CN114014444A - Construction method of high-ecological-elasticity small-micro wetland ecosystem - Google Patents
Construction method of high-ecological-elasticity small-micro wetland ecosystem Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/322—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
Abstract
The invention discloses a construction method of a high-ecological-elasticity small micro-wetland ecosystem, which comprises the following steps: s1, performing terrain modeling on the bottom of the small micro wetland according to the terrain to form a deep water area, a shallow water area and an aquatic plant area with gradually decreasing depths; dredging the small micro wetland, and accumulating the removed bottom mud to form one or more in-situ purification islands; s2, according to the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland, treating the bank slope of the small micro-wetland in three different modes; s3, planting local shrubs and/or herbaceous plants in the area, exposed out of the water surface, of the in-situ purification island, and planting emergent aquatic plants, floating plants, submerged plants and algae in the aquatic plant area; benthonic animals, small omnivorous fishes and small carnivorous fishes are put into the water body, and after a certain time, an aqueous ecological system is formed. The method can construct a small micro-wetland structure with high ecological elasticity, and improves the anti-interference capacity and self-recovery capacity of a small micro-wetland ecosystem.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to a construction method of a high-ecological-elasticity small micro-wetland ecosystem.
Background
The small micro-wetland refers to lakes, marshes, seas, ponds and the like with the area less than 8 hectares, rivers, streams, ditches, canals, water delivery rivers and the like with the width less than 10 meters and the length less than 5 kilometers, and also refers to an artificial wetland which is artificially constructed and controlled to operate based on specific ecological function requirements and has the area meeting the standard. The small micro-wetland plays important roles of regulating and storing flood, regulating climate, purifying water quality, maintaining biological diversity, improving regional ecological environment, leisure and entertainment and the like. However, the small micro-wetland has a small area and weak external interference resistance, and is easily interfered by human activities. A large number of small micro wetlands disappear in development activities such as urban construction, agricultural development and the like, and the water quality of the small micro wetlands is gradually deteriorated due to the emission of various pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals and the like. The ecological status of the small micro-wetland is not optimistic. The development of the protection and the repair of the small micro-wetland is work which needs to be developed urgently at present.
In recent years, the important role of the small micro-wetland is gradually recognized, some related protection and recovery work is also gradually carried out, and a series of technical standards are accumulated in the aspect of small micro-wetland restoration construction. Some existing patent applications, such as CN112875870A, CN209940750U, and CN113149223A, provide methods for constructing small micro wetlands, but the constructed small micro wetlands are susceptible to interference from natural and human activities, which results in structural and functional damage to the small micro wetlands, and generally mainly include: (1) the biological diversity is damaged due to the change or disappearance of the animal and plant habitat caused by the great seasonal change of the water level; (2) the water quality is greatly reduced due to the input of external pollutants, and the water environment quality of the small micro-wetland is low; (3) the water and soil loss of the side slope and the planting difficulty of the vegetation of the bank slope. Therefore, great manpower and material resources are required to be continuously input to maintain the stability of the structure and the function of the small micro-wetland. The construction of the small micro-wetland with high ecological elasticity promotes the stable performance of the functions of the small micro-wetland and reduces the management and protection cost of the small micro-wetland, which is a technical problem at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for constructing a small micro-wetland ecosystem with high ecological elasticity, which constructs a small micro-wetland structure with high ecological system elasticity by means of terrain modeling, habitat construction, bank slope improvement, vegetation restoration, construction of a food chain, a healthy water ecosystem and the like, improves the anti-interference capacity and self-restoration capacity of the small micro-wetland ecosystem and reduces the later-stage management and protection investment.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for constructing a high-ecological-elasticity small-micro wetland ecosystem, which comprises the following steps:
s1, performing terrain modeling on the bottom of the small micro wetland according to the terrain to form a deep water area, a shallow water area and an aquatic plant area with gradually decreasing depths; dredging the small micro-wetland, and accumulating the removed sediment in the small micro-wetland to form one or more in-situ purification islands;
s2, according to the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland, the bank slope of the small micro-wetland is regulated in three different modes:
(1) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is less than 1:8, directly planting plants on the bank slope of the small micro-wetland;
(2) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is 1: 8-1: 5, paving a T-shaped brick between the highest water level line and the lowest water level line of the bank slope of the small micro-wetland, filling porous ceramsite in the T-shaped brick, and planting plants;
(3) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is more than 1:5, densely driving wood piles on the bank slope of the small micro-wetland, and simultaneously planting plants in the bank slope regions above and below the wood piles;
s3, planting local shrubs and/or local herbaceous plants in the area, exposed out of the water surface, of the in-situ purification island, and planting emergent aquatic plants, floating plants, submerged plants and algae in the aquatic plant area; after the wetland plant habitat is formed, benthonic animals, small omnivorous fishes and small carnivorous fishes are put into the water body, and a stable water ecological system is formed after a certain time.
