CN1140318A - Positive temp. coefficient resistance - Google Patents
Positive temp. coefficient resistance Download PDFInfo
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- CN1140318A CN1140318A CN 96107653 CN96107653A CN1140318A CN 1140318 A CN1140318 A CN 1140318A CN 96107653 CN96107653 CN 96107653 CN 96107653 A CN96107653 A CN 96107653A CN 1140318 A CN1140318 A CN 1140318A
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- resistance
- ptc
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
- H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
Abstract
PTC resistor (positive temperature coefficient) has an electrical resistor component between two contact connections. Component comprises a polymer matrix embedded electroconductive, powdered filler in which the predominant volume fraction consists of particles with an average diameter of less than 100 and more than 5 mu m. The PTC resistor can rapidly suppress the shortcircuit current or overcurrent flowing in an electric circuit when absorbing the smaller quantity energy.
Description
What the present invention relates to is PTC (positive temperature coefficient) resistance.It has a kind of two resistor cores between the contact lead-wire that are fixed on, and this resistor core is by having a kind of polymer-matrix and a kind of composite material of sneaking into the filler of this polymer-matrix is made, and used filler is made with Powdered electric conducting material.This resistance is used as current limiting element in power engineering, and is used for limiting short circuit or the overcurrent that appears at circuit.PTC resistance is heated to critical temperature by short circuit current or overcurrent in application, and under this temperature, the polymer that is wrapping filler particles of PTC resistance is such as changing its state through fusing, so the current path that filler particles is formed in the PTC resistance is disconnected.
In patent WO-A-9119297, narrated PTC resistance based on a kind of polymer-matrix and a kind of pulverulent filler that constitutes by electric conducting material in polymer-matrix, inserted.The matrix of this kind resistance is by a kind of thermoplastic polymer, especially formed with for example polyethylene.Used filler has granularity to be the carbon black of 0.1 μ m to the maximum; Granularity is the metal of 100 μ m to the maximum, as nickel, tungsten, brass or aluminium, and boride such as TiB
2, nitride such as ZrN, oxide such as TiO, perhaps carbide such as TaC.This known PTC resistance by material composition and suitably manufacture method determined, cold conduction state resistivity between 30 and 50m Ω cm between and also can the higher rated current of load.
Yet, in the power engineering circuit, resistance is played the very important ptc characteristics of metering function, not only the resistivity of resistance under cold conduction state is main, and the following characteristic of material also is important, when the electric current by resistance rises to when surpassing a certain limit value, this specific character limits rapidly electric current, unlikely resistance heating to the high temperature of not allowing.This situation especially can cause the PTC resistance ratio as form local overheating district, promptly so-called " focus " in the middle of two joints when the switching process in the PTC resistance is inhomogeneous.PTC resistance in the overheated zone than entering high-impedance state earlier in the non-thermal treatment zone.So added whole voltages on the PTC resistance just fall the maximum resistance district more among a small circle in.So consequent high electric field strength may cause the puncture and the destruction of PTC resistance.
As mentioned above, task of the present invention is, makes a kind of PTC resistance that begins described type, and this resistance can be realized restriction especially rapidly to short circuit current or the overcurrent that flows through in the circuit.
PTC resistance of the present invention is characterised in that, short circuit current or overcurrent can be quickly responded to by the utmost point, thereby can limit this electric current in early days.PTC resistance of the present invention only absorbs less energy, thereby is not subjected to the infringement of high heat load and electric loading to a great extent.Thereby generally can avoid regional area overheated.This superperformance comes from through suitable selection and accurate measurement and the filler of making.
PTC resistance is heated to its critical temperature Tc by short circuit current or overcurrent I (t), PTC occurs and change under this temperature, so electric current is limited.The time δ t that certain homogeneous material limiting short-circuit current or overcurrent are required depends on the resistivity r of PTC resistance material, proportion dmass and specific heat Cp with and cross-sectional area A and contact conductor between length l.Inequality below it satisfies:
r·(l/A)·I(t)
2·δt≥A·l·Cp·dmass·δT
δ t=Tc-T wherein, T is an ambient temperature.
