CN113980705A - Tar-free low-temperature gasification system and method - Google Patents
Tar-free low-temperature gasification system and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113980705A CN113980705A CN202111500993.5A CN202111500993A CN113980705A CN 113980705 A CN113980705 A CN 113980705A CN 202111500993 A CN202111500993 A CN 202111500993A CN 113980705 A CN113980705 A CN 113980705A
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/54—Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation
- C10J3/56—Apparatus; Plants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/721—Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/723—Controlling or regulating the gasification process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
- C10J3/76—Water jackets; Steam boiler-jackets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
- C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
- C10J2300/1215—Heating the gasifier using synthesis gas as fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
- C10J2300/1223—Heating the gasifier by burners
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a tar-free low-temperature gasification system and a tar-free low-temperature gasification method. The gasification device comprises a gasification furnace, and comprises a primary gasification area, a secondary gasification area and a gasification cooling area, wherein a primary gasification agent distribution device is arranged at the bottom of the primary gasification area and used for spraying a first gasification agent, and hot flue gas with the temperature of 600-700 ℃ and the oxygen content of 8-15% generated by a hot flue gas generation device is selected. The primary gasification zone is also provided with a secondary gasification agent delivery device, and the secondary gasification zone is provided with a tertiary gasification agent delivery device for spraying a second gasification agent to form staged gasification. The second gasifying agent is high temperature air obtained through heat exchange between air and high temperature fume. Inner mining of gasification furnaceBy TFruit of Chinese wolfberry=[TPreparation of‑20℃,TPreparation of+20℃]The temperature is regulated and controlled to accurately control the gasification process. The invention has the advantages of low-temperature gasification at the lower part, high-efficiency gasification, high quality of gasified gas, no tar and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a tar-free low-temperature gasification system and method, in particular to a tar-free gasification system and method suitable for household garbage and dangerous waste, and belongs to the field of gasification.
Background
The components of the household garbage are complex and variable, and the household garbage is greatly different under the influence of factors such as urban development level, resident living habits and the like. Domestic garbage of China comprises kitchen garbage, plastics, paper, glass and the like, and generally has high water content, so that the combustion stability of the domestic garbage in an incinerator is influenced, the problems of insufficient combustion or deflagration and the like are caused, and the water is evaporated into flue gas, so that the water content of the flue gas is high, and the corrosion of a heating surface and subsequent equipment is easily caused. The gasification can effectively avoid the problems and can also obtain the synthesis gas, but the domestic garbage often contains a certain amount of low-melting-point alkali metal, glass and the like, and is difficult to directly use high-temperature gasification, so that the problems of low gasification efficiency, poor gasification furnace stability, high pollutant content in the synthesis gas and the like generally exist. The heat value of the synthesis gas generated by the existing garbage gasification technology is low, and the economy is poor; and generally contains higher-concentration tar components, causes corrosion to gasification main body equipment and a flue, increases the maintenance cost of the gasification device, and affects the gasification efficiency. Fixed bed gasifiers are simple to operate and design, but generally have poor heat and mass transfer capabilities, while producing high levels of tar and pyrolytic coke products. The traditional fluidized bed and entrained flow gasifier have high reaction rate and conversion efficiency, but have the problems of high tar and dust content, thereby not only reducing the quality of the synthesis gas, but also causing the problems of equipment faults, such as pipeline blockage, corrosion of a heating surface or adhesion of ash residues.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tar-free low-temperature gasification system and a tar-free low-temperature gasification method, which are particularly suitable for urban domestic garbage, combustible industrial waste and medical waste with complex components.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the tar-free low-temperature gasification system comprises a gasification device, a synthetic gas purification device, a gas holder and a hot flue gas generation device.
The gasification device is configured to generate synthesis gas and comprises a gasification furnace and a feeding device, wherein a feeding hole is formed in the lower part of the gasification furnace and is communicated with the feeding device; one side of the top of the gasification furnace is provided with a gasified gas outlet.