Further, in step S1, at the normal water level, the water depth of the aquatic plant area is less than or equal to 0.5 m, the water depth of the shallow water area is between 0.5 m and 1.5 m, the water depth of the deep water area is greater than 1.5 m, and the deep water area ensures the perennial water existence state.
Further, in step S1, the area of the deepwater zone is not less than 1/5 of the total area of the water body, and the area of a single in-situ purification island is 10-20 square meters.
Further, in step S1, after the terrain is shaped at the bottom of the shallow water area, a matrix material is adopted to lay and form a matrix bed with pores and a thickness of 10-20 cm to adsorb and purify pollutants, and provide a risk avoiding and spawning site for aquatic organisms; the matrix material comprises fine sand, gravel and graded pebbles.
Further, in step S1, a gravel layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm and a cinder layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm are sequentially stacked above the in-situ purification island, and then permeable cloth is laid, wherein planting soil covers the upper layer of the permeable cloth; wherein the particle size of the gravel is 2-4 mm, and the particle size of the coal cinder is 0.8-1.2 mm.
Further, in step S2, when the slope ratio of the small micro wetland is larger than 1:5, closely driving the wood piles to the subbase layer, wherein the upper end parts of the wood piles are higher than the ground surface; and binding the wood piles into groups by using ropes, carrying out secondary reinforcement on the wood piles in a horizontal anchoring mode, and backfilling planting soil in a gap between each wood pile and the slope.
Further, in step S2, when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is less than 1:8, planting floating-leaf plants in an area 0.5-1.5 meters below the normal water line of the bank slope, and matching with submerged plants; planting emergent aquatic plants in an area 0-0.5 m below the normal water level of the bank slope; planting shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems at positions above the normal water level of the bank slope;
when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is 1: 8-1: 5, shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope above the normal water level, and emergent aquatic plants are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope below the normal water level;
when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is more than 1:5, planting emergent aquatic plants in a bank slope area below the timber pile; and planting shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems in the region of the bank slope above the wooden piles.
Further, in step S2, the emergent aquatic plants include loosestrife, zizania aquatica, reed, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum, and lotus; the shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems comprise amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis fulva, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass.
Further, in step S3, the emergent aquatic plants include loosestrife, zizania aquatica, reed, calamus, iris, shallot, and lotus, the floating plants include nymphaea, and water shield, the submerged plants include hornwort, eel, black alga, and curly pondweed, and the algae include chlorella, diatom, and cladophora.
Further, in step S3, the benthonic animals include, but are not limited to, viviparidae, otoiparidae, anodonta woodiana, and shrimps; the small omnivorous fishes include but are not limited to rhodeus, piquant and pseudorasbora parva; the small carnivorous fish comprises, but is not limited to, pelteobagrus fulvidraco, erythroculter rubripes and odontobutis potamophila.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, a small micro-wetland structure with high ecological elasticity is constructed by means of terrain modeling, habitat construction, bank slope regulation, vegetation restoration, food chain and healthy water ecosystem construction and the like, so that the anti-interference capability and self-restoration capability of the small micro-wetland ecosystem are improved, and the later-stage management and protection investment is reduced.
