CN113949288A - 操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块 - Google Patents

操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块 Download PDF

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CN113949288A
CN113949288A CN202110735874.1A CN202110735874A CN113949288A CN 113949288 A CN113949288 A CN 113949288A CN 202110735874 A CN202110735874 A CN 202110735874A CN 113949288 A CN113949288 A CN 113949288A
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intermediate circuit
power module
heat sink
semiconductor
circuit line
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A·埃瓦尔德
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H02P27/085—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation wherein the PWM mode is adapted on the running conditions of the motor, e.g. the switching frequency
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    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
    • H05K7/2089—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating for power electronics, e.g. for inverters for controlling motor
    • H05K7/20927—Liquid coolant without phase change
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    • H01L23/46—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids
    • H01L23/473—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements involving the transfer of heat by flowing fluids by flowing liquids

Abstract

一种用于操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块(10)，包括多个半导体构件；冷却体(16)，该冷却体用于导出由半导体构件产生的热量；中间电路电容器(18)，该中间电路电容器与半导体构件并联；中间电路线路，该中间电路线路将中间电路电容器(18)与半导体构件电连接；其中中间电路线路至少部分地被布置于在冷却体(16)中形成的凹口(17)中。

Description

操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块
技术领域
本发明涉及电动移动领域，尤其是用于操作车辆的电驱动器的功率模块。
背景技术
功率模块、尤其是集成功率模块在机动车辆中的应用越来越广泛。这种功率模块例如用于DC/AC逆变器(Inverter)，这些逆变器用于给电动机器(例如电动机)供应多相交流电流。在此，将由借助于DC能量源(例如电池)产生的直流电流转换成多相交流电流。功率模块基于功率半导体，尤其是晶体管，例如IGBT、MOSFET和HEMT。其他应用领域是DC/DC转换器和AC/DC整流器(Converter)和变压器。
用于桥式电路的功率开关通常由功率半导体构成。一个常见的示例是所谓的半桥，其包括一个高侧部件和一个低侧部件。高侧部件和低侧部件分别包括一个或多个功率开关，即高侧功率开关或低侧功率开关。通过有针对性地切换高侧功率开关和低侧功率开关，可以在正电流方向和负电流方向之间以非常短的周期改变在功率模块的输出端处产生的电流(输出电流)方向。这能够实现所谓的脉冲宽度调制，以便在DC/AC逆变器的情况下基于在功率模块的输入侧馈入的直流电流来产生交流电流。
发明内容
因此，本发明的基本目的在于能够实现一种功率模块，其中以更高的精度检测功率半导体的工作温度。
本发明范围内的功率模块用于操作车辆、尤其是电动车辆和/或混合动力车辆的电驱动器。功率模块优选用于DC/AC逆变器(英文：Inverter)。尤其，功率模块用于为电动机器(例如电动机和/或发电机)供电。DC/AC逆变器用于从借助于能量源(例如电池)的DC电压产生的直流电流来生成多相交流电流。
功率模块具有多个半导体构件或芯片，以便基于馈入的输入电流借助于对各个半导体构件的控制来产生输出电流。半导体构件的控制借助于控制电子器件实现，该控制电子器件具有一个或多个印刷电路板，在该印刷电路板上安装有多个电子构件。控制电子器件优选包括基于功率模块的运行状态来产生控制信号的控制器部件和基于该控制信号来控制功率开关的驱动器部件。控制可以基于所谓的脉冲宽度调制。在逆变器的情况下，输入电流是直流电流，其中输出电流是交流电流。
在功率模块的运行中，经常发送经过各个半导体构件的高电流。对于高压应用(例如400V和800V应用)尤其如此。因此，导出在功率模块运行中产生的热量非常重要，以便不因过热而影响半导体构件。为此，通常设置有冷却体，半导体构件与该冷却体处于热耦合。