The gasification furnace sequentially comprises a primary gasification zone, a secondary gasification zone and a gasification cooling zone from bottom to top; the primary gasification zone is arranged according to a variable cross-section structure and comprises a conical gradually-expanding section arranged at the lower part and a conical gradually-reducing section arranged at the upper part; the secondary gasification zone is arranged at the top of the tapered section, and the secondary gasification zone and the gasification cooling zone are arranged in an equal section manner, so that a throat is formed at the joint of the primary gasification zone and the secondary gasification zone; a primary gasification agent distribution device is arranged at the bottom of the primary gasification zone and used for spraying a first gasification agent, and the first gasification agent is hot flue gas; the first gasification zone is also provided with a secondary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of secondary gasification agent nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent; the secondary gasification zone is provided with a tertiary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of tertiary air nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent; the second gasifying agent is high-temperature air.
A plurality of stages of cooling devices are arranged in the gasification furnace, and each stage of cooling device comprises a plurality of steam nozzles which can be used for spraying steam; and a slag discharge pipe is arranged on one side of the bottom of the gasification furnace.
A syngas cleanup device configured to clean syngas generated from the gasification device.
A gas box configured to store syngas from the syngas purification apparatus.
The hot flue gas generating device is configured to generate hot flue gas by taking the synthesis gas as fuel, and comprises a synthesis gas combustion chamber and a flue gas-air heat exchanger, wherein the synthesis gas combustion chamber is configured to combust the synthesis gas from the gas holder as the fuel to generate high-temperature flue gas; the flue gas-air heat exchanger is configured to respectively use high-temperature flue gas as a hot medium and air as a cold medium to carry out heat exchange to generate hot flue gas and high-temperature air which are respectively used as a first gasifying agent and a second gasifying agent of the gasification device.
In the technical scheme, the gasification device further comprises a separator and a tail flue, wherein the separator and the tail flue are sequentially connected between the gasification furnace and the synthesis gas purification device; a waste heat utilization device is also arranged in the tail flue; the synthesis gas purification device comprises a desulfurization device and a dust removal device.
Further, the secondary gasification agent delivery device comprises a lower secondary gasification agent delivery device and an upper secondary gasification agent delivery device which are respectively arranged below the middle part and above the middle part of the primary gasification zone.
Further, the gasifier is provided with a plurality of temperature sensor, temperature sensor is including setting up respectively first temperature sensor, second temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor at a gasification district lower part, middle part and top to and set up the fourth temperature sensor at a gasification district top.
Furthermore, a water-cooled wall type structure is selected for the wall surface of the gasification furnace, and refractory materials are laid on the inner wall surfaces of the primary gasification area and the secondary gasification area.
In the technical scheme, the synthesis gas combustion chamber is a heat insulation combustion chamber, one end of the synthesis gas combustion chamber is provided with a combustor, and the synthesis gas combustion chamber is configured to generate high-temperature flue gas according to the first gasification amount required by the gasification device.
The tar-free low-temperature gasification method comprises the following steps:
the combustible waste is used as gasification fuel to enter a gasification device, and hot flue gas generated by a hot flue gas generation device enters a gasification furnace through the bottom of the gasification furnace, so that the gasification fuel is fluidized and is used as a first gasification agent to perform primary gasification reaction with the gasification fuel; the temperature of the hot flue gas is 600-700 ℃, and the oxygen content is 8-15%;
the method comprises the following steps of enabling air to be subjected to heat exchange through a hot flue gas generating device to form high-temperature air at 400-500 ℃ as a second gasifying agent, enabling the high-temperature air to be distributed into a primary gasification zone through a secondary gasifying agent distribution device, forming a turbulent flow state in the primary gasification zone, forming multi-stage air distribution, and sequentially performing gasification reaction with gasified fuel to form multi-stage gasification and generate primary gasified gas, wherein the gasified gas contains macromolecular components including tar; the primary gasification gas carries solid particles to go upwards through the throat, and the solid particles are intercepted back to the primary gasification area under the action of inertial separation and are finally discharged from the slag discharge pipe;
high-temperature air serving as a second gasifying agent is further fed into the secondary gasification zone through the tertiary gasifying agent distribution device and reacts with the primary gasified gas, so that tar components are cracked, and secondary gasification reaction of macromolecules is carried out to generate synthetic gas; the synthesis gas is cooled in a gasification cooling zone and then discharged out of the gasification furnace from a gasified gas outlet; the gasification cooling zone generates steam through heat exchange and can be used by a cooling device;
the synthesis gas enters a synthesis gas purification device for purification and then is stored in a gas holder as a product gas;
according to a first gasification dosage required by a gasification device, enabling part of synthesis gas to be used as fuel to enter a synthesis gas combustion chamber for combustion to generate high-temperature flue gas, and performing heat exchange between the high-temperature flue gas and air to respectively obtain hot flue gas used as a first gasification agent and high-temperature air used as a second gasification agent; the oxygen content of the high-temperature flue gas is 8-15%.
