CN113942369A - 混合动力车辆 - Google Patents

混合动力车辆 Download PDF

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CN113942369A
CN113942369A CN202110718002.4A CN202110718002A CN113942369A CN 113942369 A CN113942369 A CN 113942369A CN 202110718002 A CN202110718002 A CN 202110718002A CN 113942369 A CN113942369 A CN 113942369A
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voltage
heating device
air
hybrid vehicle
combustion engine
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R·斯塔罗斯克
M·阿尔贝斯迈尔
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Audi AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • B60H1/2218—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters controlling the operation of electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00357—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles
    • B60H1/00385—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell
    • B60H1/004—Air-conditioning arrangements specially adapted for particular vehicles for vehicles having an electrical drive, e.g. hybrid or fuel cell for vehicles having a combustion engine and electric drive means, e.g. hybrid electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/02—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/04—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant from cooling liquid of the plant
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/02—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/14—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant otherwise than from cooling liquid of the plant, e.g. heat from the grease oil, the brakes, the transmission unit
    • B60H1/18—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant otherwise than from cooling liquid of the plant, e.g. heat from the grease oil, the brakes, the transmission unit the air being heated from the plant exhaust gases
    • B60H1/20—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived from the propulsion plant otherwise than from cooling liquid of the plant, e.g. heat from the grease oil, the brakes, the transmission unit the air being heated from the plant exhaust gases using an intermediate heat-transferring medium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H1/2215—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters
    • B60H1/2225—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant the heat being derived from electric heaters arrangements of electric heaters for heating air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00007—Combined heating, ventilating, or cooling devices
    • B60H1/00021—Air flow details of HVAC devices
    • B60H2001/00114—Heating or cooling details
    • B60H2001/00128—Electric heaters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H2001/2228—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant controlling the operation of heaters
