CN113941767A - Low-stress control method for high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint - Google Patents

Low-stress control method for high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint Download PDF

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CN113941767A
CN113941767A CN202111366563.9A CN202111366563A CN113941767A CN 113941767 A CN113941767 A CN 113941767A CN 202111366563 A CN202111366563 A CN 202111366563A CN 113941767 A CN113941767 A CN 113941767A
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welding
temperature
slow cooling
carbon steel
thermocouple
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CN113941767B (en
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代野
李忠盛
黄安畏
陈大军
丛大龙
黄�俊
戴明辉
付扬帆
刘正涛
江波
吴厦
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No 59 Research Institute of China Ordnance Industry
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

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Abstract

The invention provides a low stress control method for a high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint, which is used for high-carbon steel bars or pipes and comprises the following steps: a. processing before welding, b, clamping a weldment, c, performing a friction welding process, d, testing a natural cooling temperature curve of the weldment, e, calculating thermomagnetic composite slow cooling of the weldment, and f, performing thermomagnetic composite slow cooling of the weldment. According to the method, the heating power of slow cooling in the welding process is obtained in real time through the natural cooling temperature curve and the cooling rate, so that the slow cooling temperature curve after welding is obtained, high-strength welding of high-carbon steel bars or pipes is realized, the problems that the residual stress of a high-carbon steel rotating body is large after inertial axial friction welding, and cracks and defects are easy to occur to a joint are solved, the welding processing time is shortened, the welding efficiency is improved, and the manufacturing cost is reduced.

Description

Low-stress control method for high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of dissimilar metal solid phase welding, in particular to a low-stress control method for a high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint.
Background
Inertia axial friction welding, also called energy storage friction welding, is a solid-phase welding method, energy is stored in a flywheel in the welding process, upset forging pressure is applied when the flywheel reaches a certain rotating speed, and kinetic energy stored in the flywheel is converted into heat energy through friction, so that welding of an interface to be welded is realized; the inertia axial friction welding has the advantages of high joint quality, high material utilization rate, high production efficiency, clean environment and the like, can realize the welding of difficult-to-process metal materials such as steel, high-temperature alloy, titanium alloy and the like, and is mainly applied to the fields of aerospace, ships, weapons, automobiles, chemical industry and the like, such as various parts of an aircraft engine compressor disk, a turbocharger, an oil pipeline, a drill rod and the like. However, in the inertial axial friction welding process, under the complex environment of multiple thermal-force coupling of axial pressure and torque, frictional heat and plastic deformation heat of the welded component in high-speed rotation, the welded joint is easily subjected to uneven rapid heating and cooling processes, so that residual stress is generated in the joint, and the connection strength of the welded joint and the service performance of the welded component are affected.
The high-carbon steel is mainly applied to machine parts with high hardness and wear resistance, such as rotating shafts, large gears, couplings and the like, and in order to improve the material utilization rate and simplify the processing technology in the prior art, welding rod argon arc welding, brazing and friction welding are generally adopted to obtain the parts of the high-carbon steel; however, high-carbon steel has poor weldability, the joint has a large hardening tendency, high-carbon martensite is easily formed in a welding heat affected zone, the plasticity and toughness of the welded joint are greatly reduced, and hot cracks and cold cracks are easily generated. At present, inertial axial friction welding is adopted for high-carbon steel rotating body components, however, the natural cooling speed after welding is high, the residual stress of a joint is large, the joint after welding is easy to crack, and the stress relief annealing after welding needs to be carried out immediately, so that the problems of long welding processing time, poor performance consistency of the welded joint and the like are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a low-stress control method for a high-carbon steel inertial axial friction welding joint, so as to solve the problems that a high-carbon steel rotating body in the background technology has large residual stress after inertial axial friction welding, and the joint is easy to crack and have defects; thereby realizing the high-strength welding of high-carbon steel bars or tubes, reducing the processing time, improving the welding efficiency and reducing the manufacturing cost.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a low stress control method of a high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint is used for high-carbon steel bars or pipes and is characterized in that:
a. processing before welding: according to the structure of the high-carbon steel component, machining a high-carbon steel workpiece to be welded (a bar or a pipe);
b. clamping a weldment: after the workpieces to be welded are machined, clamping and fixing the workpieces to be welded by respectively adopting a rotating end and a moving end of an inertial axial friction welding machine, and ensuring that the workpieces to be welded are completely constrained except in the axial pressure direction; then installing the induction heating coil outside the welding interface to ensure that the welding joint is in the middle position of the induction heating coil;