Further, the temperature sensor can obtain real-time temperature TFruit of Chinese wolfberryAnd can be matched with a preset temperature TPreparation ofComparing, and regulating the interval T at the preset temperatureFruit of Chinese wolfberry= [TPreparation of-20℃, TPreparation of+20℃]And regulating and controlling the gasification temperature.
According to one embodiment, the preset temperatures of the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor, the third temperature sensor and the fourth temperature sensor are 700 ℃, 750 ℃, 850 ℃ and 950 ℃ in sequence.
In the technical scheme, the combustible waste comprises municipal domestic waste, combustible industrial waste and medical waste.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) part of the synthesis gas is used as fuel to generate hot flue gas, and the hot flue gas is used as a first gasifying agent to gasify, which is equivalent to that the calorific value of the gasified fuel is increased, and the gasified gas (synthesis gas) with higher calorific value can be obtained as a product.
(2) The gasification process is carried out in a multi-stage gasification mode, and the process is more accurate and controllable by setting temperature regulation and control (through regulating and controlling the amount of oxygen entering the furnace and the amount of steam sprayed), and the quality of gasified gas is higher.
(3) The TFB gasification furnace is adopted, so that the turbulent fluidization gasification efficiency is high, the lower part can be gasified at low temperature (700-750 ℃), and the sintering of low-melting-point substances (such as glass and other impurities) in reducing atmosphere is avoided; meanwhile, the arrangement of the variable cross-section structure reduces the amount of dust carried upwards, greatly reduces the influence on tar cracking and secondary gasification, and obviously improves the quality of gasified gas.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of one embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-a gasification unit; 101-a gasification furnace; 102-a slag discharge pipe; 103-feed inlet; 2-a syngas purification plant; 3-a gas holder; 4-hot flue gas generating device.
Detailed Description
The following describes the embodiments and operation of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
The terms of orientation such as up, down, left, right, front, and rear in the present specification are established based on the positional relationship shown in the drawings. The corresponding positional relationship may also vary depending on the drawings, and therefore, should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection. Furthermore, the terms "first", "second", etc. are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. In the description of the embodiments below, "plurality" or "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically limited otherwise.
The temperature is an important influencing parameter of the gasification process and directly influences the gasification intensity, the composition of the synthesis gas and the calorific value. Research literature indicates that when the calorific value of the domestic waste is higher, higher temperatures improve the gasification of the waste, thereby producing a large amount of syngas with diverse components. Higher bed temperatures also promote carbon conversion and cracking of large molecular compounds, thereby reducing coke and tar formation. However, in a reducing atmosphere, glass, alkali metal, and the like in the waste tend to be molten at 800 ℃ or lower, which affects not only the gasification reaction but also the stability of the gasification furnace. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of preventing ash from melting at low temperature and fully decomposing tar at high temperature, low-temperature gasification is adopted at the lower part with relatively high ash concentration, and high-temperature secondary gasification and tar decomposition are realized at the middle upper part with very low ash concentration through secondary and tertiary gasification agents, so that the requirements can be fully and effectively met.
The tar-free low-temperature gasification method provided by the invention is based on a flue gas recycling technology that the first gasification agent completely adopts hot flue gas and a multistage gasification technology that can accurately control the reaction process. The tar-free low-temperature gasification system and method provided by the invention are particularly suitable for gasification of municipal domestic waste (short for domestic waste), combustible industrial waste (also called combustible industrial waste), medical waste and other waste.
