CN113984096A - Multi-channel interferometer based on few-mode optical fiber - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
- G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
- G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
- G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
- G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
Abstract
The invention provides a multi-channel interferometer based on few-mode optical fibers. The photonic lantern consists of an incident optical fiber, a coupler A, an optical switch array, a photonic lantern A, a few-mode optical fiber, a photonic lantern B, a coupler B and an emergent optical fiber. One end of the incident optical fiber is connected with the light source, the other end of the incident optical fiber is connected with the coupler A, light output by the coupler A is transmitted to the photon lantern A after passing through the optical switch array, the photon lantern excites different modes of the few-mode optical fiber and is transmitted to the photon lantern B through the few-mode optical fiber, light output by the photon lantern B interferes at the coupler B, and finally is transmitted to the spectrometer through the emergent optical fiber. The invention can be used for the interference of any two or more modes in the few-mode optical fiber and has the characteristics of compact structure, simple preparation, small loss, high flexibility and the like. The optical fiber sensor can be widely applied to the field of optical fiber sensing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a multi-channel interferometer based on few-mode optical fibers, and belongs to the technical field of optical fiber sensing.
Background
Optical fibers were first used in the optical field to transmit light and images. Since the last 70 s low loss fiber production, fiber has rapidly developed in the field of communications. When light is transmitted in an optical fiber, characteristic parameters (wavelength, amplitude, phase, polarization state, etc.) of the light wave are changed under the action of external factors (such as pressure, temperature, strain, torsion, etc.), so that the optical fiber can be used not only as a transmission medium, but also as a sensing element to realize the detection of various physical quantities, which is the basic principle of the optical fiber sensor.
Optical fiber sensors are mainly classified into intensity modulation type, phase modulation type, polarization state modulation type, and wavelength modulation type optical fiber sensors according to the mechanism of modulating light in an optical fiber. In the phase modulation type sensor, the phase of transmission light is modulated, and the measurement of a parameter to be measured is performed by detecting a change in the phase of an optical signal.
Compared with the traditional optical interferometer built by using discrete elements, the optical fiber interferometer is easier to realize collimation, the closed optical path reduces external interference, and meanwhile, the sensitivity of the interferometer can be improved by controlling the length of the optical fiber. The single-mode fiber interferometer based on the double-arm interference principle has wide application range, has high sensitivity, has serious optical phase drift, and is easily interfered by environmental factors. Compared with a single-mode optical fiber double-arm sensor, the sensor based on the intermode interference has the unique advantages of simple structure, strong noise resistance, high sensitivity and the like. Therefore, interferometers based on intermodal interference have attracted considerable attention in recent years.
In the patent application No. 2017104887380, a strain sensor based on intermode interference is proposed, which connects a single mode fiber at each end of a few-mode fiber and prepares thick tapers at two fusion splices, the two thick tapers having different sizes. The two thick cones with different sizes play a coupling role, and the few-mode optical fiber between the thick cones plays a role of a sensing arm. Light enters from an incident single-mode fiber, when the light passes through a first coarse cone structure, a part of the light enters a fiber core of the few-mode fiber to be transmitted in a fundamental mode, and a part of the light enters a cladding of the few-mode fiber to excite high-order mode transmission in the cladding; and when passing through the second coarse cone structure, the fundamental mode transmitted in the fiber core of the few-mode fiber and the high-order mode transmitted in the cladding are recoupled to the fiber core of the emergent single-mode fiber. Because the refractive indexes of the fundamental mode and the high-order mode are different, corresponding optical path difference is generated when light passes through the few-mode optical fiber with a certain length, interference is generated, and the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is formed. However, the interferometer manufactured by the method has the problems that the excitation mode is difficult to control, the power of each mode is unequal, the loss is large and the like.
To solve the above problem, patent application No. 2020106893015 proposes an intermodal interferometer of peanut structure. In the invention, the structure of two welding points is a peanut structure, and the output end of the single-mode optical fiber is melted into an ellipsoid shape mainly by adopting an arc discharge welding mode, and is welded with the ellipsoid shape melted at the input end of the few-mode optical fiber to form the peanut structure. In the first peanut structure, the number of excited cladding modes in the few-mode optical fiber is different due to different welding areas of the first welding points, and the light intensity distributed to the fiber core and the cladding in the first few-mode optical fiber in the welding process can be relatively average by controlling the welding areas of the welding points; the second structure causes interference in the core of the few-mode fiber and the light in the cladding to couple into the core of the single-mode fiber. The method improves the power distribution among the modes, but still has the problems that the excitation mode is difficult to control and the loss is large.