c. and (3) friction welding process: selecting a pair of testing components (note: the testing components and the subsequent welding components have the same mark) to carry out pre-welding processing, clamping and fixing, and simultaneously setting welding parameters to carry out friction welding;
d. testing a natural cooling temperature curve of the weldment: testing the central temperature of the welding seam by adopting a thermoelectric potential thermometry method from the beginning of friction welding contact of the testing member until the welding is finished and the testing member is cooled to room temperature, and obtaining a natural cooling temperature curve of the welding seam center of the weldment;
e. and (3) calculating the thermomagnetic composite slow cooling of the weldment: the martensitic transformation temperature T of the high-carbon steel according to this grade1～T2Obtaining the slow cooling temperature delta T1And a slow cooling stop temperature DeltaT2(ii) a When the welding seam temperature dropped to slow cooling temperature, introduce induction heating coil and heat, when reaching slow cooling stop temperature, stop induction heating coil's heating, obtain welded joint slow cooling temperature curve, specifically do:
firstly, obtaining input energy Q of the induction heating coil at different times,
Q＝Crm△T；
in the formula, Cr(unit J/kg ℃.) as specific heat capacity of the welding member, obtained from the welding member itself; m (unit kg) is the mass of the member to be heated (i.e., the welded member); the delta T is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment;
then, obtaining the slow cooling rate v,
Figure BDA0003360887070000031
finally, obtaining the use power P of the induction heating coil at different times,
Figure BDA0003360887070000032
in the formula, k is the power factor of the induction heating coil and is selected according to a specific induction power supply; cr(unit J/kg ℃.) as specific heat capacity of the welding member, obtained from the welding member itself; m (unit kg) is the mass of the member to be heated (i.e., the welded member); the delta T' is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment and is obtained according to the slow cooling rate; t is heating time; t is t1Is a slow cooling temperature Delta T1The corresponding time; t is t0The corresponding moment of cooling;
energy input according to initial demand (i.e. t)1Input energy Q) of an induction heating power supply at a time is designed for the inner diameter, the number of turns and the target heating width of the induction heating coil;
f. carrying out thermomagnetic composite slow cooling on the weldment: after a slow cooling temperature curve of the welding joint is obtained, repeating the steps a-c to perform linear friction welding on the welding member; starting from the pressure maintaining process of the welded component according to the time t in the step e1Heating power of the corresponding induction coil, intelligently adjusting the heating power according to different temperature intervals at different moments, and cooling the component to a slow cooling stop temperature delta T2And when the temperature is higher than the preset temperature, the induction heating coil is stopped to heat, so that the welding component is naturally cooled, and the component to be welded is naturally cooled to the preset temperature and then taken down from the friction welding.
Further optimization, the machining in the step a specifically comprises the following steps: reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 10-100 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 100-200 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; and the height direction of the bar or the pipe (the specifications of 10-100 mm and 100-200 mm are both suitable) is reserved with 1-3 mm allowance on the basis of 1/2 axial shortening, the area of a clamping part of the component is not less than 5 times of the welding area, and the roughness of the welding area is not more than Ra6.4.
And c, further optimizing, wherein the welding parameters in the step c are specifically as follows: inertia moment of 10-250 kg & gt2The friction rotating speed is 800-3000 rpm, the upsetting rotating speed is 400-1500 rpm, the friction pressure is 50-120 MPa, the upsetting pressure is 100-250 MPa, the friction time is 5-25 s, and the pressure maintaining time is 5-30 s.
Further optimization is carried out, and the thermal potential temperature measurement method in the step d specifically comprises the following steps:
aiming at the pipe: three thermocouples are adopted, namely a first thermocouple, a second thermocouple and a third thermocouple; the radial direction is as follows: according to the inner diameter R and the outer diameter R of the pipe fitting to be welded, arranging a first thermocouple at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the pipe fitting (R-R), arranging a second thermocouple at a position which is R-2 mm-R away from the center of the pipe fitting, and arranging a third thermocouple at a position which is R-R +2mm away from the center of the pipe fitting; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the shortening L after welding of the pipe fitting to be welded, wherein the distance from the hot junction of the three thermocouples (namely the first thermocouple, the second thermocouple and the third thermocouple) to the contact surface of the pipe fitting to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; taking the average value of the three thermocouples according to the temperature test value of the pipe fitting;
aiming at the bar: two thermocouples are adopted, namely a fourth thermocouple and a fifth thermocouple; the radial direction is as follows: arranging a fourth thermocouple at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the bar, and arranging a fifth thermocouple at the outer wall of the bar or at a position which is 2mm away from the outer wall of the bar; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the shortening L after welding of the bar material to be welded, wherein the distance between the hot junction of the two thermocouples (namely the fourth thermocouple and the fifth thermocouple) and the contact surface of the bar material to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; and taking the potential difference of the two thermocouples according to the bar temperature test value.
