CN113983868A - 一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及制备方法 - Google Patents

一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113983868A
CN113983868A CN202111257705.8A CN202111257705A CN113983868A CN 113983868 A CN113983868 A CN 113983868A CN 202111257705 A CN202111257705 A CN 202111257705A CN 113983868 A CN113983868 A CN 113983868A
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ceramic
aluminum alloy
composite armor
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armor plate
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CN113983868B (zh
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谭清华
张�林
李顺
白书欣
陈柯
叶益聪
陈斌
熊德赣
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Hunan Harvest Technology Development Co ltd
National University of Defense Technology
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National University of Defense Technology
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及其制备方法，所述复合装甲板包括陶瓷柱、铝合金基板和铝合金熔渗体；所述铝合金基板包括至少三层，上下两层为完整铝合金板，中间层按指定位置和孔径进行双面铣孔；所述陶瓷柱按并列或错列排布在中间层铝合金基板上，并被上下两层铝合金基板盖住后构成骨架；所述铝合金熔渗体用于填充骨架中的空隙，并连接基板和实现对陶瓷柱的三维约束。本发明提供的梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的抗多发打击性能和整体性较优，且不存在明显的薄弱区域，在装甲防护领域具有广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及装甲技术领域，特别地，涉及一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及制备方法。
背景技术
国内外关于装甲防护的研究主要围绕材料和结构两条主线进行优化，旨在实现“三高一低”的发展目标，即高强度、高硬度、高韧性和低密度的统一。
传统均质装甲如装甲钢和装甲钛等主要通过增加厚度来实现防护性能的提高，极大降低装甲车辆的机动性。三明治结构的陶瓷层状复合装甲在降低面密度和提高防护系数方面具有较大优势，并且具有加工工艺简单和结构可设计性强的特点。随着研究的逐渐深入，陶瓷层状复合装甲的劣势逐渐暴露并且难以避免：(1)陶瓷面板断裂强度低，冲击载荷下裂纹扩展迅速，损伤面积大，抗多发打击能力差；(2)采用单元拼接式面板时，拼缝位置抗弹能力偏弱且击中概率大；(3)层间通过胶粘连接，宏观界面处应力集中导致脱粘现象，结构整体性不足，不利于抗多发打击。
采用小尺寸陶瓷球或陶瓷柱替代块状陶瓷，并且对陶瓷球或陶瓷柱施加三维约束，既能保留陶瓷的抗弹特性又能降低弹体侵彻后的损伤面积。CN 110274521 A公开了一种环氧树脂封装用钢丝网固定在蜂窝铝合金基板上的陶瓷柱和橡胶片的复合材料，但单层布置和间隙过大会导致出现明显的防弹薄弱区域，且固化后的环氧树脂增韧止裂效果较弱。CN110438362A提出一种陶瓷球和柱混合密排增强铝基的复合材料，陶瓷含量达到70％—95％，材料在冲击作用下较大程度上表现出脆性。CN 103667849 A公开了一种挤压铸造法制备陶瓷球增强金属基复合材料的工艺，陶瓷球采用密堆方式；然而陶瓷球生产工艺复杂，价格昂贵，相同排布方式下水平方向上陶瓷含量低于陶瓷柱，同等情况下对弹头磨蚀效果不如后者。