As shown in fig. 1, the tar-free low-temperature gasification system includes a gasification apparatus 1, a syngas purification apparatus 2, a gas holder 3, a hot flue gas generation apparatus 4, and a control system. Gasification equipment 1 and hot flue gas generating device 4 all are provided with a plurality of temperature sensor and can acquire temperature signal, and gasification equipment 1 is provided with the fan (select for use the frequency conversion fan usually) for let in the second gasification agent.
The gasification apparatus 1 comprises a gasification furnace 101 and a feeding device, as well as a separator and a tail flue. The gasification furnace is TFB (turbulent fluidized bed) gasification furnace, and the separator and the tail flue are connected between the gasification furnace and the synthetic gas purification device in sequence. And a waste heat utilization device is also arranged in the tail flue. The lower part of the gasification furnace is provided with a feed inlet 103 which is communicated with a feeding device.
The gasification furnace sequentially comprises a primary gasification zone, a secondary gasification zone and a gasification cooling zone from bottom to top. The wall surface of the gasification furnace is selected to be a water-cooled wall structure (preferably a membrane water-cooled wall), and the inner wall surfaces of the primary gasification area and the secondary gasification area are both laid with refractory materials to form heat storage gasification. The inner wall surface of the gasification cooling area is exposed, so that the water-cooled working medium in the water-cooled membrane wall can cool the high-temperature gasified gas and generate steam at the same time.
The primary gasification zone is arranged according to a variable cross-section structure and comprises a conical divergent section arranged at the lower part and a conical convergent section arranged at the upper part. The divergent section can be directly connected with the convergent section or can be connected with the convergent section through a transitional straight section. The secondary gasification area is arranged at the top of the reducing section, and the secondary gasification area and the gasification cooling area are arranged in an equal section manner, so that a throat is formed at the joint of the primary gasification area and the secondary gasification area, and solid materials are intercepted and mainly kept in the primary gasification area.
And a primary gasification agent delivery device is arranged at the bottom of the primary gasification zone and used for spraying a first gasification agent, and the first gasification agent selects hot flue gas at 600-700 ℃. The primary gasification agent distribution device comprises a primary gasification agent chamber, an air distribution plate and an air cap. One side of the bottom of the gasification furnace is provided with a slag discharge pipe 102 for discharging solid materials such as gasification residues and the like in the furnace.
The primary gasification zone is also provided with a secondary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of secondary gasification agent nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent. The secondary gasification agent delivery device comprises a lower secondary gasification agent delivery device and an upper secondary gasification agent delivery device which are respectively arranged below the middle part and above the middle part of the primary gasification zone.
The primary gasification zone of the gasification furnace is usually arranged according to 2-3 stages of gasification zones, and is regulated and controlled according to narrower temperature change so as to achieve a better gasification effect. Of course, the temperature in the gasification furnace is continuous, and the gasification partition is only a virtual area divided according to a preset temperature interval. In order to obtain the preset temperature curve regulation and control of the invention, a plurality of temperature sensors are arranged along the height of the gasification furnace, and comprise a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor and a third temperature sensor which are respectively arranged at the lower part, the middle part and the top of the primary gasification zone, and a fourth temperature sensor arranged at the top of the secondary gasification zone. And the temperature sensor set point is taken as the control point, therefore, the virtual gasification partition is also described based on the temperature sensor set point and is not taken as the limitation of the embodiment. In embodiments where different structural parameters are established for different gasification fuel characteristics, the temperature sensor set points and control points may vary in number or location. Meanwhile, a temperature sensor is also arranged at the gasified gas outlet of the gasification furnace.