Preferably, the thermocouples (first thermocouple, second thermocouple, fourth thermocouple) are arranged at the hot junction by perforating the path (i.e. perforating the rod or tube), the diameter of the holes being slightly larger than the diameter of the thermocouples; and the paths of the thermocouples (namely the first thermocouple, the second thermocouple, the third thermocouple, the fourth thermocouple and the fifth thermocouple) are filled with insulating and bonding materials, so that the test error caused by loosening of the thermocouples in the welding process is avoided.
For further optimization, the slow cooling temperature delta T1Comparison with T1The temperature is 100-200 ℃, and the slow cooling stop temperature is delta T2Comparison with T2The height is 50-100 ℃; and slow cooling temperature Delta T1And slow cooling stop temperature delta T2Is a range value, determined according to actual test conditions.
And further optimizing, wherein the cooling rate v of the welding seam is 5-10 ℃/s.
Further optimization is carried out, the inner diameter of the induction heating coil is 10-20 mm larger than the outer diameter of a welding component, the number of turns is 3-7 turns, the gap between the coils is 3-8 mm, and the heating width is 30-100 mm.
And (f) further optimizing, wherein the specified temperature in the step f is 20-60 ℃.
And (f) further optimizing, namely, after the welding component is taken down, machining is carried out, and reserved machining allowance and welding flash are removed.
The invention has the following technical effects:
by adopting the method, the high-precision welding of the high-carbon steel rotator structure bar and pipe components can be realized; meanwhile, by applying a thermomagnetic composite field to the welded component, the cooling speed of the welded joint can be intelligently controlled, the cooling speed can be controlled according to the welding and the environment temperature, the tissue state of the welded joint is improved, the strength of the welded joint is high, the mechanical property of a welding seam area is higher than that of a base metal, and the quality consistency is good; according to the method, the heating power of slow cooling in the welding process is obtained in real time through the natural cooling temperature curve and the cooling rate, so that the residual stress of the welded joint can be obviously reduced through the slow cooling control and the accurate control of the cooling curve of the welded component joint, the control accuracy is high, the intelligence is higher, the subsequent stress relief heat treatment of the high-carbon steel after welding is not needed, the processing flow is simplified, and the processing efficiency is improved.
The method does not need to fill welding wires and protective gas in the welding process, and does not generate arc light, smoke dust, splash and the like, thereby being a green and environment-friendly welding method.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of an induction heating coil loading tool in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a thermoelectric-potential temperature measurement structure of a bar according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a thermoelectric-voltage temperature measurement structure of the tube according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a post-weld cooling curve of a component in an embodiment of the present invention.
10, welding a high-carbon steel workpiece to be welded; 20. an induction heating coil; 31. hot junction; 321. a first thermocouple; 322. a second thermocouple; 323. a third thermocouple; 324. a fourth thermocouple; 325. a fifth thermocouple; 33. insulating and adhesive materials.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments.
Example (b):
as shown in figures 1-4, a low stress control method for a high carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint is used for high carbon steel bars or pipes, and is characterized in that:
a. processing before welding: according to the structure of the high-carbon steel component, machining a high-carbon steel workpiece to be welded 10 (a bar or a pipe); the method specifically comprises the following steps: reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 10-100 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 100-200 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; and the height direction of the bar or the pipe (the specifications of 10-100 mm and 100-200 mm are both suitable) is reserved with 1-3 mm allowance on the basis of 1/2 axial shortening, the area of a clamping part of the component is not less than 5 times of the welding area, and the roughness of the welding area is not more than Ra6.4.