2. The invention creates 4 habitats of an aquatic plant area, a shallow water area, a deep water area and an in-situ purification island for the small micro-wetland, the diversified habitats provide living spaces for various animals and plants, and the biodiversity is superior to that of the small micro-wetland with a single habitat type. When the water level of the small micro-wetland is changed, the four habitats can be mutually transformed, the habitat requirements of different animals and plants are met, and the problems that the animal and plant habitats are changed or disappear, the biodiversity is damaged and the like caused by the seasonal great change of the water level can be effectively solved. In addition, the interception effect of a matrix bed and an in-situ purification island in a shallow water area with the thickness of 10-20 cm on pollutants is obvious, manual intervention is not needed, maintenance is not needed, the interception rates of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus can reach more than 40% and 30% respectively, and the self-purification capacity of the water body can be obviously improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the high ecological elasticity micro wetland ecosystem in the embodiment;
fig. 2 is a food chain in the high ecological elasticity micro-wetland ecosystem in the example;
wherein: 1. a deepwater zone; 2. a shallow water region; 3. an aquatic plant area; 4. purifying the island in situ; 5. a fir stake.
Detailed Description
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
As described in the background art, the small micro-wetlands constructed in the prior art are easily interfered by the nature and the human activities, and the structure and the function of the small micro-wetlands are damaged, and generally include: (1) the biological diversity is damaged due to the change or disappearance of the animal and plant habitat caused by the great seasonal change of the water level; (2) the water quality is greatly reduced due to the input of external pollutants, and the water environment quality of the small micro-wetland is low; (3) the water and soil loss of the side slope and the planting difficulty of the vegetation of the bank slope. Therefore, great manpower and material resources are required to be continuously input to maintain the stability of the structure and the function of the small micro-wetland. Therefore, the construction of the small micro-wetland with high ecological elasticity, the promotion of the stable performance of the functions of the small micro-wetland and the reduction of the management and protection cost of the small micro-wetland is the current technical problem.
In order to solve the technical problem, the inventor provides a construction method of a high-ecological-elasticity small-wetland ecosystem through long-term research. Through means such as topography is moulded, habitat construction, bank slope renovation, vegetation restoration, food chain and healthy water ecosystem construction, construct little wetland structure that has high ecological elasticity, promote little wetland ecosystem's interference killing feature and self-resuming ability to reduce later stage management and protection and drop into.
The construction method comprises three steps of terrain shaping and habitat construction, bank slope regulation and vegetation restoration, and food chain and healthy water ecosystem construction. The steps are specifically described below.
1. Terrain modeling and habitat construction
Aiming at the phenomenon that the water quality and the biodiversity of the small micro-wetland are easily damaged, the terrain of the small micro-wetland is modeled to construct the rugged and staggered wetland base terrain, and a diversified wetland habitat is created. Wetlands with irregular shapes and edges are closer to natural shapes, have larger surface areas to absorb nutrients in surface runoff, and contain more diverse morphological spaces to provide habitation and shelter for wetland organisms.
The invention combines the requirements of water quality purification and habitat diversity and sets 4 wetland habitat types comprising an aquatic plant area, a shallow water area, a deep water area and an in-situ purification island. Wherein, at the normal water level, the water depth of the aquatic plant area is less than or equal to 0.5 m, the water depth of the shallow water area is 0.5-1.5 m, and the water depth of the deep water area is more than 1.5 m; the size of a single in-situ purification island is 10-20 square meters, and most of the area is above the water line.
In the invention, the aquatic plant area is planted with aquatic plants such as emergent aquatic plants, floating plants, submerged plants, algae and the like, wherein the emergent aquatic plants include but are not limited to loosestrife, wild rice shoots, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum and lotus; buoyant plants include, but are not limited to, water lily, nymphala, and water shield; submerged plants including but not limited to hornwort, eel grass, black alga, curly pondweed; algae include, but are not limited to, chlorella, diatom, cladophora.