各个半导体构件通常被组合成所谓的拓扑开关。每个拓扑开关具有多个并联连接的半导体构件，这些半导体构件在相应的拓扑开关之内优选形成具有高侧和低侧的完整半桥。随着对由电驱动器提供的车辆功率量的需求增加，要由功率模块传输的电流也增加。在电压至少保持不变的情况下，这需要扩展拓扑开关的数量。
在现有技术已知的功率模块中，拓扑开关数量的增加意味着各种半导体构件仅能够受限地在DC侧接触，从而使由于馈电线路的阻抗而引起的漏电感保持得较低。此外，在这些已知的功率模块中经常出现不同长度的馈电线路并且因此出现不同的漏电感。漏电感可以与快速切换耦合并且导致电压跃变，这些电压跃变在某些情况下超过半导体构件的过电压，从而影响这些半导体构件。
因此，本发明所基于的技术任务是，更有效地对抗在功率模块中由于漏电感而出现的电压跃变。
本发明范围内的功率模块用于操作车辆、尤其是电动车辆和/或混合动力车辆的电驱动器。功率模块优选用于DC/AC逆变器(英文：Inverter)。尤其，功率模块用于为电动机器(例如电动机和/或发电机)供电。DC/AC逆变器用于从借助于能量源(例如电池)的DC电压产生的直流电流来生成多相交流电流。
功率模块具有多个半导体构件或芯片，这些半导体构件或芯片用于基于馈入的输入电流借助于对各个半导体构件的控制来产生输出电流。拓扑开关的控制借助于控制电子器件实现，该控制电子器件优选具有一个或多个印刷电路板，在该印刷电路板上安装有多个电子构件。控制电子器件优选包括基于功率模块的运行状态来产生控制信号的控制器部件和基于该控制信号来控制半导体构件的驱动器部件。控制可以基于所谓的脉冲宽度调制。在逆变器(Inverter)的情况下，输入电流是直流电流，其中输出电流是交流电流。
多个半导体构件优选形成一个或多个半桥。每个半桥可以理解为包括多个并联连接的半导体构件的拓扑开关。每个拓扑开关包括高侧和与高侧串联的低侧。半导体构件分别包括IGBT、MOSFET或HEMT。相应的半导体构件所基于的半导体材料优选包括所谓的宽带隙半导体(带隙较大的半导体)，例如碳化硅(SiC)或氮化镓(GaN)，替代地或附加地可以包括结晶硅和/或非晶硅。
功率模块还包括冷却体，半导体构件与该冷却体处于热耦合。在该冷却体中优选地设计有用于使冷却介质(例如水)通流的冷却管道。此外，功率模块包括中间电路电容器，该中间电路电容器与半导体构件并联，以便平滑输入电压。
包括多个汇流排的中间电路线路被设置用于将中间电路电容器与半导体构件电连接。中间电路线路至少部分地布置于在冷却体中形成的凹口中。
以这种方式缩短了中间电路线路的长度，这是因为该中间电路线路不需要围绕冷却体缠绕以与半导体构件连接。根据本发明，中间电路线路可以至少部分地被引导穿过形成在冷却体中的凹口。因此降低了功率模块的漏电感，使得半导体构件上的电压跃变(其归因于漏电感与由于半导体构件的切换而出现的电流变化之间的耦合)的可能性降低。
此外，根据本发明的结构方式促进了中间电路线路的均匀长度并且因此促进了在不同的半导体构件之间的均匀电感。这使得有针对性地控制半导体构件以产生期望的输出电流变得容易。
附图说明
现在示例性地并且参照附图描述实施方式。在附图中：
图1示出了根据一个实施方式的功率模块的示意图；
图2示出了图1的功率模块的电路的示意图；以及
图3示出了根据一个实施方式的冷却体的示意图。
在附图中，相同的附图标记涉及相同或功能类似的参考部件。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据一个实施方式的功率模块10的示意性截面视图。在图2中示出了剖切平面A-A。功率模块10包括多个拓扑开关12、14，这些拓扑开关分别具有多个并联连接的半导体构件。功率模块10包括中间电路电容器18，该中间电路电容器用于平滑由能量源(例如电池)馈入功率模块10的输入电压。在拓扑开关12、14与中间电路电容器18之间布置有冷却体16，以便导出由拓扑开关12、14在运行中产生的热量并且冷却半导体构件。中间电路电容器18与拓扑开关12、14并联。在中间电路电容器18与拓扑开关12、14的半导体构件之间设置有中间电路线路，该中间电路线路在此处示出的实施方式中包括用于将半导体构件与正电位电连接的多个第一汇流排11A、13A、15A和用于将半导体构件与负电位电连接的多个第二汇流排11B、13B、15B。冷却体16在中间具有凹口17，汇流排13A、13B部分地被该凹口容纳。因此，中间电路线路部分地被布置在冷却体16的内部。汇流排11A、11B、13A、13B、15A、15B从中间电路电容器18延伸并且基本上竖直向上延伸超过冷却体16的表面19(参见图2)，在该中间电路电容器中汇流排11A、11B、13A、13B、15A、15B与相应的电位连接。因此，凹口17在此被设计为贯通部。以这种方式可以容易地接触布置在功率模块10内部的半导体构件，以便确保均匀的馈电线路长度。
图2示出了功率模块10的俯视图。在该示例性实施方式中，功率模块10具有六个拓扑开关12、14，这些拓扑开关指配给三个电流相，从而为每个电流相设置两个拓扑开关12、14(在图2中的左列拓扑开关、中列拓扑开关或右列拓扑开关)。汇流排11A、11B、15A、15B被布置在冷却体16的侧面并且沿着冷却体16的边缘延伸。汇流排13A、13B被布置在上部拓扑开关12与下部拓扑开关14之间。因此，中间电路线路的针对所有三个电流相的指配给电流相的不同区段在冷却体16的拓扑开关12、14所放置的表面19上聚集。对此替代性地，中间电路线路的这些不同的区段可以被布置在冷却体16的内部和/或中间电路电容器18的内部。
图3示出了冷却体16的示意图。冷却体16在此以水平截面视图可见。冷却体16包括冷却介质入口22、冷却介质出口24和布置在其间的用于使冷却介质30通流的中间空间。中间空间被凹口17和包围该凹口的壁32划分成两个冷却通道26、28。第一冷却通道26主要被设计用于冷却上部拓扑开关12，其中第二冷却通道28主要被设计用于冷却下部拓扑开关14。在拓扑开关的数量比在图2中示例性示出的实施方式多的情况下，可以通过另外的凹口和壁实现另外的冷却通道。
附图标记清单
10 功率模块
11A，13A，15A 第一汇流排
11B，13B，15B 第二汇流排
12，14 拓扑开关
16 冷却体
17 凹口
18 中间电路电容器
19 表面
22 冷却介质入口
24 冷却介质出口
26 第一冷却通道
28 第二冷却通道
30 冷却介质
32 壁