b. Clamping a weldment: after the workpieces to be welded are machined, clamping and fixing the workpieces to be welded by respectively adopting a rotating end and a moving end of an inertial axial friction welding machine, and ensuring that the workpieces to be welded are completely constrained except in the axial pressure direction; then installing the induction heating coil 20 outside the welding interface to ensure that the welding joint is in the middle position of the induction heating coil 20 (the induction heating coil 20 may not be loaded when testing the natural cooling temperature curve);
c. and (3) friction welding process: selecting a pair of testing components (note: the testing components and the subsequent welding components have the same mark, namely the cooling temperature curve of the testing components is ensured to be consistent with that of the welding components) to carry out pre-welding processing, clamping and fixing, and simultaneously setting welding parameters to carry out friction welding; the welding parameters are specifically as follows: inertia moment of 10-250 kg & gt2(preferably 130 kg. mu.m)2) The friction rotation speed is 800-3000 rpm (preferably 1900rpm), the upsetting rotation speed is 400-1500 rpm (preferably 950rpm), the friction pressure is 50-120 MPa (preferably 85MPa), and the upsetting is performedThe forging pressure is 100-250 MPa (preferably 175MPa), the friction time is 5-25 s (preferably 15s), and the dwell time is 5-30 s (preferably 17 s).
d. Testing a natural cooling temperature curve of the weldment: testing the central temperature of the welding seam by adopting a thermoelectric potential thermometry method from the beginning of friction welding contact of the testing member until the welding is finished and the testing member is cooled to room temperature, and obtaining a natural cooling temperature curve of the welding seam center of the weldment;
the thermoelectric potential temperature measurement method specifically comprises the following steps:
for tubing (as shown in fig. 3): three thermocouples are adopted, namely a first thermocouple 321, a second thermocouple 322 and a third thermocouple 323; the radial direction is as follows: according to the inner diameter R and the outer diameter R of the pipe to be welded, a first thermocouple 321 is arranged at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the pipe (R-R), a second thermocouple 322 is arranged at a position which is R-2 mm-R away from the center of the pipe, and a third thermocouple 323 is arranged at a position which is R-R +2mm away from the center of the pipe; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the reduction L after welding of the pipe fitting to be welded (wherein the L is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two components to be welded before welding minus the total length of the components to be welded after welding), wherein the distance from the hot junction 31 of the three thermocouples (namely the first thermocouple 321, the second thermocouple 322 and the third thermocouple 323) to the contact surface of the pipe fitting to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; taking the average value of the three thermocouples according to the temperature test value of the pipe fitting;
for bars (as shown in fig. 2): two thermocouples, a fourth thermocouple 324 and a fifth thermocouple 325 are used; the radial direction is as follows: arranging a fourth thermocouple 324 at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the bar, and arranging a fifth thermocouple 325 at the outer wall of the bar or at a position which is 2mm away from the outer wall of the bar; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the shortening L after welding of the bar material to be welded, wherein the distance from the hot junction 31 of the two thermocouples (namely the fourth thermocouple 324 and the fifth thermocouple 325) to the contact surface of the bar material to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; and taking the potential difference of the two thermocouples according to the bar temperature test value.
Thermocouples (first thermocouple 321, second thermocouple 322, fourth thermocouple 324) are provided at hot junction 31 by path perforations (i.e. perforations in the bar or tube), the diameter of the perforations being slightly larger than the diameter of the thermocouples; and the paths of the thermocouples (i.e. the first thermocouple 321, the second thermocouple 322, the third thermocouple 323, the fourth thermocouple 324 and the fifth thermocouple 325) are filled with the insulating and bonding material 33, so that the loosening of the thermocouples in the welding process and the test error caused by the loosening of the thermocouples are avoided.
e. And (3) calculating the thermomagnetic composite slow cooling of the weldment: the martensitic transformation temperature T of the high-carbon steel according to this grade1～T2Obtaining the slow cooling temperature delta T1And a slow cooling stop temperature DeltaT2(ii) a When the temperature of the welding seam is reduced to the slow cooling temperature, the induction heating coil 20 is introduced for heating, when the slow cooling stop temperature is reached, the heating of the induction heating coil 20 is stopped, a slow cooling temperature curve of the welding joint is obtained, and the slow cooling temperature delta T1Comparison with T1The temperature is 100-200 ℃, and the slow cooling stop temperature is delta T2Comparison with T2The height is 50-100 ℃; and slow cooling temperature Delta T1And slow cooling stop temperature delta T2Is a range value, determined according to actual test conditions.