According to the invention, after the terrain is shaped at the bottom of the shallow water area, a matrix bed with pores and the thickness of 10-20 cm is paved and constructed by adopting a matrix material to adsorb and purify pollutants, and meanwhile, the pores between the matrixes provide danger avoiding and oviposition places for aquatic animals. The matrix material includes, but is not limited to, fine sand, gravel, graded pebbles.
In the invention, the deep water region keeps a water state all the year round, provides a necessary living place for aquatic animals and plants in a dry water period, and provides germplasm resources for self-recovery in other periods. The deepwater zone area is preferably no less than 1/5 of the total area of the body of water, which is referred to herein as the surface area of water during periods of calm water.
In the invention, when the terrain of the small micro-wetland is modeled, ecological dredging is carried out according to local conditions, and one or more in-situ purification islands are constructed at proper positions by the removed sediment. Preferably, a gravel layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm and a cinder layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm are sequentially stacked above the bottom mud of the in-situ purification island, then permeable cloth is paved, and planting soil covers the upper layer of the permeable cloth. The particle size of the gravel is preferably 2-4 mm, and the particle size of the coal cinder is preferably 0.8-1.2 mm.
In the invention, the highest position of the in-situ purification island is higher than the highest water level line of the small micro-wetland, and local shrubs and/or local herbaceous plants are planted in the part higher than the water level line. Through constructing the in-situ purification island, the sludge is consumed, the diversified habitat is shaped, the biological diversity is improved, and the function of continuously purifying the water body is exerted.
2. Bank slope renovation and vegetation recovery
Aiming at the phenomena that the small micro-wetland bank slope is easy to corrode, lose water and soil and the like, the invention adopts three different bank slope regulation and vegetation recovery modes according to the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland.
When the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is less than 1:8, the slope is protected by planting natural vegetation. Specifically, in the area 0.5-1.5 m below the water level line of bank slope, the water lily, the nymphoides, the water shield and other floating-leaf plants are planted, and the submerged plants such as goldfish algae, bitter grass, black algae, curly pondweed and the like are matched; planting emergent aquatic plants such as loosestrife, wild rice shoots, reeds, calamus, iris, allium mongolicum regel, lotus and the like in an area 0-0.5 m below the normal water level of the bank slope; and planting shrubs and herbaceous plants with developed root systems, such as amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis fulva, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass, in the region above the normal water line of the bank slope.
When the slope ratio of the small micro wetland is 1: 8-1: 5, T-shaped bricks are tightly paved between the highest water level line and the lowest water level line of the bank slope, and the T-shaped bricks can be fixed on the bank slope through brick fixing forks. The T-shaped brick is of a hollow structure, porous ceramsite is filled in the T-shaped brick, and plants are planted in the T-shaped brick. Specifically, shrubs and herbaceous plants with developed root systems, such as amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis fulva, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass, are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope above the normal water level, and emergent aquatic plants, such as celandine, wild rice stem, reed, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum and lotus are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope in a shallow water area below the normal water level.
When the slope ratio of the small micro wetland is more than 1:5, the slope protection is carried out by adopting the wooden piles. The timber pile is preferably a fir timber pile, the length of the timber pile is determined according to the actual situation, and the diameter of the timber pile is preferably 10-15 cm. And closely driving the Chinese fir wood piles to the subbase, wherein the upper parts of the Chinese fir wood piles are preferably about 20 cm higher than the ground surface, and the lower parts of the Chinese fir wood piles penetrate into the subbase. Preferably, the fir-wood piles are bound into groups through nylon ropes, and secondary reinforcement is carried out on the fir-wood piles in a horizontal anchoring mode. The gap between the fir-tree pile and the slope is preferably backfilled with planting soil. Emergent aquatic plants such as loosestrife, water bamboo, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum and lotus are planted in the region of the bank slope below the fir stump, and shrubs and herbaceous plants with developed root systems such as amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass are planted in the region of the bank slope above the fir stump.