Claims (11)

1.一种用于操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块(10)，包括：
-多个半导体构件；
-冷却体(16)，所述冷却体用于导出由所述半导体构件产生的热量；
-中间电路电容器(18)，所述中间电路电容器与所述半导体构件并联；
-中间电路线路，所述中间电路线路将所述中间电路电容器(18)与所述半导体构件电连接；
其中所述中间电路线路至少部分地被布置于在所述冷却体(16)中形成的凹口(17)中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述中间电路电容器(18)被布置在所述冷却体(16)的背离所述半导体构件的一侧上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述凹口(17)被设计为贯通部，所述中间电路线路从所述中间电路电容器(18)被引导穿过所述贯通部直至所述半导体构件。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述半导体构件构成至少两个拓扑开关(12，14)，所述拓扑开关分别包括多个并联连接的半导体构件，其中所述中间电路线路在冷却体(16)中的中间区域中被布置在所述两个拓扑开关(12，14)之间。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述半导体构件被指配给多个，优选地三个、六个、九个或十二个电流相，其中所述中间电路线路具有多个区段，所述区段分别被指配给所述电流相中的一个电流相。
6.根据权利要求5所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述中间电路线路的区段在所述冷却体(16)的背离所述中间电路电容器(18)的表面(19)上电聚集。
7.根据权利要求5所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述中间电路线路(18)的区段在所述冷却体(16)中电聚集。
8.根据权利要求5所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述中间电路线路的区段在所述中间电路电容器(18)中电聚集。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的功率模块(10)，其中所述冷却体(16)中的凹口沿所述冷却体(16)的入口(22)与出口(24)之间的方向延伸，其中使冷却介质(30)通流的所述冷却体(16)的内部空间被所述凹口划分成两个子通道(26，28)。
10.一种用于功率模块(10)的冷却体(16)，其中所述冷却体(16)用于导出由半导体构件产生的热量，其中所述冷却体(16)在内部具有凹口(17)，所述凹口用于至少部分地容纳所述功率模块(10)的中间电路线路(18)。
11.一种逆变器，包括根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的功率模块(10)和/或根据权利要求10所述的冷却体(16)。
CN202110735874.1A 2020-06-30 2021-06-30 操作电动车辆驱动器的功率模块 Pending CN113949288A (zh)

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