With the progress of research, both theory and experiment prove that the shape of the interference field is simpler as the number of modes transmitted in the optical fiber is smaller, which is beneficial to the simplification and the practicability of the sensor. Therefore, the invention provides a multi-channel interferometer based on a few-mode optical fiber, which can realize the interference of any two or more modes in the fiber core of the few-mode optical fiber.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a multi-channel interferometer based on few-mode optical fibers, which has the advantages of simple and compact structure, easiness in operation, high flexibility and low loss.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows:
as shown in fig. 1, the interferometer is composed of an incident optical fiber 1, a coupler a2, an optical switch array 3, a photon lantern a4, a few-mode optical fiber 5, a photon lantern B6, a coupler B7, and an emergent optical fiber 8; one end of an incident optical fiber 1 is connected with a light source, the other end of the incident optical fiber is connected with a coupler A2, light output by the coupler A2 is transmitted to a photon lantern A4 after passing through an optical switch array 3, the photon lantern A4 excites different modes of few-mode optical fibers and then is transmitted to a photon lantern B6 through the few-mode optical fibers 5, light output by the photon lantern B6 interferes at a coupler B7, and finally is transmitted to a spectrometer through an emergent optical fiber.
The interferometer works substantially as follows:
after light emitted by the light source is transmitted to the coupler A through the incident optical fiber, the incident light is distributed to the multi-path output end of the coupler A according to the coupling ratio and is continuously transmitted. The light switch array can control the on-off condition of each path of light. After light is transmitted to the photon lantern, each tail fiber at the multi-channel tail fiber end of the photon lantern correspondingly excites one mode of the few-mode optical fiber, and the excited mode is transmitted continuously along the few-mode optical fiber. When the optical fiber is transmitted to the photon lantern B, different transmission modes correspond to one tail fiber at the end of the multi-channel tail fibers of the photon lantern B due to the reversibility of the optical path, and therefore, the modes are converted into the basic mode of the tail fiber through the photon lantern B with low loss to be continuously transmitted. When transmission light passes through the coupler B, the multi-path tail fibers of the photon lantern B can be coupled to the single-path output end of the coupler B almost without loss, and interference is generated at the coupler B due to different effective refractive indexes of modes in the few-mode optical fibers, so that the multi-channel interferometer is formed. Each mode in the few-mode optical fiber can be regarded as a channel of the interferometer, and the transmission mode in the few-mode optical fiber is controlled by controlling the on-off condition of each switch in the optical switch array, so that the interference of any two modes or a plurality of modes in the few-mode optical fiber can be realized.
In the mode interference type optical fiber sensor, the final transmission spectrum is the result of superposition of multiple mode interferences, and the interference intensity can be expressed as:
in the above formula, I and j represent the ith and jth modes of transmission in the optical fiber, respectively, Ii、Ij、niAnd njRespectively representing the light intensity of the ith order mode, the light intensity of the jth order mode, the effective refractive index of the ith order mode and the effective refractive index of the jth order mode; l denotes transmission lengths of the ith and jth modes, and λ is a wavelength. When only two modes interfere, the above equation can be simplified as:
in the formula (2) I1And I2The intensities of the two modes are represented separately,
is the phase difference of the two modes. Can be solved from the formula (1)
Wherein n is1And n2Respectively representing the effective refractive indices of the two modes, Δ neffThe difference in effective indices of the two modes is indicated. When in use
Then, the formula (3) can obtain a maximum interference peak, and the wavelength corresponding to the interference peak is assumed to be λm:
The width of the wavelength between two maxima interference peaks, defined as the free spectral range FSR, then has:
in the sensing process, the change of the external parameters can cause the change of the optical fiber, and further influence the transmission condition of light, so that when an interferometer is used for detection, the change of the interference wavelength and the free spectral range can be found.
In order to facilitate the integration of the interferometer into the existing fiber system, the incident fiber and the exit fiber of the present invention are single mode fibers.