This formula explanation, in response phase δ t, the energy of being changed in PTC resistance must equal at least to resistance material is heated to the necessary energy of transition temperature Tc by ambient temperature T.
Yet in PTC resistance, the energy of being imported by short circuit current or overcurrent is not converted to heat energy equably.Resistance has the alive path of being made up of conductive particle.The maximum resistance place, promptly maximum power is transformed into the point of heat energy, appears at the electrical pickoff between each filler particles.At the heat energy that contact point produced, wrapping in filler grain polymer heating on every side.If filler particles is bigger,, between each particle, form the slit that bigger polymer is filled so for example greater than 100 μ m.On the contrary, if filler particles is smaller, between each particle, just only form less slit so with the polymer filling.The energy of changing at contact point can add ratio of specific heat to the polymer that is arranged in less slit, and to be arranged in the polymer heating in big slit faster.Therefore, when less filler particles, can reach realization PTC quickly and change needed temperature T c.Yet most filler particles must not be less than 10 μ m, because otherwise resistivity will be excessive.
Thereby below by accompanying drawing sets forth in detail several preferred embodiments of the present invention and obtainable other advantage.These figure are:
Fig. 1. the characteristic curve of three kinds of PTC resistance, the size of short circuit current I (A) and the relation of time t (ms) wherein respectively are shown, this short circuit current is by the electric current capacitor box discharge generation, that flow through PTC resistance and limit in various degree through PTC resistance that charges to 200V in a circuit
Fig. 2. the characteristic curve of other five kinds of PTC resistance, wherein corresponding with characteristic curve shown in Figure 1, the size of electric current I (A) and the relation of time t (ms) are shown, and the capacitor box in the circuit is charged to 400V.
Fig. 3. other characteristic curve of five kinds of PTC resistance shown in Figure 2, energy W (J) that the PTC resistance that is flow through by electric current I (t) shown in it absorbs and the relation of time t (ms), and
Fig. 4. the characteristic curve of one of five kinds of PTC resistance shown in two kinds of other PTC resistance and Fig. 2, wherein corresponding with characteristic curve shown in Figure 2, the relation of size of current I (t) and time t (ms) is shown.
According to the conventional method of making PTC resistance, a kind of thermoplasticity PTC polymer (as polyethylene particularly) and conductive filler powder, and under high temperature and high pressure, be pressed into the rectangular parallelepiped shape and have the resistance bolck that forms smooth end face through mutual polishing or polishing by the gained mixture.Contact lead-wire in the end face welding.The length l of resistance is in cm range, and cross-sectional area A is in the square centimeter scope.The representative value of l and A is about 0.5 to about 2cm and 0.3cm
3
With the raw material of polyethylene as polymer.But also can replace polyethylene with epoxy resin or any other thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer according to applicable cases.Powdered TiB with the variable grain degree
2As filler, especially adopt average particle size between 100 and 200 μ m, between 71 and 90 μ m, between 63 and 71 μ m, between 50 and 63 μ m, between 32 and 50 μ m, between 32 and 45 μ m, between 10 and 30 μ m, between 1 and 5 μ m and adopt average particle size less than 45 μ m, wherein the particle of 10 weight less than the particle of 4 μ m, 20 percent weight less than the particle of 8 μ m, 50 percent weight less than the particle of 15 μ m and 90 percent weight less than 20 μ m.Can be as filler without TiB
2And adopt the another kind of boride that conducts electricity, such as ZrB
2, a kind of carbide of conduction, such as TiC, VC or SiC, a kind of nitride of conduction, such as ZrN, a kind of oxide of conduction is as RuO
2Or the silicide of VO or a kind of conduction, such as MoSi
2Or WSi
2, and/or a kind of metal or a kind of alloy that contains this metal are such as being the alloy of matrix with nickel, silver, tungsten, cobalt, copper, aluminium, zinc, tin or molybdenum.