    • B60H2001/224—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant controlling the operation of heaters automatic operation, e.g. control circuits or methods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H2001/2246—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant obtaining information from a variable, e.g. by means of a sensor
    • B60H2001/2253—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant obtaining information from a variable, e.g. by means of a sensor related to an operational state of the vehicle or a vehicle component
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/22—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices the heat being derived otherwise than from the propulsion plant
    • B60H2001/2268—Constructional features
    • B60H2001/2287—Integration into a vehicle HVAC system or vehicle dashboard
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
    • F01N2590/11—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for hybrid vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/10—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the vehicle or its components
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/10—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the vehicle or its components
    • F01N2900/104—Battery status
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
    • F01N2900/1602—Temperature of exhaust gas apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种混合动力车辆，其具有：内燃机；电机；内部空间空调设备；被配设给内燃机的催化器，该催化器带有能在来自中压电网的第一电压、特别是48V的电压下运行的催化器加热设备；处于高于第一电压的第二电压的高压电网，电机连接到该高压电网；用于将第二电压转换为第一电压的电压转换器；用于利用内燃机的废热加热在调温回路中循环的内部空间空调设备的调温介质的热交换设备；和根据内燃机的运行来运行催化器加热设备的控制设备，其中内部空间空调设备的在第一电压工作下工作的空调加热设备连接到中压电网，其中控制设备被设计用于至少在内燃机不运行和/或催化器加热设备不运行时由中压电网运行空调加热设备。

Description

混合动力车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一种混合动力车辆，其具有：内燃机；电机；内部空间空调设备；被配设给内燃机的催化器，该催化器带有可在来自中压电网的第一电压、特别是48V下运行的催化器加热设备；处于高于第一电压的第二电压的高压电网，电机连接至该高压电网；用于将第二电压转换为第一电压的电压转换器；用于利用内燃机的废热加热内部空间空调设备的在调温回路中循环的调温介质的热交换设备；和根据内燃机的运行来运行催化器加热设备的控制设备。
背景技术
混合动力车辆的特征在于，混合动力车辆在动力传动系中既具有特别传统的内燃机，又具有既可以发电机模式运行又可用于驱动的电机。电机通常与混合动力车辆的高压电网连接，该高压电网的高压尤其是可以大于200V、例如是450V。通常在高压电网中还设置有高压电池，可以由该高压电池为电机馈电。在所谓的插电式混合动力车辆中，混合动力车辆还包括充电设备，该充电设备允许例如通过相应的充电桩、壁盒和/或常见的家用接头对高压电池充电。
在现代机动车辆中，通常将内燃机分配给用于处理排气的催化器。当达到确定的工作温度时，这种催化器开始有效地工作。为了即使在低温下，例如直接在内燃机刚启动之后也允许有效地使用催化器，已经提出给催化器配备催化器加热设备，该催化器加热设备例如可以设计成加热盘。这种加热盘由被绕线的金属支架形成，该支架可在必要时通电，并被安装在催化器的壳体中。
这种催化器加热设备的期望的加热功率例如可以在几千瓦的范围内，例如是4KW。然而，传统的机动车辆车载电网通常仅提供12V的低压，从而需要极高的电流供应，以便能够相应地运行催化器加热设备，这导致相应的设计既昂贵又麻烦。因此，至少针对混合动力车辆已经提出，在中压(中等电压)、特别是在48V下运行催化器加热设备。例如可以由电机的高压电网通过相应的电压转换器提供该中压，并允许使用较低的电流强度，进而大大降低对催化器加热设备及其输入管路的要求。例如可以在文献DE 198 04 098 A1中找到这种设计方案。根据文献DE 10 2012 209 202A1提出一种替代方案，即，使用再生制动系统来提供用于加热机动车辆催化器的能量。
混合动力车辆通常还具有内部空间空调设备，该设备被特别设计成将内部空间加热到舒服的、特别是在乘客方面可以选择的温度。为此，在仅具有内燃机的传统机动车辆中已知的是，通过热交换设备将内燃机的废热传递给例如使用冷却水的调温回路，或者必要时直接传递给要供应给内部空间的空气，以提供期望的加热。然而，在混合动力车辆中，当混合动力车辆纯电动行驶时，至少不会产生用于加热内部空间的废热。相应地，提出借助于由高压电网运行的高压电阻加热器、特别是高压-PTC在调温回路中运行调温介质、特别是冷却水。当内燃机产生相应的废热时，这种高压加热设备不必一直运行，该废热同样通过调温回路的水被输出，该调温回路也用于冷却内燃机。