For example: the martensite transformation temperature of the high-carbon steel is 200-500 deg.C (which can be obtained according to the existing information in the field), and the temperature of the welding seam can be reduced to 600-700 deg.C, and the slow cooling temperature delta T can be obtained1When the heating is performed, the induction heating coil 20 is introduced for heating; when the temperature is reduced to 250-300 ℃, the slow cooling stop temperature delta T2When the heating is stopped, the induction heating coil 20 stops heating;
the input energy and power of the induction heating coil 20 are specifically:
first, input energy Q of the induction heating coil 20 at different times is obtained,
Q＝Crm△T；
in the formula, Cr(unit J/kg ℃.) as specific heat capacity of the welding member, obtained from the welding member itself; m (unit kg) is the mass of the member to be heated (i.e., the welded member); the delta T is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment;
then, obtaining the slow cooling rate v,
Figure BDA0003360887070000081
the cooling speed v of the welding seam is kept between 5 and 10 ℃/s;
finally, the power P used by the induction heating coil 20 at different times is obtained,
Figure BDA0003360887070000082
in the formula, k is a power factor of the induction heating coil 20, and is selected according to a specific induction power supply; cr(unit J/kg ℃.) as specific heat capacity of the welding member, obtained from the welding member itself; m (unit kg) is the mass of the member to be heated (i.e., the welded member); Δ T' is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment, and is obtained according to the slow cooling rate, for example, T is obtained through the slow cooling rate v0Temperature T in time postweld slow cooling temperature curvehWhile obtaining t by thermocouple0Temperature T in the natural cooling temperature curve of the momentzThen Δ T ═ Th-TzL, |; t is heating time; t is t1Is a slow cooling temperature Delta T1The corresponding time; t is t0The corresponding time for cooling down (as shown in fig. 4);
energy input according to initial demand (i.e. t)1Input energy Q) of the induction heating power supply at a time) designs the inner diameter, the number of turns, and the target heating width of the induction heating coil 20; the inner diameter of the induction heating coil 20 is 10-20 mm larger than the outer diameter of the welding component, the number of turns is 3-7 turns, the gap between the coils is 3-8 mm, and the heating width is 30-100 mm.
f. Carrying out thermomagnetic composite slow cooling on the weldment: after a slow cooling temperature curve of the welding joint is obtained, repeating the steps a-c to perform linear friction welding on the welding member; starting from the pressure maintaining process of the welded component according to the time t in the step e1Heating power of the corresponding induction coil, intelligently adjusting the heating power according to different temperature intervals at different moments, and cooling the component to a slow cooling stop temperature delta T2And when the temperature is higher than the preset temperature, stopping heating the induction heating coil 20, naturally cooling the welding component, and taking down the component to be welded from the friction welding after naturally cooling the component to be welded to 20-60 ℃.
g. And after the welding component is taken down, machining is carried out, and reserved machining allowance and welding flash are removed.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned. Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims (7)

1. A low stress control method of a high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint is used for high-carbon steel bars or pipes and is characterized in that:
a. processing before welding: according to the structure of the high-carbon steel component, machining a high-carbon steel workpiece (10) to be welded;
b. clamping a weldment: after the workpieces to be welded are machined, clamping and fixing the workpieces to be welded by respectively adopting a rotating end and a moving end of an inertial axial friction welding machine, and ensuring that the workpieces to be welded are completely constrained except in the axial pressure direction; then installing the induction heating coil (20) outside the welding interface to ensure that the welding joint is in the middle position of the induction heating coil (20);
c. and (3) friction welding process: selecting a pair of test components for processing before welding, clamping and fixing, and setting welding parameters for friction welding;
d. testing a natural cooling temperature curve of the weldment: testing the central temperature of the welding seam by adopting a thermoelectric potential thermometry method from the beginning of friction welding contact of the testing member until the welding is finished and the testing member is cooled to room temperature, and obtaining a natural cooling temperature curve of the welding seam center of the weldment;
e. and (3) calculating the thermomagnetic composite slow cooling of the weldment: the martensitic transformation temperature T of the high-carbon steel according to this grade1～T2Obtaining the slow cooling temperature delta T1And a slow cooling stop temperature DeltaT2(ii) a When the welding seam temperature drops to slow cooling temperature, introduce induction heating coil (20) and heat, when reaching slow cooling stop temperature, stop induction heating coil (20)'s heating, obtain the welding joint slow cooling temperature curve, specifically do:
firstly, input energy Q of the induction heating coil (20) at different times is obtained,
Q＝Crm△T；
in the formula, CrThe specific heat capacity of the welding component is obtained according to the welding component; m is the mass of the component to be heated; the delta T is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment;