According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the lower secondary gasification agent distribution device is arranged above the middle part of the gradually expanding section, the upper secondary gasification agent distribution device is arranged in the middle part of the gradually reducing section, and a plurality of secondary gasification agent nozzles are uniformly or symmetrically arranged at the same height in the furnace. The feed inlet is positioned below the lower secondary gasification agent distribution device. Roughly, the bottom-to-bottom secondary gasification agent distribution device of the gasification furnace can be regarded as a bottom dense-phase zone or a lower primary gasification zone; the lower secondary gasification agent distribution device is a middle primary gasification zone from the bottom of the reducing section, and the reducing section is an upper primary gasification zone. Correspondingly, a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor and a third temperature sensor are sequentially arranged at the tops of the dense phase zone at the bottom, the primary gasification zone at the middle part and the primary gasification zone at the upper part, and a fourth temperature sensor is arranged at the top of the secondary gasification zone and respectively marked as T11、T12、T13、T14The preset temperature is determined experimentally according to the fuel property, wherein in one embodiment, the preset temperature T11 to、T12 pre、T13 preparation、T14 stepAt 700, 750, 850 and 950 ℃ in sequence. Real-time temperature T obtained by temperature sensorFruit of Chinese wolfberryCan be matched with a preset temperature TPreparation ofComparing, and regulating the interval T at the preset temperatureFruit of Chinese wolfberry= [TPreparation of-20℃, TPreparation of+20℃]And regulating and controlling the gasification temperature.
The secondary gasification zone is provided with a tertiary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of tertiary air nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent. The second gasifying agent is high-temperature air with the temperature of 400-500 ℃ and is fed into the gasification furnace in a grading manner. For convenience of description, the lower secondary gasification agent distribution device, the upper secondary gasification agent distribution device and the third gasification agent distribution device are sequentially marked as A1、A2、A3。
The secondary gasification agent nozzle and the blast cap at the bottom are used together to spray a first gasification agent and a multi-stage second gasification agent into the gasifier, so that multi-stage gasification is formed in the gasifier, and meanwhile, the blast cap and the nozzle are used for spraying and adjusting to enable the gasifier to be in turbulent fluidization.
Temperature T of gasified gas outlet15Set at a design temperature of 550 ℃. The gasifier exit linkage has separator (preferred cyclone) and afterbody flue, and the waste heat utilization equipment in the afterbody flue (including economizer, air preheater etc.) can make the synthetic gas temperature that gets into synthetic gas purifier from afterbody flue export be about 260 ℃ (design temperature).
A plurality of stages of cooling devices are arranged in the gasification furnace, each stage of cooling device comprises a plurality of steam nozzles for spraying steam, and the steam comes from byproducts of the gasification furnace. Generally speaking, a first-stage cooling device is arranged in each gasification subarea (comprising a bottom dense-phase area, a middle primary gasification area, an upper primary gasification area and a secondary gasification area). For convenience of description, from bottom to top, the cooling device is also sequentially W1、W2、W3、W4。
Water is used as a working medium in the membrane wall to generate steam, on one hand, the steam is sprayed into the gasification furnace for cooling, and on the other hand, the surplus steam is supplied to the outside or used for preheating garbage entering the gasification furnace.
A syngas cleanup device configured to clean syngas generated from the gasification device. Typically including a desulfurization unit and a dust removal unit. The desulfurization device is not only used for desulfurization, but also can absorb and remove other components such as HCl and NH in the synthesis gas3Residual tar is carried in gas, such as gasification gas, and is adsorbed and removed in a desulfurization device. The desulfurization device usually adopts wet or semi-dry desulfurization, and the dust collector connected subsequently often has the defogging function still.
The synthesis gas purified by the synthesis gas purification device is stored in a gas holder and can be used by other users. In addition, according to the output as required, a part of the synthesis gas is sent to the hot flue gas generating device through the booster pump to be used as the fuel of the hot flue gas generating device to be combusted to generate hot flue gas according to the demand of the first gasifying agent. The hot flue gas generating device comprises a synthesis gas combustion chamber and a flue gas-air heat exchanger. The synthesis gas combustion chamber selects an adiabatic combustion chamber, one end of the synthesis gas combustion chamber is provided with a burner, the synthesis gas can be used as fuel to be combusted to generate high-temperature flue gas, and the oxygen content in the flue gas can be adjusted according to the regulation and control requirement of a first gasifying agent of the gasification furnace. The high-temperature flue gas from the synthesis gas combustion chamber is about 900 ℃, and the high-temperature flue gas is used as a heat medium in a flue gas-air heat exchanger to exchange heat with an air cooling medium, so that the hot flue gas at about 600-700 ℃ and the high-temperature air at 400-500 ℃ are generated and are respectively used as a first gasifying agent and a second gasifying agent of the gasification device.