The coupler A and the coupler B are both made of fused biconical tapers. The adopted photon lantern is a mode selection type photon lantern, and most of the multipath tail fiber ends of the photon lantern are heterogeneous single-mode fibers, namely fiber cores and cladding layers of all tail fibers are different, so that the multipath tail fibers of the couplers A and B used by the invention are matched with the multipath tail fibers of the photon lantern A and B, namely the fiber cores and the cladding layers have the same diameter and are both single-mode fibers.
In the invention, the number of the optical switches in the optical switch array is the same as that of the tail fibers at the ends of the multiple paths of the photon lantern A, namely the number of the modes which can be transmitted by the few-mode optical fibers. Each optical switch in the array can independently control the on-off of one multi-path end tail fiber of the photon lantern A, namely, the excitation of each mode in the few-mode optical fiber can be independently controlled.
In order to reduce the loss of the whole interferometer, the tail fibers at the ends of the multiple paths of the photon lantern A and the photon lantern B are single-mode fibers, and only one mode transmission is supported; the single-path end tail fiber is a few-mode fiber and can support multiple modes; the single-path tail fibers of the photon lanterns A and B are matched with the few-mode fibers, and the diameters of the fiber cores and the cladding are consistent with the number of supported transmission modes.
In the invention, in order to reduce the mutual influence among the modes, the used few-mode optical fiber is weak mode-to-mode coupling few-mode optical fiber, the optical fiber can also be called low mode-to-mode crosstalk few-mode optical fiber, and the optical fiber is characterized in that each mode in a fiber core can be independently transmitted and is not influenced by other modes.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention uses the fiber core mode of the few-mode fiber as a transmission channel, and has compact structure. Mode excitation of few-mode optical fibers is controlled by using a photon lantern, interference among different modes can be realized according to requirements, and the application range of the interferometer is expanded. Photon lanterns are adopted at two ends of the few-mode optical fiber, so that loss caused by mismatch of optical fiber mode fields is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-channel interferometer configuration.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multichannel interferometer sensing device based on few-mode optical fibers.
Fig. 3(a) is a schematic diagram of a 6-mode photon lantern structure, and (b) is a schematic diagram of a multi-end face structure.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the output light field of each mode of the photon lantern.
In the figure: 1 is an incident optical fiber; 2 is coupler A; 3 is an optical switch array, wherein 3-1 and 3-2 … … 3-N are optical switches; 4 is a photon lantern A, wherein 4-1 and 4-2 … … 4-6 are multi-path end single-mode tail fibers, 4-7 are optical fiber cones, and 4-8 are single-path end few-mode tail fibers; 5 is few-mode optical fiber; 6 is a photon lantern B; 7 is a coupler B; 8 is an emergent optical fiber; 9 is a multi-channel interferometer; 10 is a light source; and 11 is a spectrometer.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further elucidated with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, without however being limited thereto.
Taking a six-mode fiber as an example, the few-mode fiber 5 in this embodiment includes a LP01，LP11a，LP11b，LP21a，LP21b，LP02Six modes, fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a multichannel interferometer sensing device based on few-mode optical fibers. The device consists of a light source 10, an incident optical fiber 1, a multi-channel interferometer 9, an emergent optical fiber 8 and a spectrometer 11. The structure of the multi-channel interferometer is shown in FIG. 1, and comprises an incident optical fiber 1, a coupler A2, an optical switch array 3 composed of optical switches 3-1 and 3-2 … … 3-N, a photon lantern A4, a few-mode optical fiber 5, a photon lantern B6, a coupler B7 and an emergent optical fiber 8. Since a six-mode fiber is used, in this embodiment N-6, the photonic lantern multi-path end has 6 pigtails, and each incident port can excite one mode of the few-mode fiber.
The coupler A and the coupler B are made in the same fused biconical taper mode. The photon lantern a and the photon lantern B used in this embodiment are the same 6-mode photon lantern. The photon lantern is a heterogeneous core photon lantern developed in the laboratory, the structure of the photon lantern is shown in figure 3, a multi-path end comprises 6 fiber cores and single-mode tail fibers 4-1, 4-2 … … 4-6 with different cladding sizes, the photon lantern is made in a tapering mode, 4-7 are fiber cones, the single-path end of the photon lantern is a few-mode output tail fiber, and the end face structure of the multi-path end is shown in figure 3(b) and comprises 6 heterogeneous single-mode fibers. When different tail fibers at the multi-path end of the photon lantern are incident, the mode corresponding to each single-mode tail fiber is shown in fig. 4.