除了这种用于加热调温介质的可能性之外，该调温介质的热量反过来特别是借助于热交换器用于加热要供应到内部空间的空气，已知的混合动力车辆的内部空间空调设备通常还具有在12V-车载电网中运行的、用于要供应到内部空间的空气的低压加热设备，该低压加热设备由低压车载电网运行，并且本身无法提供足够的功率来提供足够的预期热量，但可在冷的内燃机的情况下对空气进行初始加热和/或在以后的时间点被用于后续调节/补充加热行动。
混合动力车辆的已知设计方案有如下问题，对于高压加热设备，由于涉及高压部件，因此在设计和安全要求方面需要复杂且占用空间大的附加部件，在目前的混合动力车辆中，这些附加部件并非总是可以集成到车辆结构中或仅在受损的情况下才可以集成到车辆结构中。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是，提出一种相对改进的、特别是在所需的部件和空间要求方面改进的混合动力车辆。
为了实现这个目的，根据本发明在一种开头提到的类型的混合动力车辆中提出，内部空间空调设备的以第一电压运行的空调加热设备连接到中压电网，其中控制设备被设计用于在内燃机不运行和/或催化器加热设备不运行的情况下由中压电网运行空调设备。
本发明充分利用：特别是在研究将传统的12V-车载电网替换为48V-车载电网方面已经开发了用于要引入到机动车辆内部空间的空气的空调加热设备，该空调加热设备因此可以用48V的工作电压工作，该工作电压优选相当于第一电压(中压)。根据本发明现在已经认识到，如果已经存在处于高压电网的第二电压(高压)和低压电网(车载电网)的第三电压(低压)之间的第一电压，在此用来运行催化器加热设备，则该催化器加热设备也可用于在第一电压下运行这种代替12V-加热设备的空调加热设备。这尤其从进一步的认知中得出，当催化器加热设备运行时，正好不需要空调加热设备，这是因为内燃机随后提供废热。另一方面，当使用不提供废热的电机时，通常不需要催化器加热设备或需要催化器加热设备的很小的功率，因此，需要内部空间空调设备的空调加热设备来提供期望的内部空间加热。换句话说，当通过电压转换器运行电机时，即使当前不需要(或仅在很小的程度上需要)催化器加热设备，也提供处于中压电网中的第一电压，从而最终可以将用于由第二电压提供第一电压的电压转换器用于其他用途。
在根据本发明的混合动力车辆中，该混合动力车辆尤其还具有处于比第一电压或第二电压低的第三电压的车载电网，该第三电压特别是12V，即充分利用中压、即处于第二电压和第三电压之间的第一电压的可用性的事实，用于在足够低的电流强度下提供足够的加热功率来加热提供供应到机动车辆内部空间的空气的替代装置，该替代装置替代内部空间空调设备的普通的12V-加热设备和用于调温介质的高压加热设备，从而通过设置可在第一电压下运行的空调加热设备，可以取消在高压电网的第二电压下运行的高压加热设备，即特别是可以取消高压PTC-加热器。这又意味着可以显著地降低成本和重量，并且在混合动力车辆中还为其他组件提供了更多的自由安装空间或作为乘员可以使用的空间。
由于本发明在插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV-Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle)中的应用特别有利，因此本发明当然也可以用于其他混合动力车辆，例如使用12V-车载电网的轻度混合动力车辆。
在本发明的范围中，基本上存在两种运行方案。在第一运行状态中，内燃机关闭或是冷的，并且混合动力车辆使用电机进行电动行驶。那么因为混合动力车辆纯电动地行驶，内燃机就不会产生任何废热来加热混合动力车辆的内部空间。也不必加热催化器，因为内燃机不产生必须清洁的排气。然后通过电压转换器可以将全部功率用于空调加热设备，以实现对内部空间的加热。
在第二运行状态中内燃机起动或变热，从而通过燃烧产生废热，这些废热通过调温回路、尤其是冷却水被耗散，并且例如经由内部空间空调设备的热交换器来加热机动车辆的内部空间。因此，电压转换器不必用来加热内部空间，从而电压转换器在运行中用于通过催化器加热设备加热催化器，并尽可能快地加热催化器，以使催化器能够快速起作用。
这里，控制设备当然根据特别是用户方面对内部空间空调设备的预先规定、例如所选择的预期内部空间温度进行控制。
如已经示出的那样，空调加热设备特别有利地是被设计用于加热要被引入到要加热的内部空间中的空气的空调加热设备。因此，可以借助于调温回路、特别是由内燃机的冷却水以及通过以第一电压运行的空调加热设备来加热要被引入到要加热的内部空间中的空气。特别地，内部空间空调设备还可以具有另一热交换设备，其用于将被发动机的废热加热的调温介质的热量传递到空气中来加热内部空间。
空调设备可以特别有利地是或包括电阻加热器，特别是PTC-加热器(PTC-“Positive Temperature Coefficient(正温度系数)”)。如已经提到的那样，已经为机动车开发了这种空调加热设备，其使用48V-车载电网而不是12V-车载电网，使得相应的部件可以作为相同的部件用在根据本发明的混合动力车辆以及基本上以48V-车载电网工作的车辆中。
如已经提到的，控制设备可以被设计成在至少两个第一运行模式中专门运行催化器加热设备或专门运行空调加热设备。这尤其意味着，当内燃机关闭(并尤其是冷的)并且使用电机时，可以运行空调加热设备，而当内燃机运行并提供废热期间，可以仅使用催化器加热设备。然而，在本发明的范围中，还可以想到控制设备被设计成以至少一个运行模式由中压电网同时运行催化器加热设备和空调加热设备。这意味着可以想到上面已经讨论的运行状态的混合形式，其中，例如使催化器保持是热的，而同时应借助于空调加热设备加热内部空间。可以在电压转换器的输出功率方面相应地如此设计电压转换器，例如为了运行两个加热设备，必要时以降低的但充分的加热功率运行。具体地，例如可以设置，控制设备被设计成在第二运行模式下以降低的加热功率运行催化器加热设备，以保持已经加热的催化器的最低温度。在这种情况下，对应的第二操作模式可以是一种保温模式，这总体上可以导致节能。
为了能够相应地使用催化器加热设备和空调加热设备，控制设备可以具有至少一个开关设备，该开关设备用于切换向催化剂加热设备的供电和向空调加热设备的供电。例如，至少一个开关设备可以相应地连接在电压转换器的下游。如果不将开关设备视为控制设备的一部分，则开关设备也可以在控制设备外部实现。
附图说明
本发明的其他优点和细节根据以下描述的实施例，以及根据附图得出。这里示出：