The gasified fuel including municipal solid waste, combustible industrial waste, medical waste and the like enters the bottom dense-phase area of the gasification furnace from the feed inlet.
The hot flue gas generated by the hot flue gas generating device enters the gasification furnace through the bottom of the gasification furnace, so that the gasification fuel is fluidized in a turbulent flow manner and is used as a first gasification agent to generate primary gasification reaction with the gasification fuel. The temperature of the hot flue gas is 600-700 ℃, and the oxygen content is 8-15%.
The air is subjected to heat exchange through a hot flue gas generating device to form high-temperature air at 400-500 ℃ as a second gasifying agent, the high-temperature air is distributed into a primary gasification zone through a secondary gasifying agent distribution device, a turbulent flow state is further formed in the primary gasification zone, and the high-temperature air and gasified fuel are sequentially subjected to gasification reaction through multi-stage air distribution (an upper secondary gasifying agent distribution device and a lower secondary gasifying agent distribution device) to form multi-stage gasification, so that primary gasified gas containing tar components and other macromolecular components is generated. The primary gasification gas carries solid particles (dust) upwards through the throat, and the solid particles are intercepted back to the primary gasification area under the action of inertial separation and are finally discharged from the slag discharge pipe together with gasification residues.
High-temperature air as a second gasifying agent is further fed into the secondary gasification zone through the third gasifying agent distribution device to react with the primary gasified gas, so that tar and other macromolecular components are cracked to generate secondary gasification reaction to generate high-temperature synthetic gas, and the tar-free gasification process is realized. And the high-temperature synthesis gas is cooled in the gasification cooling zone and then discharged out of the gasification furnace from the gasification gas outlet. The working medium in the film-type wall of the gasification cooling area generates steam through heat exchange, and the steam can be used by a cooling device. Generally, the temperature of a gasified gas outlet is about 500 ℃, the temperature of the gasified gas outlet is further reduced to about 260 ℃ after being cooled by a separator and a tail flue, and then the gasified gas outlet enters a synthetic gas purifying device, and the synthetic gas is stored in a gas cabinet as product gas after being purified by desulfurization, deamination, dechlorination, defogging, dedusting and the like in sequence.
According to the first gasification dosage required by the gasification device, part of the synthesis gas is boosted and then enters the synthesis gas combustion chamber as fuel to be combusted to generate high-temperature flue gas, the temperature of the high-temperature flue gas is about 900 ℃, the oxygen content is 8-15%, and the high-temperature flue gas is adjusted by the combustion gas supply quantity, the combustion working condition and the like according to the adjustment and control requirements of the gasification furnace. The high-temperature flue gas and air are subjected to one-to-two-stage heat exchange in the flue gas-air heat exchanger to respectively obtain hot flue gas serving as a first gasifying agent and high-temperature air serving as a second gasifying agent. Temperature T of hot flue gas entering primary gasification agent chamber2The design temperature is 600-700 ℃. When the gasification system is started, natural gas is required to be used as a starting fuel for the syngas combustor to obtain hot flue gas.
The gasification temperature control is formed by a preset temperature curve of 4 stages of gasification subareas in the gasification furnace to further explain how to accurately control the gasification process under multi-stage gasification. The partitioning is as described previously.
A dense-phase zone at the bottom: obtaining a measured temperature value T by a first temperature sensor11 factA preset temperature value T11 to(ii) a When T is11 fact<T11 toWhen the temperature is below 20 ℃ below zero, the oxygen content in the hot flue gas serving as the first gasifying agent is increased to a relatively high value within the range of 8-15% until the actually measured temperature is increased to a preset temperature; when T is11 fact>T11 toAnd when the temperature is 20 ℃, steam is sprayed in through a cooling device arranged at the lower part of the primary gasification zone, so that the actually measured temperature is reduced to the preset temperature.