In order to obtain comparable result, various PTC resistance are made by following mode, be under the situation of identical chemical composition promptly, have identical cross-sectional area A, and their mutual differences are its length l and mainly be the granularity of pulverulent filler at polymer and filler.
PTC resistance sample A to N makes with the average filler particles degree that provides in the following table and amount of filler and physical dimension.
Therefore the difference of filer content only causes insignificant minor variations to specific heat among the sample A-D, in following comparative experiments, the response characteristic of PTC resistance is not had material impact.In sample E-N, selected identical filer content for use.
| Sample | Granularity [μ m] | Packing volume part [%] | Cross-sectional area [cm 2] | Length [cm] |
| ??A ??B ??C ??D ??E ??F ??G ??H ??J ??K ??L ??M ??N | ????100-200 ????63-71 ????32-45 ????1-5 ????＜45 ????＜45 ????10-30 ????10-30 ????32-50 ????50-63 ????50-63 ????63-71 ????71-90 | ??????43 ??????35 ??????40 ??????60 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 ??????50 | ?????0,30 ?????0,30 ?????0,30 ?????0,30 ?????0,32 ?????0,32 ?????0,30 ?????0,31 ?????0,31 ?????0,31 ?????0,31 ?????0,31 ?????0,32 | ????2,1 ????1,8 ????1,95 ????2,0 ????0,47 ????0,55 ????0,52 ????0,57 ????0,55 ????1,08 ????0,58 ????0,525 ????0,46 |
At room temperature, measured cold resistance R (m Ω), the resistivity r (m Ω cm) of these resistance, and by the short circuit current experiment measuring maximum short circuit current Imax (A) that occurs in the resistance sample and under the short circuit current effect by heat energy (joule) that resistance absorbed.
In the short circuit current experiment, each resistance sample A-N that will test will be installed in the same circuit, it is the capacitive of 7.5mF that a capacitance is arranged in this circuit, this capacitive charging voltage when sample A-D is added to 200V, charging voltage is added to 400V when sample E-N, so that as the short circuit current source.Circuit inductance is 4.5 μ H, and after using ignitron short circuit, this inductance makes circuit produce the frequency of oscillation of about 800Hz.Resistance sample A-N uses varistor in parallel to be protected to prevent overvoltage.In order to prevent the outer surface sparkover, sample E, F, H, J and L-N respectively are immersed in the transformer oil and sample G and K respectively are covered with one deck silicones.
The short circuit current result of experiment gathers in the accompanying drawings and with resistivity measurements and is listed in the following table.
| Sample | Cold resistance [m Ω] | Resistivity [m Ω cm] | ?I max[A] | Energy (joule) |
| ??A ??B ??C ??D ??E ??F ??G ??H ??J ??K ??L ??M ??N | ????140 ????145 ????132 ????226 ????43 ????41 ????39 ????43 ????42 ????38 ????42 ????43 ????40 | ?????15,4 ?????18,1 ?????16,7 ?????24,7 ?????6,3 ?????6,3 ?????6,7 ?????6,7 ?????8,4 ?????5,9 ?????5,9 ?????8,1 ?????7,6 | ????1350 ????1300 ????1200 ????(800) ????3080 ????3120 ????3360 ????3360 ????3480 ????3680 ????4000 ????3960 ????4320 | ???107 ????91 ????60 ???110 ???241 ???242 ???252 ???266 ???353 ???388 ???438 ???421 ???487 |
Electric current I max is the measured maximum current of resistance sample at that time that flows through in short circuit current experiment.This electric current is big more, thereby the slow more restriction to electric current of time that the PTC transformation occurs is slow more.Represent that with joule the meaning of energy is short circuit current (t to occur
A=0) disappears (according to each resistance sample t to short circuit current
EIn=0.4-2ms) the time range, by at that time resistance sample mainly with energy that hot form was absorbed.