图1示出处于第一运行状态的根据本发明的混合动力车辆，以及
图2示出处于第二运行状态的根据本发明的混合动力车辆。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的混合动力车辆1的原理图。该混合动力车辆在动力传动系中既具有电机2又具有内燃机3。电机2连接到处于第二电压(高电压)的高压电网4。另外高压电池5也连接到高压电网4，该高压电池可以通过未详细示出的充电设备充电，从而混合动力车辆1是插电式混合动力车辆。
催化器6被配设给内燃机3，该催化器具有在此设计为加热盘的催化器加热设备7。催化器加热设备7可以在第一电压(中压)下运行，借助于电压转换器8由高压电网4的第二电压获得该电压，从而电压转换器8为中压电网9提供第一电压。混合动力车辆1还具有为了清楚起见未详细示出的车载电网(低压电网)，该车载电网的第三电压低于第一电压和第二电压。在示例中，第一电压可以是48V、第二电压可以是450V、第三电压可以是12V。
另外内燃机3经由热交换设备10耦接至调温回路11，从而内燃机3在其运行时的废热可被用于加热调温介质，在此为冷却水。借助于另一热交换设备13，该热量可以在内部空间空调设备12中被用于加热要被供应到机动车辆1的内部空间的空气。该内部空间空调设备12相应地包括外部空气和/或循环的内部空间空气的空气源14以及用于在混合动力车辆1的内部空间分布加热空气来实现加热内部空间的分配设备15。
但是，内部空间空调设备12当前还包括同样可以用于加热要供应到内部空间的空气的电气空调加热设备16。空调加热设备16被设计为PTC-加热器，并且同样在由电压转换器8产生的第一电压、此处为48V下运行。通过还可以包括控制器20的控制设备19的仅示意性示出的开关设备17、18，可以由电压转换器8既向催化器加热设备7又向空调加热设备16供应电流，进而供应相应的电功率。
在图1和图2所示的两种运行状态下，现在应对内部空间进行加热，这例如可以由混合动力车辆1的乘员经由相应的操作设备进行选择。在根据图1的第一运行状态中，内燃机3未被使用并且是冷的。电机2用于行驶。相应地，无热量输出到调温回路11，从而另一热交换设备13不能用于加热空气源14的要被供应到机动车辆1的内部空间的空气。另一方面，也不产生排气，从而不必加热催化器6，因此也不必运行催化器加热设备7。如根据开关设备17和18所示，控制设备19被设计为在该运行状态下专门地给空调加热设备16供电，使得尽管没有来自内燃机3的废热，但空气仍可以借助于空调加热设备16按照箭头21进行加热(参见箭头22)，并且可以通过空气分配设备15输出到机动车辆1的内部空间(参见箭头23)。对此不必与常规混合动力车辆一样需要用于调温回路11的冷却水的高压加热设备。
图2示出第二运行状态，其中内燃机3运行，并且因此根据箭头24将废热引入到调温回路11中。因此在这种情况下，参见箭头25和26，可以借助于另一热交换设备13加热要引入内部空间的空气，同时参见开关设备17的位置，空调加热设备16不运行。取而代之的是，参见开关设备18的位置，通过控制设备19由电压转换器8向催化器加热设备7供应电功率，以加热催化器6。
除了图1和图2所示的或者仅运行空调加热设备16或者仅运行催化器加热设备7的运行模式之外，也可以想到混合状态，例如以降低的功率运行催化器加热设备7，以维持确定的最低温度，同时通过空调加热设备16加热用于内部空间的空气。当然，也可以通过控制设备19相应地执行其他的这种第二运行模式。

Claims (9)

1.一种混合动力车辆(1)，其具有：内燃机(3)；电机(2)；内部空间空调设备(12)；被配设给所述内燃机(3)的催化器(6)，所述催化器带有能在来自中压电网(9)的第一电压、特别是48V下运行的催化器加热设备(7)；处于高于第一电压的第二电压的高压电网，所述电机(2)连接到所述高压电网；用于将所述第二电压转换为第一电压的电压转换器(8)；用于利用所述内燃机(3)的废热加热在调温回路(11)中循环的、所述内部空间空调设备(12)的调温介质的热交换设备(10)；和根据所述内燃机(3)的运行来运行所述催化器加热设备(7)的控制设备(19)，
其特征在于，所述内部空间空调设备(12)的在所述第一电压下工作的空调加热设备(16)连接到所述中压电网(9)，所述控制设备(19)被设计用于至少在所述内燃机(3)不运行和/或催化器加热设备(7)不运行时由所述中压电网(9)运行所述空调加热设备(16)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述混合动力车辆(1)还具有在第三电压下的车载电网，该第三电压低于所述第一电压和第二电压，该第三电压特别是12V。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述空调加热设备(16)被设计用于加热要被引入到待加热的内部空间中的空气。
4.根据权利要求3所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述内部空间空调设备(12)还具有另一热交换设备(13)，所述另一热交换设备用于将由所述内燃机(3)的废热加热的调温介质的热量传递到用于加热内部空间的空气。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述空调加热设备(16)是或包括电阻加热器、尤其是PTC加热器。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述控制设备(19)被设计为，在至少两个第一运行模式中用于由所述中压电网(9)专门运行所述催化器加热设备(7)或用于专门运行空调加热设备(16)，和/或在至少一个第二运行模式中用于由所述中压电网(9)同时运行所述催化器加热设备(7)和空调加热设备(16)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述控制设备(19)被设计为，在所述第二运行模式中使所述催化器加热设备(7)以降低的加热功率运行，以维持已加热的催化器(6)的最低温度。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述控制设备(19)具有至少一个开关设备(17、18)，所述至少一个开关设备用于切换对所述催化器加热设备(7)的供电和对空调加热设备(16)的供电。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车辆(1)，其特征在于，所述混合动力车辆被设计为插电式混合动力车辆(1)。
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