综上所述，现有的复合装甲大都采用陶瓷球或柱采用密堆结构，单位体积内陶瓷含量较大，基体金属材料的增韧和止裂效果有限，导致其抗侵彻整体性较弱，不利于抗多发打击。因此，需要对现有密堆式陶瓷柱复合装甲结构的设计及制备工艺进行改进和优化。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板及制备方法，以解决复合装甲板整体性较弱，抗多发打击性能差的技术问题。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，所述复合装甲板包括陶瓷柱、铝合金基板和熔渗体；所述铝合金基板包括至少三层，上下两层为完整铝合金板，中间层双面铣孔；所述陶瓷柱按并列或错列排布在中间层铝合金基板上，并被上下两层铝合金基板盖住后构成骨架；陶瓷柱之间存在间隙且各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置；所述熔渗体用于填充骨架中的孔隙，实现对陶瓷柱的全面约束。
进一步的，所述复合装甲板中陶瓷柱采用非接触方式，即各层内和各层之间的陶瓷柱之间不接触、存在间隙，水平方向和垂直方向的间隔为0.2～4.0mm。
进一步的，所述复合装甲板中各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置包括单独的陶瓷柱直径呈梯度变化，或者单独的陶瓷柱高度呈梯度变化，或者陶瓷柱直径和高度同时呈梯度变化。
进一步的，陶瓷柱可以采用单面、双面带弧或无弧陶瓷柱，迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱直径和高度均为弹体直径的1.0～1.5倍，第2层陶瓷柱的直径和高度均为弹体直径的0.4～1.0倍。
进一步的，迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱顶面的金属表层厚度为1～2mm；
进一步的，所述复合装甲板背弹面还设有底板，所述底板由压力浸渗铝合金生成，或者通过粘贴金属板或纤维复合材料板作为底板；背弹面底板厚度为弹径的0.4～1.5倍。
进一步的，所述熔渗体的材质为铝或铝合金。
进一步的，所述的陶瓷柱为A12O3、SiC、SiN、B4C和TiB2中的至少一种。
本发明还提供了上述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的制备方法，具体按以下步骤进行：
步骤一、将陶瓷柱和铝合金基板进行预处理；并在中间层铝合金基板铣孔；上刻出用于固定陶瓷柱位置的圆孔；
步骤二、将预处理后陶瓷柱放入中间层基板上的孔中，并在上下各盖一块完整的铝合金基板，最后进行简单的胶带固定即完成骨架的组装；
步骤三、将若干组骨架堆放在预制的钢制包套内，各组之间利用钢板隔开，六面体包套通过焊接后吊装进入压力浸渗炉内预热若干小时，随后开始浸渗铝合金熔融体；
步骤四、浸渗完成后待自然冷却，开始脱模处理，并通过打磨消除四周残留的铝合金毛刺，即得所述梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板。
本发明具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明提供的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置，可以是单独的陶瓷柱直径呈梯度变化，可以是单独的陶瓷柱高度呈梯度变化，或者陶瓷柱直径和高度同时呈梯度变化。其首层主要发挥陶瓷特性，磨蚀弹丸，耗散能量，次层主要填补首层陶瓷柱之间的空隙，以实现复合装甲板无明显抗弹薄弱区域的设计目的。
(2)本发明提供的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，陶瓷柱之间预留一定间隙并填充铝或铝合金，软硬交替，诱导冲击作用下的裂纹偏转，实现增韧止裂的效果。
(3)本发明提供的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，打击位置的陶瓷柱碎裂后在铝合金的三维约束作用下无法四处飞溅，持续阻止弹体侵彻，提高耗能效果。
(4)本发明提供的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板整体性好和损伤面积小，有利于复合装甲板的抗多发打击。