The interferometer works as follows, the broadband light emitted by the light source 10 is transmitted to the coupler a through the incident optical fiber, and in order to ensure that the interferometer has a high extinction ratio, the couplers a and B have the same splitting ratio at each multi-path end. After passing through the coupler A, each path of transmitted light has the same light intensity. The modes participating in the interference are controlled by the optical switch. The excitation of the selected mode is realized through the photon lantern, the loss caused by the fact that the high-order mode is excited by the traditional means (such as tapering, staggered core welding and the like) can be effectively reduced by using the photon lantern as the mode exciter, the number and the mode intensity of the excited mode are difficult to control by the traditional mode exciting means, and the uncertainty can be eliminated by using the photon lantern. The excited mode is transmitted continuously along the few-mode optical fiber, and is converted into the fundamental mode transmission of the single-mode optical fiber again after passing through the photon lantern B, interference is generated at the coupler B, and an interference spectrum is obtained on a spectrometer. The coupler B is the coupling of a plurality of single-mode fibers, compared with a traditional single-mode-few-mode-single-mode interference structure, the coupling of the single-mode fibers can realize lossless coupling, loss caused by mode field mismatch is avoided, and large loss is avoided in the process that a high-order mode of the few-mode fibers is converted into a basic mode through a photon lantern. Therefore, compared with the traditional few-mode fiber interferometer manufactured based on the principles of tapering, staggered core welding, mode field mismatch and the like, the interferometer provided by the invention has the characteristics of high flexibility, low loss, strong controllability and the like.
Claims (7)
1. A multi-channel interferometer based on few-mode optical fibers is characterized in that: the photonic lantern consists of an incident optical fiber, a coupler A, an optical switch array, a photonic lantern A, a few-mode optical fiber, a photonic lantern B, a coupler B and an emergent optical fiber; one end of the incident optical fiber is connected with the light source, the other end of the incident optical fiber is connected with the coupler A, light output by the coupler A is transmitted to the photon lantern A after passing through the optical switch array, the photon lantern excites different modes of the few-mode optical fiber and is transmitted to the photon lantern B through the few-mode optical fiber, light output by the photon lantern B interferes at the coupler B and is transmitted to the spectrometer through the emergent optical fiber.
2. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the incident optical fiber and the emergent optical fiber are both single-mode optical fibers.
3. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the coupler A and the coupler B are both made of fused biconical tapers, and the multi-path end tail fibers of the coupler A and the coupler B are matched with the multi-path end tail fibers of the photon lantern A and the photon lantern B, namely the diameters of fiber cores and cladding layers are consistent.
4. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the number of the optical switches in the optical switch array is the same as that of the tail fibers at the multiple ends of the photon lantern A, and each optical switch can independently control the on-off of one tail fiber at the multiple ends of the photon lantern A.
5. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the photon lantern is a mode selection type photon lantern.
6. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the tail fibers at the ends of the photon lanterns A and B are single-mode fibers, and only one mode transmission is supported; the single-path end tail fiber is a few-mode fiber and can support multiple modes; the single-path tail fibers of the photon lanterns A and B are matched with the few-mode fibers, namely the diameter of the fiber core, the diameter of the cladding and the number of supported transmission modes are consistent.
7. The few-mode fiber based multi-channel interferometer of claim 1, wherein: the few-mode optical fiber is weak mode-to-mode coupling few-mode optical fiber, and each mode in the fiber core can be transmitted independently and is not influenced by other modes.
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| CN116046023A (en) * | 2023-03-31 | 2023-05-02 | 中国船舶集团有限公司第七〇七研究所 | Optical fiber gyroscope precision analysis method and system based on photon lantern |
| CN116046025A (en) * | 2023-03-31 | 2023-05-02 | 中国船舶集团有限公司第七〇七研究所 | Method and system for realizing online detection of fiber optic gyroscope based on photon lantern |
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