A middle primary gasification zone: obtaining a measured temperature value T by a second temperature sensor12 kinds of nutsA preset temperature value T12 pre(ii) a When T is12 kinds of nuts<T12 preWhen the temperature is minus 20 ℃, the amount of a second gasifying agent (high-temperature air) sprayed by a lower secondary gasifying agent distribution device is increased; when T is12 kinds of nuts>T12 preAt +20 deg.C, the amount of the second gasifying agent (high-temperature air) sprayed in by the secondary gasification air distribution device is reduced, and when the second gasifying agent is sprayed inThe vaporization dose has been reduced to its minimum value (typically 20% of the design maximum), at which point T is12 kinds of nuts>>T12 pre+20 deg.C, start the cooling device W1And (4) spraying steam, and stopping spraying the steam after the temperature is reduced to a set value.
The temperature regulation and control of the upper primary gasification zone and the secondary gasification zone are carried out in the same way.
On one hand, the steam enters the gasification furnace to be physically cooled, on the other hand, the steam serving as a gasification agent can also perform endothermic gasification reaction with part of gasified fuel, and the steam in the secondary gasification area can participate in the secondary cracking reaction of tar to generate CO2And H2。
The temperature distribution in the gasification furnace is regulated according to the preset temperature curve, so that the gasification process can be accurately controlled, tar generated in the gasification process can be thoroughly decomposed, and the purpose of tar-free gasification is achieved.
The temperature control, the flue gas and air (hot flue gas and air) regulation, the steam injection and the like are all realized by a control system configured for the whole synthesis gas generation system. The control system is connected with the temperature sensor and the fan through I/O signal lines and can be regulated and controlled through a preset logic relation. Meanwhile, the control system can also regulate and control parameters such as the gasification fuel quantity and the gasification agent feeding quantity of the gasification device according to a preset logical relationship and the load of the synthesis gas generation system, and further regulate the synthesis gas (as fuel) quantity and the gasification agent distribution parameters of the associated hot flue gas generation device, which can be understood and imagined by those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The tar-free low-temperature gasification system is characterized by comprising:
the gasification device is configured to generate synthesis gas and comprises a gasification furnace and a feeding device, wherein a feeding hole is formed in the lower part of the gasification furnace and is communicated with the feeding device; a gasified gas outlet is formed in one side of the top of the gasification furnace;
the gasification furnace sequentially comprises a primary gasification zone, a secondary gasification zone and a gasification cooling zone from bottom to top; the primary gasification zone is arranged according to a variable cross-section structure and comprises a conical gradually-expanding section arranged at the lower part and a conical gradually-reducing section arranged at the upper part; the secondary gasification zone is arranged at the top of the tapered section, and the secondary gasification zone and the gasification cooling zone are arranged in an equal section manner, so that a throat is formed at the joint of the primary gasification zone and the secondary gasification zone; a primary gasification agent distribution device is arranged at the bottom of the primary gasification zone and used for spraying a first gasification agent, and the first gasification agent is hot flue gas; the first gasification zone is also provided with a secondary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of secondary gasification agent nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent; the secondary gasification zone is provided with a tertiary gasification agent delivery device which comprises a plurality of tertiary air nozzles for spraying a second gasification agent; the second gasifying agent is high-temperature air;
a plurality of stages of cooling devices are arranged in the gasification furnace, and each stage of cooling device comprises a plurality of steam nozzles which can be used for spraying steam; a slag discharge pipe is arranged on one side of the bottom of the gasification furnace;
a syngas cleanup device configured to clean syngas generated from the gasification device;
a gas box configured to store syngas from the syngas purification device;
the hot flue gas generating device is configured to generate hot flue gas by taking the synthesis gas as fuel, and comprises a synthesis gas combustion chamber and a flue gas-air heat exchanger, wherein the synthesis gas combustion chamber is configured to combust the synthesis gas from the gas holder as the fuel to generate high-temperature flue gas; the flue gas-air heat exchanger is configured to respectively use high-temperature flue gas as a hot medium and air as a cold medium to carry out heat exchange to generate hot flue gas and high-temperature air which are respectively used as a first gasifying agent and a second gasifying agent of the gasification device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the gasification unit further comprises a separator and a tail flue, the separator and tail flue being connected in series between the gasification furnace and the syngas purification unit; a waste heat utilization device is also arranged in the tail flue; the synthesis gas purification device comprises a desulfurization device and a dust removal device.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the secondary gasification agent distribution means comprises a lower secondary gasification agent distribution means and an upper secondary gasification agent distribution means, disposed below and above a middle portion of the primary gasification zone, respectively.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the gasification furnace is provided with a plurality of temperature sensors, the temperature sensors including a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor and a third temperature sensor respectively disposed at a lower portion, a middle portion and a top portion of the primary gasification zone, and a fourth temperature sensor disposed at a top portion of the secondary gasification zone.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the wall of the gasification furnace is a water-cooled wall structure, and the inner wall surfaces of the primary gasification zone and the secondary gasification zone are both provided with refractory materials.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the syngas combustor is selected from the group consisting of adiabatic combustors and burners at one end configured to generate high temperature flue gas in accordance with a first gasification amount required by the gasification apparatus.