除了上面所描述的目的、特征和优点之外，本发明还有其它的目的、特征和优点。下面将参照图，对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1是本发明优选实施例中梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的剖面图；
图2本发明中梯度陶瓷柱并列布置平面图；
图3本发明中梯度陶瓷柱错列布置平面图；
其中，1、铝合金基板，2、铝合金熔融体，3、陶瓷柱，4、底板。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的实施例进行详细说明，但是本发明可以根据权利要求限定和覆盖的多种不同方式实施。
如图1所示，本发明提供一种复合装甲结构包括铝合金基板1、铝合金熔融体2和陶瓷柱3，所述铝合金基板包括至少三层，上下两层为完整铝合金板，中间层双面铣孔；所述陶瓷柱按并列或错列排布(分别如图2和3所示)在中间层铝合金基板上，并被上下两层铝合金基板盖住后构成骨架；陶瓷柱之间存在间隙且各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置；所述熔渗体用于填充骨架中的孔隙，实现对陶瓷柱的三维约束。
所述复合装甲板中陶瓷柱采用非接触方式，即每一层和相邻层之间的陶瓷柱不接触、存在间隙，水平方向和垂直方向的间隔为0.2～4.0mm。
所述复合装甲板中各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置包括单独的陶瓷柱直径呈梯度变化，或者单独的陶瓷柱高度呈梯度变化，或者陶瓷柱直径和高度同时呈梯度变化。所述陶瓷柱采用单面、双面带弧或无弧陶瓷柱，迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱直径和高度均为弹体直径的1.0～1.5倍，第2层陶瓷柱的直径和高度均为弹体直径的0.4～1.0倍。
所述复合装甲板背弹面还设有底板4，所述底板由压力浸渗铝合金生成，或者通过粘贴金属板或纤维复合材料板作为底板。迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱顶面的金属表层厚度为1～2mm。
所述熔渗体的材质为铝或铝合金。所述的陶瓷柱为A12O3、SiC、SiN、B4C和TiB2中的至少一种。
本发明提供的复合装甲板将陶瓷柱3按指定排布方式固定在铝合金基板1上，主要发挥高硬度特性，磨蚀、镦粗甚至折断弹体，达到消耗弹体动能的效果。铝合金基板1上铣孔主要是用于固定陶瓷柱，形成骨架后避免陶瓷柱在高温高压作用下发生位移，确保制备得到的复合装甲板性能稳定。铝合金熔融体3主要是填充骨架中的空隙，实现对陶瓷柱1的三维约束，同时发挥铝合金韧性好的特点，起到增韧止裂的效果，且可显著降低弹体侵彻后的损伤范围，提高抗多发打击能力。
实施例1：
一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的制备方法，具体按以下步骤进行：
本实施例制备的复合装甲板平面尺寸200mm×200mm，首层陶瓷柱直径13mm，高度15mm，次层陶瓷柱直径13mm，高度15mm。陶瓷柱呈并列排布，如图2所示，底板粘接而成。
A、6061铝合金基板铣孔：准备一块总厚度为10mm的6061铝合金，按指定方案在双面铣出圆柱形平底孔，孔深均为4.9mm，首层陶瓷柱的相邻孔的中心距为13.2mm，次层陶瓷柱的孔中心位于首层陶瓷柱的四孔中心连线处。
B、陶瓷柱和6061铝合金基板清洗：置于无水乙醇中浸泡30min后取出烘干，清楚表面杂质，提高界面结合力。
C、骨架组装：将陶瓷柱固定在铣好的6061铝合金基板上后在上下表面各覆盖一块完整的6061铝合金基板，平面尺寸同中间层，厚度2mm，最后用胶带进行简单的绑扎固定。
D、压力浸渗：多组骨架组装完毕后共同叠放在钢制包套内，骨架之间利用钢板隔开，最上层放一块钢板实现包套的全封闭，通过焊接完成浸渗件的制作。随后将浸渗件和6063铝合金分别置入浸渗炉的下室和上室并抽真空处理，下室温度设定为550-600℃预热浸渗件，上室温度设定为700-800℃熔化6063铝合金，预热3-5h后开始缓慢加压至6-8MPa，使熔融铝合金完全填满浸渗件的空隙，保温至少30min。
E、脱模和打磨：空气环境中自然冷却后拆除包套和隔板，取出复合装甲板，并对四周残留的不平整铝合金进行打磨。
F、粘接底板：在打磨好的复合装甲板背面粘接金属板、纤维复合材料板或者金属/纤维层状复合板作为支撑底板。