3. Food chain and healthy water ecosystem construction
According to the energy tower principle and the material flow principle of a food chain food net, a certain aquatic vegetation community is configured for the small micro-wetland, after the aquatic plants form a stable wetland plant habitat after being planted for one year, small benthonic animals, fishes and shrimps and the like are introduced to serve as a starting factor of a healthy water ecological system, the healthy water ecological system is formed through species configuration of producers, construction and natural recovery of a saprophagous food chain and a grazing food chain, the interaction between the animals and the plants is fully utilized, the recovery of biological diversity is promoted, the stability of the ecological system is maintained, and algae outbreak is inhibited.
Wherein the producer species configuration comprises: emergent aquatic plants such as Lythrum salicaria, Zizania latifolia, rhizoma Acori Calami, Iris tectorum, Scirpus validus, and flos Nelumbinis, hydrophytes such as Nymphaea, nympholum japonicum, and water shield, submerged plants such as hornwort, herba Swertiae Dilutae, black algae, and curly pondweed, and algae such as chlorella, diatom, and cladophora.
The construction of the preserved food chain: and (3) putting benthonic zooms into the water body, and forming a saprophagic food chain by utilizing the benthonic animals to eat animal and plant residues, organic debris, suspended particles and the like in the water body and naturally recovering for a period of time. Wherein the benthonic animals include but are not limited to river snail, otoplocin, anaphalis unionioides, and Acronychia sinensis, and the amount of the benthonic animals can be 1g/m2The density of (a) is put.
Constructing a grazing food chain: the method comprises the steps of putting small omnivorous fishes and small carnivorous fishes into a water body, feeding phytoplankton, zooplankton, organic particles and the like in the water body by the small omnivorous fishes, and regulating and controlling the density of animal populations such as fish, shrimp, insects, snails and the like in the water body by the small carnivorous fishes. After a period of natural recovery, a grazing food chain is formed. Wherein the small omnivorous fishes include but are not limited to rhodeus, plecoglossus altivelis and pseudorasbora parva, and the small carnivorous fishes include but are not limited to pelteobagrus fulvidraco, erythroculter rubripes and odontobutis potamophila. The fish can be at a ratio of 1g/m2The density of (a) is put.
The small micro-wetland structure with high ecological elasticity is obtained through the three steps, the anti-interference capacity and the self-recovery capacity of a small micro-wetland ecosystem are improved, and the later-stage management and protection investment is reduced.
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with the following figures and specific examples so that those skilled in the art may better understand the present invention and practice it, but the examples are not intended to limit the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in the attached figure 1, in the small micro-wetland of the embodiment, the slope ratio of the bank slope on the right side is less than 1:8, so that natural vegetation slope protection is adopted, and shrubs and herbaceous plants with developed root systems, such as amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, day lily, canna, bermuda grass, ryegrass and the like, are planted at the positions above the normal water line; planting emergent aquatic plants such as loosestrife, wild rice shoots, reed, calamus, iris, allium mongolicum regel, lotus and the like in an area 0-0.5 m below the normal water level; and (3) planting submerged plants such as goldfish algae, eel grass, black algae, curly pondweed and the like in an area 0.5-1.5 meters below the normal water line. The slope ratio of the left bank slope of the small micro wetland is larger than 1:5, so that 5 fir piles are adopted for slope protection, the fir piles are densely hammered to the underlayer, the upper parts of the fir piles are about 20 cm higher than the ground surface, the lower parts of the fir piles penetrate into the underlayer, nylon ropes are adopted for binding, the fir piles are secondarily reinforced in a grouped horizontal anchoring mode, and planting soil is backfilled in gaps between the fir piles and the slope surface. Shrubs and herbaceous plants with developed root systems, such as amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis fulva, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass, are planted in the bank slope region above the cedar stump. Emergent aquatic plants such as loosestrife, wild rice stem, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum and lotus are planted in the region of the bank slope below the fir stump. Through the two modes of bank slope remediation and vegetation restoration, on one hand, the bank slope soil of the small micro wetland is stabilized, the damage of the small micro wetland structure caused by water flow erosion is reduced, on the other hand, chemical pollutants can be intercepted and adsorbed, and the small micro wetland water body is purified.