7. A tar-free cryogenic gasification process using the system of any of claims 1 to 6, comprising:
the combustible waste is used as gasification fuel to enter a gasification device, and hot flue gas generated by a hot flue gas generation device enters a gasification furnace through the bottom of the gasification furnace, so that the gasification fuel is fluidized and is used as a first gasification agent to perform primary gasification reaction with the gasification fuel; the temperature of the hot flue gas is 600-700 ℃, and the oxygen content is 8-15%;
the method comprises the following steps of enabling air to be subjected to heat exchange through a hot flue gas generating device to form high-temperature air at 400-500 ℃ as a second gasifying agent, enabling the high-temperature air to be distributed into a primary gasification zone through a secondary gasifying agent distribution device, forming a turbulent flow state in the primary gasification zone, forming multi-stage air distribution, and sequentially performing gasification reaction with gasified fuel to form multi-stage gasification and generate primary gasified gas, wherein the gasified gas contains macromolecular components including tar; the primary gasification gas carries solid particles to go upwards through the throat, and the solid particles are intercepted back to the primary gasification area under the action of inertial separation and are finally discharged from the slag discharge pipe;
high-temperature air serving as a second gasifying agent is further fed into the secondary gasification zone through the tertiary gasifying agent distribution device and reacts with the primary gasified gas, so that tar components are cracked, and secondary gasification reaction of macromolecules is carried out to generate synthetic gas; the synthesis gas is cooled in a gasification cooling zone and then discharged out of the gasification furnace from a gasified gas outlet; the gasification cooling zone generates steam through heat exchange and can be used by a cooling device;
the synthesis gas enters a synthesis gas purification device for purification and then is stored in a gas holder as a product gas;
according to a first gasification dosage required by a gasification device, enabling part of synthesis gas to be used as fuel to enter a synthesis gas combustion chamber for combustion to generate high-temperature flue gas, and performing heat exchange between the high-temperature flue gas and air to respectively obtain hot flue gas used as a first gasification agent and high-temperature air used as a second gasification agent; the oxygen content of the high-temperature flue gas is 8-15%.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the gasifier is provided with several temperature sensors, characterized in that the temperature sensors are capable of obtaining a real-time temperature TFruit of Chinese wolfberryAnd can follow a preset temperature TPreparation ofComparing, and regulating the interval T at the preset temperatureFruit of Chinese wolfberry= [TPreparation of-20℃, TPreparation of+20℃]And regulating and controlling the gasification temperature.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the temperature sensors comprise a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor and a third temperature sensor respectively arranged at the lower part, the middle part and the top of the primary gasification zone, and a fourth temperature sensor arranged at the top of the secondary gasification zone, and the preset temperatures of the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor, the third temperature sensor and the fourth temperature sensor are 700 ℃, 750 ℃, 850 ℃ and 950 ℃ in sequence.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the combustible waste comprises municipal solid waste, combustible industrial waste, medical waste.
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