then, obtaining the slow cooling rate v,
Figure FDA0003360887060000011
finally, the power P used by the induction heating coil (20) at different times is obtained,
Figure FDA0003360887060000021
wherein k is a power factor of the induction heating coil (20) and is selected according to a specific induction power supply; crThe specific heat capacity of the welding component is obtained according to the welding component; m is the mass of the component to be heated; the delta T' is the temperature difference between the slow cooling temperature and the natural cooling temperature at the corresponding moment and is obtained according to the slow cooling rate; t is heating time; t is t1Is a slow cooling temperature Delta T1The corresponding time; t is t0For lowering the temperatureCorresponding time;
designing the inner diameter, the number of turns and the target heating width of the induction heating coil (20) according to the energy required to be input initially;
f. carrying out thermomagnetic composite slow cooling on the weldment: after a slow cooling temperature curve of the welding joint is obtained, repeating the steps a-c to perform linear friction welding on the welding member; starting from the pressure maintaining process of the welded component according to the time t in the step e1Heating power of the corresponding induction coil, intelligently adjusting the heating power according to different temperature intervals at different moments, and cooling the component to a slow cooling stop temperature delta T2When the temperature is higher than the preset temperature, the induction heating coil (20) stops heating, so that the welding component is naturally cooled, and the welding component is naturally cooled to the preset temperature and then is taken down from the friction welding.
2. The method for controlling the low stress of the high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the machining in the step a specifically comprises the following steps: reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 10-100 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 0.5-1 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the outer diameter of a bar or a pipe of 100-200 mm compared with a finished product, and reserving a machining allowance of 1-2 mm for the inner diameter of the pipe compared with the finished product; and the height direction of the bar or the pipe leaves 1-3 mm allowance on the basis of 1/2 axial shortening, the area of a clamping part of the component is not less than 5 times of the welding area, and the roughness of the welding area is not more than Ra6.4.
3. The method for controlling the low stress of the high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the welding parameters in the step c are specifically as follows: inertia moment of 10-250 kg & gt2The friction rotating speed is 800-3000 rpm, the upsetting rotating speed is 400-1500 rpm, the friction pressure is 50-120 MPa, the upsetting pressure is 100-250 MPa, the friction time is 5-25 s, and the pressure maintaining time is 5-30 s.
4. The method for controlling the low stress of the high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the thermoelectric temperature measurement method in the step d specifically comprises the following steps:
aiming at the pipe: three thermocouples are adopted, namely a first thermocouple (321), a second thermocouple (322) and a third thermocouple (323); the radial direction is as follows: according to the inner diameter R and the outer diameter R of the pipe fitting to be welded, a first thermocouple (321) is arranged at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the pipe fitting (R-R), a second thermocouple (322) is arranged at a position which is R-2 mm-R away from the center of the pipe fitting, and a third thermocouple (323) is arranged at a position which is R-R +2mm away from the center of the pipe fitting; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the shortening L after welding of the pipe fittings to be welded, wherein the distance between the hot junction (31) of the three thermocouples and the contact surface of the pipe fittings to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; taking the average value of the three thermocouples according to the temperature test value of the pipe fitting;
aiming at the bar: two thermocouples, a fourth thermocouple 324 and a fifth thermocouple 325 are used; the radial direction is as follows: arranging a fourth thermocouple 324 at a position which is +/-2 mm away from the center of the bar, and arranging a fifth thermocouple (325) at the outer wall of the bar or at a position which is 2mm away from the outer wall of the bar; the axial direction is as follows: calculating the shortening L after welding of the bar material to be welded, wherein the distance between a hot junction (31) of the two thermocouples and the contact surface of the bar material to be welded is 1/2L + (2-5) mm; and taking the potential difference of the two thermocouples according to the bar temperature test value.
5. The method for controlling the low stress of the high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the inner diameter of the induction heating coil (20) is 10-20 mm larger than the outer diameter of a welding component, the number of turns is 3-7 turns, the gap between the coils is 3-8 mm, and the heating width is 30-100 mm.
6. The method for controlling the low stress of the high-carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the specified temperature in the step f is 20-60 ℃.
7. The method for controlling the low stress of the high carbon steel inertia axial friction welding joint according to the claim 1 or 6, characterized in that: and f, after the welding member is taken down, machining is carried out, and reserved machining allowance and welding flash are removed.
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