In addition, in the embodiment, 4 kinds of habitats, namely an aquatic plant area 3, a shallow water area 2, a deep water area 1 and an in-situ purification island 4, are created by shaping the bottom topography of the small micro wetland. At normal water level, the water depth of the aquatic plant area is less than or equal to 0.5 m, the water depth of the shallow water area is 0.5-1.5 m, and the water depth of the deep water area is more than 1.5 m. The aquatic plant region is planted with emergent aquatic plants such as herba Lysimachiae Christinae, caulis Zizaniae Caduciflorae, rhizoma Acori Calami, rhizoma Iridis, herba Alii Fistulosi, and flos Nelumbinis, water-floating plants such as water lily, nympholidium, and water shield, submerged plants such as hornwort, herba Sonchi Oleracei, black algae, and water curly pondweed, and algae such as Chlorella, diatom, and Cladophora incarnata. And the bottom of the shallow water area is paved with substrate materials such as fine sand, gravel and graded pebbles to construct a substrate bed with pores and the thickness of 10-20 cm. The deepwater zone is kept in a water state throughout the year, and the area of the deepwater zone is preferably not less than 1/5 of the total area of the water body. And sequentially stacking a gravel layer with the thickness of 20 cm and a cinder layer with the thickness of 20 cm above the bottom mud of the in-situ purification island, paving a permeable cloth, covering the upper layer of the permeable cloth with planting soil, and planting local shrubs and herbaceous plants.
The diversified habitats provide living spaces for various animals and plants, and the biodiversity is superior to that of a single small micro-wetland with a habitat type. When the water level of the small micro-wetland is changed, the four habitats can be mutually transformed, the habitat requirements of different animals and plants are met, and the change or disappearance of the animal and plant habitats and the damage of biodiversity caused by the seasonal great change of the water level can be effectively coped with. In addition, the interception effect of a matrix bed and an in-situ purification island in a shallow water area with the thickness of 10-20 cm on pollutants is obvious, manual intervention is not needed, maintenance is not needed, the interception rates of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus can reach more than 40% and 30% respectively, and the self-purification capacity of the water body can be obviously improved.
As shown in fig. 2, in the process of constructing the food chain and the healthy water ecosystem, the food chain for saprophage and the food chain for grazing are constructed by matching the aquatic plants, the benthonic animals, the small omnivorous fishes and the small carnivorous fishes, and the stability of the ecosystem is maintained by utilizing the interaction between the animals and the plants to form the healthy water ecosystem. In the food chain structure, zooplankton and small omnivorous fishes feed on phytoplankton to inhibit algae outbreak; feeding small omnivorous fishes with aquatic higher plant debris, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, etc.; the small carnivorous fish eats small omnivorous fish, benthonic animals and the like, and can control the propagation of the small omnivorous fish, so that the density of phytoplankton and animals in the water body is indirectly regulated and controlled; benthonic fauna and the like ingest animal and plant residues, organic debris, suspended particles and the like in the water body, and the dead animals and plants are recycled to prevent secondary pollution.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalent substitution or change made by the technical personnel in the technical field on the basis of the invention is all within the protection scope of the invention. The protection scope of the invention is subject to the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A construction method of a high ecological elasticity small micro wetland ecosystem is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, performing terrain modeling on the bottom of the small micro wetland according to the terrain to form a deep water area, a shallow water area and an aquatic plant area with gradually decreasing depths; dredging the small micro-wetland, and accumulating the removed sediment in the small micro-wetland to form one or more in-situ purification islands;
s2, according to the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland, the bank slope of the small micro-wetland is regulated in three different modes:
(1) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is less than 1:8, directly planting plants on the bank slope of the small micro-wetland;
(2) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is 1: 8-1: 5, paving a T-shaped brick between the highest water level line and the lowest water level line of the bank slope of the small micro-wetland, filling porous ceramsite in the T-shaped brick, and planting plants;
(3) when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is more than 1:5, densely driving wood piles on the bank slope of the small micro-wetland, and simultaneously planting plants in the bank slope regions above and below the wood piles;
s3, planting local shrubs and/or local herbaceous plants in the area, exposed out of the water surface, of the in-situ purification island, and planting emergent aquatic plants, floating plants, submerged plants and algae in the aquatic plant area; after the wetland plant habitat is formed, benthonic animals, small omnivorous fishes and small carnivorous fishes are put into the water body, and after a certain time, an aqueous ecological system is formed.
