a water-bearing stratum with hydraulic connection, so that the water inflow of a mine pit is reduced.
By adjusting the particle size of rock and soil, adding auxiliary materials, compacting process and other methods, the reconstructed water-resisting layer is ensured to meet the compressive strength, and meanwhile, the permeability coefficient is less than 0.001 m/d.
By adjusting parameters such as rock-soil particle size, compaction process and the like, the permeability coefficient of the reconstructed aquifer is close to that of the original aquifer while the compressive strength is met.
And (3) combining the rock soil crushing expansion coefficient and the compaction process, considering natural sedimentation factors, obtaining that the thickness of the reconstructed water-bearing layer is 1.1 times of the thickness of the original water-bearing layer, the thickness of the reconstructed water-bearing layer is 1.05 times of the thickness of the original water-bearing layer, and the thickness of the reconstructed surface soil layer is 1.3 times of the thickness of the original surface soil layer, and reconstructing each stratum according to the parameters. And constructing the mining space of the coal seam according to the standard of a water-resisting layer.
And laying a clay layer with the thickness of 0.5 m at the depth position of 1.5m from the earth surface when reconstructing the surface soil layer to be used as a waterproof layer, so that the clay layer can form diving by blocking water flow from infiltrating downwards when raining.
The temporary water storage facilities and the drainage system are constructed on the inner row steps to collect and utilize mine pit water, so that geological disasters are avoided, and reuse of mine pit water burst is realized.
S30: and when the open pit is closed, discharging the residual discharged rock soil into the pit, and building an artificial reservoir according to the terrain.
In the 'internal and external row combined implementation period', excessive rock and soil quantity is consumed for reconstructing an original stratum, and the residual rock and soil are not enough to fill and level up a mining pit by adding the mined coal resources. At the moment, during the inner row operation, the mine pit is divided into a south-north area and a north-south area according to the terrain (the terrain of the mine is north high, south low), and the rest outer-row rock soil is paved layer by layer from the bottom of each mine pit according to a certain width and thickness circle by circle, so that each mine pit forms an artificial pit with stable slope surface. And after the paving is finished, reinforcing the cushion layer by adopting an engineering means and further carrying out water-proof treatment.
The slope angle of the cushion layer of the closed waterproof ring of the artificial reservoir is determined on the basis of the physical and mechanical properties of laid rock and soil, and the cushion layer is guaranteed to have better stability after being formed.
The permeability coefficient of the constructed closed water-proof ring cushion layer is less than 0.001m/d, and the strength of the cushion layer is enhanced by means of grouting reinforcement, anchor net support and the like.
The low level reservoir is used to accumulate rainwater during rainfall. The water resource of the low-level reservoir is transferred to the high-level reservoir through the drainage pump, and irrigation and maintenance are carried out on the area through natural water pressure or pump drainage in daily life.
A flood discharge channel and a drainage system are arranged between the two reservoirs, water in the high-level reservoir can be directly discharged into the low-level reservoir, the low-level reservoir can discharge the water into the high-level reservoir through the drainage system, and meanwhile, the water can be discharged into a nearby river under special conditions. Thereby ensuring the safe operation of the reservoir in extreme weather.
S40: and (4) recovering the landform, vegetation and the like of the mining area after the pit is closed in the mine.
The elevation of two reservoirs is combined, the surface elevation of the mining area is remolded, and an irrigation project is built, so that irrigation can be realized in a partial or whole area in the gravity flow state of the high reservoir, irrigation is realized in other areas through pump rows, and the ecological restoration effect of the area is improved after the pit is closed in a mine.
And recovering the original vegetation and community in the mining area by adopting a spray seeding method. The vegetation selection is mainly based on local species, and the composition of various plants is adjusted to improve the stress resistance.
And (3) from the exploration of geological ecological conditions before mining, the reconstruction of a near-original stratum, the reconstruction of an aquifer and a water-resisting layer, the reconstruction of a near-natural terrain, the construction of a seasonal water storage area on the earth surface in the mining process, the systematic loss reduction and ecological restoration of technologies such as vegetation recovery and stress resistance improvement after mining and the like, and the construction of a systematic loss reduction technical system for resource mining and regional ecological coordinated development. By applying the method, the damage degree of the open-pit mining to ecological elements such as water, soil, vegetation and the like is systematically reduced, the ecological restoration effect is improved, and the purpose of resource development and regional environment coordinated sustainable development is achieved.
Compared with the prior art, the ecological damage reduction method for open-pit mining has the following beneficial effects:
the method provides two modes of the externally-discharged soil field, and when the scheme of the fixed externally-discharged soil field is adopted, the externally-discharged soil field rock soil is gradually discharged into the pit according to the plan in the production process, so that the situation that the traditional fixed externally-discharged soil field is directly laid is changed, the influence on the original landform is reduced, and the geological disasters of landslide and debris flow are avoided. When the scheme of circulating the discharged soil yard is adopted, the coal resources covered by the discharged soil yard are liberated through the circulation of the discharged soil yard, and the recovery rate is improved. Meanwhile, the external dumping is managed in a circulation mode and organically combined with the open mining continuation, so that the running mileage of the vehicle is reduced and the economic benefit is improved compared with the fixed external dumping field.
Secondly, the rock soil of the outer soil discharge field and the rock soil of the inner soil discharge turnover field are stored in a classified mode according to functions, and the rock soil with different properties is convenient to transfer and transport during stratum reconstruction. The rock soil in the outer soil discharge field and the inner soil discharge field in the traditional operation are stacked in a mixed mode, the classified use of the rock soil is not facilitated, and precious surface soil resources are wasted.