按上述工艺制作的复合装甲板厚度为34.2mm，面密度100.7kg/m2，陶瓷体积含量为59.18％；然后再用环氧树脂在底面粘贴12mm 6061铝合金板，复合装甲的总面密度为132.6kg/m2。抗54式12.7mm穿燃弹垂直入射，射距100m，距枪口25m处弹速平均值v25。共进行了2发侵彻试验，第1发和第2发v25分别为810.3m/s和820.3m/s；第1发和第2发铝合金底板未击穿，呈凸起状，均为2级损伤；第1发复合装甲正面翻唇，孔径略大于弹径，第2发弹着点为板边区，陶瓷柱约束偏弱，损伤区域大于第1发；弹着点位置陶瓷柱在与弹体接触过程中发生碎裂，铝合金基体约束碎片飞溅，充分发挥陶瓷抗弹效果。
实施例2：
一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的制备方法具体按以下步骤进行：
本实施例制备的复合装甲板平面尺寸200mm×200mm，首层陶瓷柱直径13mm，高度11.5mm，次层陶瓷柱直径13mm，高度11.5mm。陶瓷柱呈错列排布，如图3所示，底板粘接而成。
按照实施例1的工艺制备的复合装甲板厚度为27.2mm，面密度82.3kg/m2，陶瓷体积含量为63.65％；然后再用环氧树脂在底面粘贴14mm 6061铝合金板，复合装甲的总面密度为119.5kg/m2。抗54式12.7mm穿燃弹垂直入射，射距100m，距枪口25m处弹速平均值v25。共进行了3发侵彻试验，v25分别为816.6m/s、817.3m/s和823.0m/s；第1发铝背板凸起，呈2级损伤；第2发和第3发铝背板出现裂纹，煤油检查不渗漏，呈4级损伤；3发均为有效防护。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述复合装甲板包括陶瓷柱、铝合金基板和熔渗体；所述铝合金基板包括至少三层，上下两层为完整铝合金板，中间层双面铣孔；所述陶瓷柱按并列或错列排布在中间层铝合金基板上，并被上下两层铝合金基板盖住后构成骨架；陶瓷柱之间存在间隙且各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置；所述熔渗体用于填充骨架中的孔隙，实现对陶瓷柱的三维约束。
2.根据权利要求1所述的，其特征在于，所述复合装甲板中陶瓷柱采用非接触方式，即每一层和相邻层之间的陶瓷柱不接触、存在间隙，水平方向和垂直方向的间隔为0.2～4.0mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述复合装甲板中各层之间陶瓷柱呈梯度配置包括单独的陶瓷柱直径呈梯度变化，或者单独的陶瓷柱高度呈梯度变化，或者陶瓷柱直径和高度同时呈梯度变化。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述陶瓷柱采用单面、双面带弧或无弧陶瓷柱，迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱直径和高度均为弹体直径的1.0～1.5倍，第2层陶瓷柱的直径和高度均为弹体直径的0.4～1.0倍。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，迎弹面第一层陶瓷柱顶面的金属表层厚度为1～2mm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述复合装甲板背弹面还设有底板，所述底板由压力浸渗铝合金生成，或者通过粘贴金属板或纤维复合材料板作为底板。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述熔渗体的材质为铝或铝合金。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板，其特征在于，所述的陶瓷柱为A12O3、SiC、SiN、B4C和TiB2中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求1～8任一所述的一种梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
步骤一、将陶瓷柱和铝合金基板进行预处理；并在中间层铝合金基板铣孔；上刻出用于固定陶瓷柱位置的圆孔；
步骤二、将预处理后陶瓷柱放入中间层基板上的孔中，并在上下各盖一块完整的铝合金基板，最后进行简单的胶带固定即完成骨架的组装；
步骤三、将若干组骨架堆放在预制的钢制包套内，各组之间利用钢板隔开，六面体包套通过焊接后吊装进入压力浸渗炉内预热若干小时，随后开始浸渗铝合金熔融体；
步骤四、浸渗完成后待自然冷却，开始脱模处理，并通过打磨消除四周残留的铝合金毛刺，即得所述梯度陶瓷柱增强铝基复合装甲板。
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