2. The method for constructing a high ecological elasticity small micro-wetland ecosystem as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S1, at a normal water level, the water depth of the aquatic plant area is less than or equal to 0.5 m, the water depth of the shallow water area is between 0.5 and 1.5 m, the water depth of the deep water area is greater than 1.5 m, and the deep water area ensures a perennial water state.
3. The method for constructing a high ecological elasticity micro wetland ecosystem as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S1, the area of the deep water zone is not less than 1/5 of the total area of the water body, and the area of a single in-situ purification island is 10-20 square meters.
4. The method for constructing the ecological system of the high ecological elasticity small micro wetland according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, after the terrain shaping is completed at the bottom of the shallow water area, a matrix material is adopted to lay and form a matrix bed with pores and the thickness of 10-20 cm; the matrix material comprises fine sand, gravel and graded pebbles.
5. The method for constructing the ecological system of the high ecological elasticity small micro wetland according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, a gravel layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm and a cinder layer with the thickness of 15-20 cm are sequentially stacked above the in-situ purification island, and then a permeable cloth is laid, wherein planting soil covers the upper layer of the permeable cloth; wherein the particle size of the gravel is 2-4 mm, and the particle size of the coal cinder is 0.8-1.2 mm.
6. The method for constructing the ecosystem of a high ecological elasticity small micro-wetland according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is greater than 1:5, the wood piles are densely driven to the sub-base layer, and the upper end parts of the wood piles are higher than the ground surface; and binding the wood piles into groups by using ropes, and backfilling planting soil in gaps between the wood piles and the slope.
7. The method for constructing a high ecological elasticity small wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, when the slope ratio of the small wetland is less than 1:8, floating plants are planted in the area 0.5-1.5 meters below the normal water line of the bank slope, and submerged plants are matched with the floating plants; planting emergent aquatic plants in an area 0-0.5 m below the normal water level of the bank slope; planting shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems at positions above the normal water level of the bank slope;
when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is 1: 8-1: 5, shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope above the normal water level, and emergent aquatic plants are planted in the T-shaped bricks of the bank slope below the normal water level;
when the slope ratio of the small micro-wetland is more than 1:5, planting emergent aquatic plants in a bank slope area below the timber pile; and planting shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems in the region of the bank slope above the wooden piles.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the emergent aquatic plants include Lythra, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites communis, Acorus calamus, Iris tectorum, Scirpus validus, Nelumbo nucifera, and Nelumbo nucifera in step S2; the shrub plants and herbaceous plants with developed root systems comprise amorpha fruticosa, winter jasmine, salix integra, cotton rose hibiscus, silvergrass, miscanthus sinensis, hemerocallis fulva, canna indica, bermuda grass and ryegrass.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S3, the emergent aquatic plants include lythra, zizania aquatica, phragmites communis, calamus, iris, allium fistulosum and lotus, the floating plants include nymphaea, nymphaea flavicans and water shield, the submerged plants include hornworts, sowthistle herbs, hydrilla verticillata and water caltrops, and the algae include chlorella vulgaris, diatom and cladophora.
10. The method for constructing a high ecological elasticity micro wetland ecosystem of claim 1, wherein in step S3, the benthonic animals comprise viviparidae, otoiparidae, anantia unioniensis and algae shrimp; the small omnivorous fishes comprise bitterling, piquant and pseudorasbora parva; the small carnivorous fish comprises pelteobagrus fulvidraco, erythroculter rubripes and odontobutis potamophila.
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