The method realizes in-situ reconstruction of the mine pit stratum through orderly discharge of rock and soil in the inner row operation, is beneficial to recovery of a water-bearing layer and a water-resisting layer after closing the pit, and realizes in-situ protection of underground water resources. The aquifer and the water-resisting layer are not reconstructed in the traditional internal drainage operation, so that the flow field of underground water is disordered, and the water resource protection is not facilitated.
Fourthly, rainwater can be stored in the high-low position synergetic artificial reservoir formed after the open pit mine is closed in rainy season, and meanwhile, irrigation maintenance can be carried out on the reclamation area through gravity flow or pump drainage during irrigation, so that the function of water resource regulation is achieved. And water resource guarantee is provided for various plant communities, and the ecological stability of the later-stage mining area is promoted. A final mining pit is formed after a traditional strip mine is closed, and the final mining pit is not planned in cooperation with the terrain, so that efficient storage and calling of water resources cannot be realized.
The method offsets partial volume of the produced resources by using the volume of the artificial reservoir when the pit is closed, so that the thickness of the stratum reconstructed by the inner row is close to that of the original stratum to the maximum extent. After traditional open mining, the whole open pit area is a huge sunken basin on the landform, the original landform is greatly changed, and particularly, the edge area of the open pit becomes a place with high occurrence of geological disasters such as landslides, debris flows and the like due to large relief of the landform.
Although exemplary embodiments of the surface mining ecological impairment method proposed by the present invention have been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the specific embodiments described above, and various combinations of the various features and structures presented in the present invention may be made without departing from the inventive concept, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An open pit mining ecological damage reduction method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s10: obtaining geological layer information, soil information and ecological information of a mining area;
s20: according to the earlier planning and process, mining, discharging, classifying and storing the stripped surface soil and rock-soil layers, and reducing land occupation; realizing stratum reconstruction through logistics transportation and allocation, and enabling the properties of a reconstructed aquifer and a water-resisting layer to be close to the original stratum and effectively connected with the surrounding original layer;
s30: discharging the residual discharged rock soil into the pit when the pit is closed in the strip mine, and building an artificial reservoir according to the terrain;
s40: and restoring the landform and vegetation of the mining area after the pit is closed in the strip mine, and cooperatively building water storage irrigation to improve the ecological stability of the area.
2. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S20, the performing of the formation reconstruction by the logistics transportation and deployment includes: an external discharge period and an internal and external discharge combined implementation period;
the discharge period comprises the steps that the stripped rock soil is discharged to a designated storage area, and the stripped rock soil is divided into a stacking area with strong discharge permeability, a stacking area with strong discharge water-resisting property and a discharge surface soil stacking area according to three categories of permeability, water-resisting property and surface soil to be stored respectively;
the combined implementation period of the inner row and the outer row comprises the steps of additionally arranging an inner row rock-soil turnover field which moves along with the pushing of an inner row working upper on an inner row operation step of a mine pit, namely a stacking area with strong inner row permeability and a stacking area with strong inner row water-resisting property; when in outward discharging operation, the new outward discharged soil is not directly stacked on the original site and moves away from the working upper according to a certain speed, so that the first outward discharged rock soil is consumed in time, and the later outward discharged rock soil moves forwards in time; the first stacked rock soil is consumed in time during the inner row operation, and the rock soil stacking position conveyed later is pushed along with the inner row operation side to be changed forwards in time, so that the material transportation distance is reduced.
3. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 2,
the stacking area with strong inner drainage permeability and the stacking area with strong inner drainage water resistance are arranged on different soil discharging operation steps according to different soil properties for reconstructing stratum operation.
4. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S20, before reconstructing the water barrier, the method further includes: and obtaining the compressive strength value of the mining area water-resisting layer, and obtaining the construction parameters of the reconstructed water-resisting layer by changing the particle size of rock and soil, adding auxiliary materials and compacting process parameters, so that the compressive strength is met, and the permeability coefficient of the reconstructed water-resisting layer is ensured to be less than 0.001 m/d.
5. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S20, before reconstructing the aquifer, the method further includes: the compressive strength value and the permeability coefficient of the aquifer in the mining area are obtained, the construction parameters of the reconstructed aquifer are obtained by changing the particle size of the rock and soil and the parameters of the compaction process, and the reconstructed aquifer permeability coefficient is ensured to be close to the original aquifer permeability coefficient while the compressive strength is met.
6. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S20, before reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier, the method further includes: and calculating the thickness parameters of each water-resisting layer and each aquifer during reconstruction on the basis of the rock-soil crushing expansion coefficient of each layer and the parameters of the compaction process by considering natural sedimentation factors.
7. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S20, after reconstructing the aquifer and the water barrier and before reconstructing the topsoil layer, the method further comprises: and constructing a water-resisting layer at a position with a certain depth from the surface soil layer.
8. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S30, the building of the artificial reservoir depending on the terrain includes: the construction is divided into at least two blocks according to the terrain, wherein at least one block is built at a high position of the terrain, and at least another block is built at a low position of the terrain.
9. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 9,
a flood discharge channel and a drainage system are also built between at least two artificial reservoirs, wherein the flood discharge channel is used for discharging the artificial reservoir at the high terrain position to the artificial reservoir at the low terrain position; the drainage system is used for draining water resources of the artificial reservoir at the low part of the terrain to the artificial reservoir at the high part of the terrain.
10. The surface mining ecological impairment method of claim 1,
in step S30, a closed water-proof ring cushion is constructed when the open pit mine is closed, and the slope angle of the closed water-proof ring cushion is determined based on the physical and mechanical properties of the laid rock and soil.
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