(absorbing energy=∫ u (t) I (t) dt)
Absorbing energy is a kind of tolerance of PTC resistance switch performance, and under comparable conditions, it is more little to absorb energy, and the switch performance of PTC resistance is good more.
Can be seen having the PTC resistance of larger particles filler (granularity of sample A is between 100 and 200 μ m) by measurement result, short circuit current is limited relatively late, and short circuit current reaches quite high numerical value (Imax=1350 (A)) simultaneously.In this case, also bigger by the energy that resistance absorbed, reach 107 (J).
Under the less PTC resistance situation of filler particles (granularity of sample B and C is between 63 and 71 μ m and 32 and 45 μ m), short circuit current partly is limited (the about 50 μ s of sample C are in other words than sample A Zao 25%) very early.In addition, short circuit current also beyond recognition product A reach so high numerical value (sample C has 1200A, only be about sample A current value 90%).Except that these, also less by the energy that resistance absorbed in restriction electric current process.At sample B, this energy is approximately littler by 15% than sample A; At sample C, approximately little by 45%.This shows such trend, i.e. reducing along with the filler particles degree, the electric current limitation capability and the switch performance of PTC resistance constantly improve, neither because the little difference of each sample resistivity neither be owing to the little difference of cold resistance, and only be because to the suitable selection of filler particles degree.
Can be clear that the difference (accompanying drawing 2-4 and tables of data) of this performance especially by the measurement result of sample E-N, different with the measurement of sample A-D, when measuring samples E-N, the charging voltage of capacitor box is 400V, and it is faster to rise when correspondingly measuring current is than measuring samples A-D.Have at the same time to H with sample E realized under the situation of good cold conductance property being exceedingly fast and effectively electric current restriction, just use PTC resistance sample G and H, the filler particles of this sample is 10-30 μ m, and PTC resistance sample E and F, the filler particles major part of this sample is less than 20 even less than 15 μ m.
Compare greater than the PTC resistance of 100 μ m with the average diameter that contains most of filler particles, contain filler particles average diameter major part less than about 100 μ m or preferably have significantly improved switching characteristic less than the PTC resistance of about 70 μ m.And absorb less energy, response time short and in resistance by the good especially switching characteristic of little current peak Imax, be that main volume when filler partly has less than 30 μ m or even realizes during less than the particle of 20 μ m.
Yet the average particle size of selected main volume part should be too not little because otherwise by the resistivity of the made PTC resistance of this material and thus its cold resistance also will increase greatly.This situation can be found out that the particle mean size of filler particles is between 1 and 5 μ m in this sample by sample D.For reach at least with sample A to C relatively near the cold resistance of (deviation ratio as for 50-60%), must be in sample D, in fact sneak in the polymer than other sample filler of 50% of Duoing with about 60% volume part.Under the 200V test voltage, with such resistance even can not change realize the electric current restriction by PTC.The restriction electric current I max that provides in the last table is only determined by the high cold resistance of 226m Ω, rather than is determined by the PTC transformation.
The further improvement of PTC electrical response characteristic of the present invention can followingly realize, as filler particles is made hollow or filler particles have less quality because based on the comparison little specific heat can be realized the polymer heating fast especially.
Claims (7)
1. a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistance, have a kind of two resistor cores between the contact lead-wire that are fixed on, this resistor core is by having a kind of polymer-matrix and a kind of composite material of sneaking into the filler of this polymer-matrix is made, used filler is made with Powdered electric conducting material, it is characterized in that, that part of particle that the packing volume major part is had, its average diameter is less than 100 μ m and greater than 5 μ m.
2. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of claim 1, it is characterized in that, that part of particle that major part had of packing volume, its average diameter is less than 70 μ m.
3. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of claim 2, it is characterized in that, that part of particle that major part had of packing volume, its average diameter is less than 30 μ m.
4. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of claim 3, it is characterized in that, that part of particle that major part had of packing volume, its average diameter is less than 20 μ m.
5. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of one of claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that, that part of particle that major part had of packing volume, its average diameter is greater than 10 μ m.
6. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of one of claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that, as filler, regulation is selected boride, carbide, nitride, oxide and/or the silicide of at least a metal and/or a kind of metal for use and/or based on the conductive particle of a kind of alloy formation of metal.
7. according to the positive temperature coefficient resistor of one of claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that filler mainly is made up of hollow bead.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE1995120869 DE19520869A1 (en) | 1995-06-08 | 1995-06-08 | PTC resistor |
| DE19520869.2 | 1995-06-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1140318A true CN1140318A (en) | 1997-01-15 |
Family
ID=7763881
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 96107653 Pending CN1140318A (en) | 1995-06-08 | 1996-06-07 | Positive temp. coefficient resistance |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0747910A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH097802A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1140318A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19520869A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101935418B (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2013-05-29 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Positive temperature coefficient material and preparation method thereof, and material-containing thermosensitive resistor and preparation method thereof |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5929744A (en) * | 1997-02-18 | 1999-07-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with at least one flexible electrode |
| US6535103B1 (en) | 1997-03-04 | 2003-03-18 | General Electric Company | Current limiting arrangement and method |
| US5977861A (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 1999-11-02 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with grooved electrode structure |
| US6191681B1 (en) | 1997-07-21 | 2001-02-20 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite |
| US6373372B1 (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2002-04-16 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device |
| DE19800470A1 (en) * | 1998-01-09 | 1999-07-15 | Abb Research Ltd | Resistor element for current limiting purposes especially during short-circuits |
| US6128168A (en) | 1998-01-14 | 2000-10-03 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function |
| US6290879B1 (en) | 1998-05-20 | 2001-09-18 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device |
| US6124780A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2000-09-26 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device and materials for a current limiting device |
| US6133820A (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-10-17 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device having a web structure |
| US6144540A (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2000-11-07 | General Electric Company | Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection |
| US6157286A (en) | 1999-04-05 | 2000-12-05 | General Electric Company | High voltage current limiting device |
| US6323751B1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2001-11-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiter device with an electrically conductive composite material and method of manufacturing |
| WO2018080441A1 (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2018-05-03 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Temperature sensors |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1604735A (en) * | 1978-04-14 | 1981-12-16 | Raychem Corp | Ptc compositions and devices comprising them |
| US4616125A (en) * | 1984-02-03 | 1986-10-07 | Eltac Nogler & Daum Kg | Heating element |
| JPH0777161B2 (en) * | 1986-10-24 | 1995-08-16 | 日本メクトロン株式会社 | PTC composition, method for producing the same and PTC element |
| DE68925791T2 (en) * | 1988-12-14 | 1996-10-17 | Idemitsu Kosan Co | Polyether copolymers, processes for their preparation, compositions containing them, articles molded therefrom and their use |
| SE468026B (en) * | 1990-06-05 | 1992-10-19 | Asea Brown Boveri | SET TO MAKE AN ELECTRIC DEVICE |
| DE4221309A1 (en) * | 1992-06-29 | 1994-01-05 | Abb Research Ltd | Current limiting element |
| DE4232969A1 (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1994-04-07 | Abb Research Ltd | Electrical resistance element |
-
1995
- 1995-06-08 DE DE1995120869 patent/DE19520869A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-05-22 EP EP96810322A patent/EP0747910A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-05-28 JP JP8133793A patent/JPH097802A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-07 CN CN 96107653 patent/CN1140318A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101935418B (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2013-05-29 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Positive temperature coefficient material and preparation method thereof, and material-containing thermosensitive resistor and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0747910A2 (en) | 1996-12-11 |
| DE19520869A1 (en) | 1996-12-12 |
| JPH097802A (en) | 1997-01-10 |
| EP0747910A3 (en) | 1997-09-10 |
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| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C01 | Deemed withdrawal of patent application (patent law 1993) | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |