CN113936533A - Experimental device and method for research on ignition characteristics of spontaneous combustion type fuel - Google Patents
Experimental device and method for research on ignition characteristics of spontaneous combustion type fuel Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 199
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 151
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- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 title description 21
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 107
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention provides an experimental device and method for researching ignition characteristics of a self-ignition type fuel, and solves the problem that an ordinary hydrocarbon fuel experimental device cannot be adopted for researching the ignition characteristics in the ignition process of the conventional self-ignition type fuel. The device comprises a combustion chamber, a fuel supply unit, an oxidant supply unit, an exhaust system communicated with the combustion chamber, a temperature control system arranged on the outer side wall of the combustion chamber, a high-speed camera and a computer; the combustion chamber is provided with a view window, a fuel air inlet and an oxidant air inlet; the fuel supply unit includes a fuel tank and a fuel supply pipe; the fuel supply pipe is arranged on the fuel inlet, the outlet extends to the center of the combustion chamber, and the inlet is communicated with the fuel tank; the oxidant supply unit comprises an oxidant tank and an oxidant supply pipe; the oxidant supply pipe is arranged on the oxidant inlet, and the inlet is communicated with the oxidant tank; the high-speed camera shoots images of the processes from meeting to ignition of the fuel and the oxidant; the computer processes the image to obtain the ignition delay time of the self-ignition type fuel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of combustion experiments, in particular to an experimental device and method for researching ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition fuel.
Background
The liquid propellant is used as a special high-energy chemical substance, high-temperature and high-pressure gas is generated by the exothermic reaction of fuel in a combustion chamber, and then certain thrust is formed by a nozzle, so that the aim of propelling spacecrafts such as space shuttles and the like is fulfilled.
Currently, liquid propellants fall into two main categories: normal temperature hydrazine bipropellant (spontaneous combustion type fuel) and low temperature liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen kerosene propellant (low temperature propellant). Low temperature propellant storage is difficult and requires a separate ignition system, otherwise the risk of test failure increases. The hydrazine bipropellant is a self-ignition liquid propellant which takes hydrazine as fuel and nitro as oxidant, and the propellant can release energy through the chemical reaction after the fuel and the oxidant contact to realize self-ignition, so that an auxiliary ignition system is not needed. Compared with low-temperature propellant, the hydrazine bipropellant (spontaneous combustion type fuel) is more reliable in ignition, and because a cooling system and an ignition system are not needed, the hydrazine bipropellant (spontaneous combustion type fuel) is higher in thrust-weight ratio, can be repeatedly started for many times, and can be widely applied to various spacecrafts.
In order to study the ignition characteristics of the auto-ignition type fuel, the auto-ignition type fuel was subjected to ignition and combustion tests. The existing experimental device, such as a constant volume combustion bomb, a shock tube, a rapid compressor and the like, can accurately research various performances of fuel, a flame propagation process, temperature change and combustion performances of combustible gas and combustible dust for common hydrocarbon fuel. However, in the ignition process of the self-ignition fuel, once the fuel and the oxidant meet, the ignition phenomenon can occur immediately, and the fuel-oxidant mixed gas can not be prepared in advance and then corresponding ignition and combustion experiments can be carried out like common hydrocarbon fuel.
Therefore, there is no effective experimental device available at present, which can be used for experimental study of ignition characteristics of the self-ignition type fuel.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an experimental device and method for ignition characteristic research of an auto-ignition fuel, aiming at solving the technical problem that in the ignition process of the existing auto-ignition fuel, once a fuel and an oxidant meet, an ignition phenomenon occurs, and the ignition characteristic research cannot be carried out by adopting an experimental device of common hydrocarbon fuel.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
an experimental device for researching the ignition characteristic of an autoignition type fuel is characterized in that: the device comprises a combustion chamber, a sample introduction system, an exhaust system, a temperature control system and a data acquisition and processing system;
the combustion chamber is made of stainless steel, a viewing window is arranged at the end part of the combustion chamber, and a fuel inlet and an oxidant inlet which are arranged along the same circumferential direction of the combustion chamber are formed in the side wall of the combustion chamber;
the sample injection system comprises a fuel supply unit and an oxidant supply unit;
the fuel supply unit comprises a fuel tank, a one-way valve, a fuel mass flow meter and a fuel supply pipe; the fuel supply pipe is arranged on the fuel inlet, the outlet end extends to the center of the combustion chamber and is positioned in the range observable by the viewing window, and the inlet end is communicated with the fuel tank through a fuel mass flowmeter and a one-way valve which are arranged in sequence;
the oxidant supply unit comprises an oxidant tank, a first mechanical valve and an oxidant supply pipe; the oxidant supply pipe is arranged on the oxidant inlet, the outlet end faces the center of the combustion chamber and is positioned in the range observable by the viewing window, and the inlet end is communicated with the oxidant tank through first mechanical valves which are sequentially arranged;
the exhaust system is positioned outside the combustion chamber and is communicated with the inner cavity of the combustion chamber;
the temperature control system comprises a heating belt and a temperature regulator, the heating belt is wrapped on the outer side wall of the combustion chamber, and the temperature regulator is connected with the heating belt;
the data acquisition and processing system comprises a high-speed camera and a computer; the high-speed camera is used for shooting image data of the fuel emitted from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe and the oxidant emitted from the outlet end of the oxidant supply pipe from entering the combustion chamber to meeting the fuel and the oxidant and then to the ignition process through the view window; the computer acquires and processes image data of the high-speed camera to obtain ignition delay time of the self-ignition fuel.
Furthermore, the combustion chamber is a cavity structure with openings at two ends, and the openings at two ends are provided with viewing windows;
the fuel air inlet and the oxidant air inlet are positioned in the middle of the side wall of the combustion chamber, and are uniformly distributed along the same circumferential direction of the combustion chamber;
and the combustion chamber is also provided with a pressure gauge for measuring the initial pressure value of the combustion chamber before the experiment begins.
Further, the device also comprises a pressure acquisition system;
the pressure acquisition system comprises a pressure sensor, a charge amplifier and a data acquisition system; the pressure sensor is arranged on the side wall of the combustion chamber and is connected with the data acquisition system through the charge amplifier;
the computer obtains data of the data acquisition system, and the data are used for obtaining pressure change of a combustion chamber in the ignition and combustion process and used as conditions for judging whether ignition occurs or not.
Further, the device also comprises a schlieren instrument arranged outside the combustion chamber;
the schlieren instrument comprises a light source, a slit, a first plane mirror, a first concave mirror, a second plane mirror and a knife edge, wherein the slit, the first plane mirror, the first concave mirror, the second plane mirror and the knife edge are sequentially arranged along the emergent direction of the light source;
the first concave mirror and the second concave mirror are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two viewing windows, and the first concave mirror and the second concave mirror are both reflecting mirrors which are convex back to the combustion chamber;
the high-speed camera is positioned on an outlet light path of the knife edge.
Further, the device also comprises an optical fiber and a monochromator;
the side wall of the combustion chamber is also provided with a window, one end of the optical fiber is abutted against the window, the other end of the optical fiber is connected with a monochromator outside the combustion chamber, and the computer is connected with the monochromator;
the optical fiber collects free radical emission spectra in the ignition and combustion processes in the combustion chamber through the window and transmits the spectra to the monochromator, the monochromator converts optical signals into voltage signals and transmits the voltage signals to the computer, and the computer judges whether ignition occurs or not according to the voltage signals.
Furthermore, an exhaust port is formed in the end part, close to the viewing window, of the side wall of the combustion chamber;
the exhaust system comprises a second mechanical valve, an exhaust valve, a vacuum pump and a vacuum gauge, the vacuum pump is communicated with the exhaust port through the exhaust valve and the second mechanical valve which are sequentially arranged, and the vacuum gauge is arranged on a pipeline between the second mechanical valve and the exhaust valve.
Furthermore, the viewing window is made of quartz optical glass.
Further, the temperature control system also comprises a temperature display instrument connected with the temperature regulator.
Further, the fuel supply pipe is arranged on the fuel inlet in a detachable connection mode;
the oxidant supply pipe is arranged on the oxidant inlet in a detachable connection mode.
Meanwhile, the invention provides an experimental method for researching the ignition characteristic of the spontaneous combustion type fuel, which is characterized in that the experimental device for researching the ignition characteristic of the spontaneous combustion type fuel comprises the following steps:
step one, vacuumizing treatment
1.1) horizontally placing a combustion chamber, wherein an oxidant inlet is positioned at the bottom, and a fuel inlet is positioned at the top;
1.2) opening an exhaust system to ensure that the vacuum degree of a combustion chamber reaches the required condition of an experiment, and closing the exhaust system;
step two, fuel and oxidant enter a combustion chamber
2.1) opening an opening valve and a first mechanical valve of the oxidant tank, and closing the first mechanical valve after oxidant gas inlet is finished;
opening an opening valve and a one-way valve of the fuel tank, and adjusting a fuel mass flow meter to enable the fuel in the fuel tank to enter the combustion chamber according to the experimental design flow;
2.2) obtaining the flow rate of the fuel mass flow meter according to the flow of the fuel mass flow meter and the length of a fuel supply pipe;
step three, experiment
3.1) starting the computer and the high-speed camera;
3.2) calculating the time for the fuel to enter the combustion chamber according to the flow rate of the fuel mass flow meter determined in the step 2.2) and the length of the fuel supply pipe;
3.3) the high-speed camera collects images before the time of the step 3.2) until the fuel sprayed from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe meets the oxidant in the combustion chamber for ignition;
and 3.4) analyzing and processing the data acquired by the high-speed camera by the computer, and intercepting the ignition time history of the two phases to obtain the ignition delay time of the self-ignition fuel.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the experimental device adopts the fuel supply unit and the oxidant supply unit to respectively supply the fuel and the oxidant, the fuel and the oxidant are independently controlled to enter in the experimental process, the fuel and the oxidant are controlled to be simultaneously injected, the fuel and the oxidant meet at the middle position of the combustion chamber, the ignition experiment of the spontaneous combustion type fuel can be realized, the high-speed camera can accurately measure the ignition process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel, the ignition characteristic of the spontaneous combustion type fuel is researched, and the ignition delay time of the fuel can be measured.
2. The experimental device disclosed by the invention respectively controls the feeding modes of the fuel and the oxidant in the experimental process, and solves the problem that the fuel cannot coexist with the oxidant (mixed gas is prepared in advance) in the experimental process of spontaneous combustion type fuel ignition combustion.
3. The high-speed camera and the schlieren instrument are matched, so that the experimental device can accurately measure the whole ignition process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel, can quantitatively measure the ignition process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel, and can research the ignition characteristics of the spontaneous combustion type fuel.
4. The high-speed camera can clearly see the occurrence of the ignition phenomenon, and if the ignition phenomenon is not obvious or is influenced by other factors, the data acquisition through the pressure sensor can also be used as a basis for judging the ignition.
5. The optical fiber and the monochromator can collect various free radical spectrums after ignition occurs, so that the optical fiber and the monochromator can be used as a basis for judging whether the ignition occurs.
6. The visual window is made of quartz optical glass, so that the cost is low, the light transmittance is good, and the experimental accuracy is improved.
7. The fuel supply pipe and the oxidant supply pipe are connected in a detachable connection mode, the fuel supply pipe and the oxidant supply pipe with different lengths can be replaced according to experiment needs, the application range is wide, and the sample feeding system is convenient to maintain.
8. The experimental device has the characteristics of simple operation, high precision and good safety, the mode of respectively controlling the injection of the fuel and the oxidant in the experimental process effectively solves the problem that the fuel cannot coexist with the oxidant in the ignition process under the low-temperature condition, and has important significance for the ignition research of the spontaneous combustion type fuel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a first experimental device for researching the ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition fuel according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a combustion chamber according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a fuel supply pipe according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a schematic structural diagram of a flange according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4b is a cross-sectional view of a flange taken along an axial direction in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a second experimental apparatus for investigating ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition fuel according to the present invention;
wherein the reference numbers are as follows:
1-combustion chamber, 11-view window, 12-fuel inlet, 13-oxidant inlet, 14-exhaust, 15-window, 16-pressure gauge interface, 17-sensor interface, 18-pressure gauge, 19-flange, 191-threaded hole;
21-a fuel tank, 22-a one-way valve, 23-a fuel mass flow meter, 24-a fuel supply pipe, 25-a connecting flange plate;
31-oxidant tank, 32-first mechanical valve, 33-oxidant mass flow meter, 34-oxidant supply pipe;
41-heating belt, 42-temperature regulator, 43-temperature display instrument;
51-second mechanical valve, 52-exhaust valve, 53-vacuum pump, 54-vacuum gauge;
61-fiber, 62-monochromator;
71-pressure sensor, 72-charge amplifier, 73-data acquisition system;
81-light source, 82-slit, 83-first plane mirror, 84-first concave mirror, 85-second concave mirror, 86-second plane mirror, 87-knife edge;
9-high speed camera, 10-computer.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, the experimental apparatus for research of ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition fuel of the present invention comprises five major parts, namely a combustion chamber 1, a sample introduction system, an exhaust system, a temperature control system and a data acquisition and processing system, and the structures of each part are as follows:
1) combustion chamber 1
As shown in fig. 2, the combustion chamber 1 is a hollow cylinder structure with two open ends and is made of heat-resistant stainless steel, the two open ends of the combustion chamber 1 are provided with viewing windows 11, and sealed connection is realized through a flange 19 and a plurality of bolts, specifically, as shown in fig. 4a and 4b, the viewing windows 11 are installed on the flange 19, and the viewing windows 11 are connected with the combustion chamber 1 by 16 bolts arranged circumferentially penetrating through threaded holes 191 of the flange 19 and being connected with the threaded holes on the combustion chamber 1.
Because the quartz glass has good light transmission and high temperature resistance and higher hardness, the quartz glass can not only transmit far ultraviolet spectrum and be a better ultraviolet transmitting material, but also transmit visible light and near infrared spectrum; and the quartz glass is high temperature resistant, the thermal expansion coefficient is smaller, the chemical thermal stability is good, and the bubbles, the stripes, the uniformity and the birefringence can be compared favorably with the common optical glass, so the optical quartz glass is adopted for the viewing window 11 in the embodiment, and the cost is low.
The fuel air inlet 12 and the oxidant air inlet 13 have been seted up along radial in the middle part of the combustion chamber 1 lateral wall, and fuel air inlet 12 and oxidant air inlet 13 arrange along the same circumferencial direction of combustion chamber 1, and the central line of fuel air inlet 12 and oxidant air inlet 13 can become arbitrary angle and intersect, can adjust by oneself according to actual conditions, and the preferred circumference equipartition of this embodiment, fuel air inlet 12 and oxidant air inlet 13 are the symmetrical arrangement of 180 contained angles promptly.
The side wall of the combustion chamber 1 of the embodiment is also provided with a pressure interface 16, a sensor interface 17, an exhaust port 14 and a window 15; the exhaust port 14 is positioned on the side wall of the combustion chamber 1 near the sight window 11; the pressure gauge 18 is arranged on the pressure gauge interface 16 and used for measuring the pressure of the combustion chamber 1, the pressure gauge 18 is actually a digital display pressure gauge and mainly used for observing the initial pressure value of the combustion chamber 1 before the experiment starts so as to meet the requirements of carrying out different initial pressure experiments, and meanwhile, the pressure gauge 18 can obtain the pressure of the combustion chamber 1 in the process of filling fuel and oxidant so as to improve the safety of the filling process; the window 15 is a small optical quartz glass window.
2) Sample introduction system
The sample introduction system comprises a fuel supply unit and an oxidant supply unit;
the fuel supply unit includes a fuel tank 21, a check valve 22, a fuel mass flow meter 23, and a fuel supply pipe 24; the fuel supply pipe 24 is arranged on the fuel inlet 12, the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe 24 extends to the center of the combustion chamber 1, and the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe 24 is away from the center of the combustion chamber 1 and is positioned in the range observable by the viewing window 11, so that the whole experimental process can be clearly photographed by the high-speed camera; the inlet end of the fuel supply pipe 24 is communicated with the fuel tank 21 through a fuel mass flow meter 23 and a check valve 22 which are arranged in sequence; according to the fuel flow measured by the fuel mass flow meter 23, the opening valve of the fuel tank 21 is adjusted in real time, the supply flow of the fuel entering the combustion chamber 1 is accurately controlled, so as to meet the experimental design requirements, and the flow of the fuel can also be controlled by the fuel mass flow meter 23; the check valve 22 can prevent high-temperature fuel gas generated by ignition of fuel and oxidant from flowing to the fuel tank 21 through the check valve 22 to cause experimental accidents;
the oxidizer supply unit includes an oxidizer tank 31, a first mechanical valve 32, an oxidizer mass flow meter 33, and an oxidizer supply pipe 34; the oxidant supply pipe 34 is arranged on the oxidant inlet 13, the outlet end of the oxidant supply pipe 34 is communicated with the inner cavity of the combustion chamber 1 and is positioned in the range observable by the viewing window 11, so that the whole experimental process can be clearly photographed by a high-speed camera, and the inlet end of the oxidant supply pipe 34 is communicated with the oxidant tank 31 through the oxidant mass flow meter 33 and the first mechanical valve 32 which are sequentially arranged; according to the flow of the oxidant measured by the oxidant mass flow meter 33, the opening valve of the oxidant tank 31 is adjusted in real time, the supply flow of the oxidant entering the combustion chamber 1 is accurately controlled, so that the experimental design requirements are met, and the flow of the oxidant can be controlled by the oxidant mass flow meter 33.
The fuel supply pipe 24 is detachably attached to the fuel intake port 12; the oxidizer supply pipe 34 is also detachably connected to the oxidizer inlet 13. As shown in fig. 3, in the present embodiment, a connecting flange 25 is fixedly sleeved on the fuel supply pipe 24, and the outer circumferential surface of the connecting flange 25 is disposed on the fuel inlet 12 in a threaded manner; the oxidant supply pipe 34 is also fixedly sleeved with a connecting flange 25, the outer circular surface of the connecting flange 25 is arranged on the oxidant inlet 13 in a threaded connection mode, so that the fuel inlet 12 and the oxidant inlet 13 are both threaded holes, and the outer circular surface of the connecting flange is an external thread matched with the threaded holes.
In the present embodiment, the fuel inlet 12 and the oxidant inlet 13 both adopt a threaded union design, which facilitates the disassembly of the fuel supply pipe 24 and the oxidant supply pipe 34, and the fuel supply pipe 24 and the oxidant supply pipe 34 with different lengths can be replaced according to the experimental requirements.
3) Exhaust system
The exhaust system is positioned outside the combustion chamber 1 and is communicated with the inner cavity of the combustion chamber 1; the exhaust system comprises a second mechanical valve 51, an exhaust valve 52, a vacuum pump 53 and a vacuum gauge 54, wherein the vacuum pump 53 is communicated with the exhaust port 14 on the side wall of the combustion chamber 1 through the exhaust valve 52 and the second mechanical valve 51 which are arranged in sequence, and the vacuum gauge 54 is arranged on a pipeline between the second mechanical valve 51 and the exhaust valve 52.
4) Temperature control system
The temperature control system is a temperature-controllable heating system, and can adjust the temperature required by the combustion chamber 1 according to experimental conditions to meet experimental design requirements. The temperature control system comprises a heating belt 41, a temperature regulator 42 and a temperature display instrument 43, the heating belt 41 is wrapped on the outer side wall of the combustion chamber 1, the temperature regulator 42 is connected with the heating belt 41, the temperature of the heating belt 41 is regulated by the temperature regulator 42 to meet the requirement of experimental temperature, and the temperature display instrument 43 is connected with the temperature regulator 42 to display the temperature.
5) Data acquisition and processing system
The data acquisition and processing system comprises a high-speed camera 9 and a computer 10;
the high-speed camera 9 shoots and records the image data of the whole process from the time when the fuel emitted from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe 24 and the oxidant emitted from the outlet end of the oxidant supply pipe 34 enter the combustion chamber 1 to the time when the fuel and the oxidant meet the ignition phenomenon through the view window 11;
the computer 10 acquires the image data of the high-speed camera 9, and intercepts the time history from the image data to obtain the ignition delay time of the self-combustion fuel; specifically, the high-speed camera 9 records the whole experimental process completely, starting from the moment when the fuel and the oxidant enter the combustion chamber 1 to the moment when the fuel and the oxidant meet until ignition occurs, the high-speed camera 9 continuously shoots, and the time taken for the fuel and the oxidant to meet the ignition process is intercepted, namely the ignition delay time.
6) Pressure acquisition system
The pressure acquisition system comprises a pressure sensor 71, a charge amplifier 72 and a data acquisition system 73, wherein the pressure sensor 71 is arranged on the sensor interface 17 on the side wall of the combustion chamber 1 and is connected with the data acquisition system 73 through the charge amplifier 72.
After the fuel meets the oxidant and ignition occurs, the pressure in the combustion chamber 1 will change, flame is generated, and the pressure in the combustion chamber 1 will change inevitably in the ignition process, so the pressure change in the ignition process is collected by the pressure sensor 71, and the pressure change measured by the pressure sensor 71 can be used as a basis for judging whether ignition occurs or not; and recording the pressure time history of the entire system during ignition and subsequent combustion via pressure sensor 71.
In the present embodiment, the pressure sensor 71 is mainly a dynamic pressure measurement, which is a pressure signal in the combustion chamber 1 when ignition occurs and during subsequent combustion. The pressure gauge 18 is actually a digital display pressure gauge, and is mainly used for observing the initial pressure value of the combustion chamber before the start of the experiment and directly reading the pressure value in the combustion chamber before the start of the experiment.
7) Spectrum acquisition system
The spectrum acquisition system comprises an optical fiber 61 and a monochromator 62, one end of the optical fiber 61 is abutted against the window 15, the other end of the optical fiber is connected with the monochromator 62 outside the combustion chamber 1, and the monochromator 62 transmits the obtained data to the computer 10 through a data acquisition card;
the free radicals (OH, CH and the like) can be generated after ignition occurs, the free radicals can generate characteristic spectra and are collected by the optical fiber 61, the optical fiber 61 transmits optical signals of target free radicals collected in the combustion chamber 1 in the ignition and combustion processes to the monochromator 62, the monochromator 62 converts the optical signals into voltage signals, and finally the voltage signals are displayed through the data collecting card and the matched software of the computer. The computer obtains a voltage signal converted corresponding to the optical signal. If the ignition occurs, an obvious rise of the grating signal can be clearly seen in acquisition software on the computer to serve as a condition for judging whether the ignition occurs or not;
normally, after ignition has taken place, the combustion chamber 1 will produce a significant pressure rise, and the light signal collected by the monochromator 62 corresponding to the pressure rise will also have a rise. Thus, the pressure sensor 71 measures the pressure rise and the monochromator 62 measures the optical signal after the fire has occurred, in synchronism with each other. The pressure acquisition system and the spectrum acquisition system can be used as a basis for judging ignition occurrence, the pressure acquisition system and the spectrum acquisition system are basically synchronous, pressure rise means ignition occurrence, a series of free radicals are inevitably generated during ignition occurrence, the spectrum acquisition system acquires optical signals, and generally, the pressure acquisition system and the spectrum acquisition system preferably exist at the same time for the rigor and the accuracy of an experiment.
The experimental device of the embodiment adopts the fuel supply unit and the oxidant supply unit to supply the fuel and the oxidant respectively, the experimental process independently controls the fuel and the oxidant to enter, the fuel and the oxidant are in contact in the experimental process, the ignition experiment of the spontaneous combustion type fuel can be realized, the defect that the mixed gas cannot be prepared in the ignition combustion experimental process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel is overcome, the high-speed camera can accurately measure the whole ignition process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel, the ignition process of the spontaneous combustion type fuel is quantitatively measured through a computer, and the ignition characteristic of the spontaneous combustion type fuel is researched. And controlling the simultaneous injection of the fuel and the oxidant so that they meet at a position in the middle of the combustion chamber 1, the ignition performance of the fuel, and the ignition delay time can be determined.
The self-burning fuel is not only extremely toxic and highly corrosive, but also seriously endangers personal safety due to small fuel leakage and also seriously pollutes the environment. Therefore, the experiment is carried out in the closed combustion chamber 1, and the sealing performance and the safety of the experiment can be guaranteed.
The experimental device has the characteristics of simple operation, high precision and good safety, effectively solves the problem that the fuel cannot coexist with the oxidant in the ignition process under the low-temperature condition, and has important significance for the ignition research of the spontaneous combustion type fuel.
Based on the experimental apparatus described above, the present embodiment provides an experimental method for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel, including the steps of:
step one, vacuumizing treatment
1.1) horizontally placing the combustion chamber 1, wherein the oxidant inlet 13 is positioned at the bottom, and the fuel inlet 12 is positioned at the top;
1.2) before the experiment, opening a vacuum pump 53, then opening an exhaust valve 52 and a second mechanical valve 51, pumping the whole combustion chamber 1 to a vacuum condition, closing the second mechanical valve 51 after the vacuum degree measured by a vacuum gauge 54 reaches the vacuum condition required by the experiment, and then closing the exhaust valve 52 and the vacuum pump 53;
step two, fuel and oxidant enter the combustion chamber 1
2.1) opening an opening valve of an oxidant tank 31 according to preset experimental conditions, opening a first mechanical valve 32 to a certain pressure, closing the first mechanical valve 32 after oxidant gas inlet is finished, and adjusting an oxidant mass flow meter 33 to enable oxidant in the oxidant tank 31 to enter a combustion chamber 1 according to the flow designed by experiments;
simultaneously, opening an opening valve of the fuel tank 21, opening a check valve 22, and adjusting a fuel mass flow meter 23 to enable the fuel in the fuel tank 21 to enter the combustion chamber 1 according to the flow designed by the experiment;
2.2) obtaining the flow rate of the fuel mass flowmeter 23 according to the flow of the fuel mass flowmeter 23 and the length of the fuel supply pipe 24, wherein the flow of the fuel mass flowmeter 23 in a certain time can be measured, and the flow rate can be calculated according to the length of the pipe body and the time according to the length of the fuel supply pipe 24;
step three, experiment
3.1) turning on the power supply of the computer 10 and the high-speed camera 9, wherein the high-speed camera 9 is positioned outside the view window 11 of the combustion chamber 1;
3.2) calculating the time for the fuel to just reach the outlet (enter the combustion chamber 1) according to the flow rate of the fuel mass flow meter 23 obtained in the step 2.2) and the length (known) of the fuel supply pipe 24;
3.3) starting to collect images by the high-speed camera 9 before the time of the step 3.2), and recording the whole complete experimental process until the fuel sprayed from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe 24 meets the oxidant in the combustion chamber 1 for ignition and flame generation;
wherein, the high speed camera 9 may be, before the time of step 3.2): the high speed camera 9 starts to capture images at a time before the oxidant has reached the outlet end of the fuel supply tube 24;
3.4) analyzing and processing the data collected by the high-speed camera 9 through the computer 10, and intercepting the time history of the ignition of the two phases, namely obtaining the ignition delay time of the self-ignition type fuel.
Example two
The difference from the embodiment is that: as shown in fig. 5, the data acquisition and processing system further comprises a schlieren instrument disposed outside the combustion chamber 1;
the schlieren instrument comprises a light source 81, a slit 82, a first plane mirror 83, a first concave mirror 84, a second concave mirror 85, a second plane mirror 86 and a knife edge 87 which are sequentially arranged along the emergent direction of the light source 81; the first concave mirror 84 and the second concave mirror 85 are symmetrically arranged at the outer sides of the two viewing windows 11, the first concave mirror 84 and the second concave mirror 85 are both reflecting mirrors which are convex back to the combustion chamber 1, and the high-speed camera 9 is positioned on an exit light path of the knife edge 87.
The high-speed camera 9 can shoot the real situation in the whole combustion chamber 1, and the duration, the position and the thickness of the flame in the whole experiment process can be observed by observing the record of the experiment. The schlieren instrument displays the refractive index of light rays according to the angular deflection of the light rays generated by the air flow with different densities, and is a device for measuring the tiny deflection angle of the light rays; the change of density gradient in the flow field is converted into the change of relative light intensity on the recording plane, so that the regions with severe density change, such as shock waves, compression waves and the like in the compressible flow field, become observable and distinguishable images. The high-speed camera 9 is matched with a schlieren instrument to be used, so that the shot result can be clearer.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the technical solution of the present invention, and any modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the main technical idea of the present invention belong to the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An experimental device for researching the ignition characteristic of a self-ignition type fuel is characterized in that: comprises a combustion chamber (1), a sample introduction system, an exhaust system, a temperature control system and a data acquisition and processing system;
the combustion chamber (1) is made of stainless steel, a viewing window (11) is arranged at the end part of the combustion chamber, and a fuel inlet (12) and an oxidant inlet (13) which are arranged along the same circumferential direction of the combustion chamber (1) are formed in the side wall of the combustion chamber;
the sample injection system comprises a fuel supply unit and an oxidant supply unit;
the fuel supply unit includes a fuel tank (21), a check valve (22), a fuel mass flow meter (23), and a fuel supply pipe (24); the fuel supply pipe (24) is arranged on the fuel inlet (12), the outlet end extends to the center of the combustion chamber (1) and is positioned in the observable range of the sight window (11), and the inlet end is communicated with the fuel tank (21) through a fuel mass flowmeter (23) and a one-way valve (22) which are arranged in sequence;
the oxidizer supply unit includes an oxidizer tank (31), a first mechanical valve (32), and an oxidizer supply pipe (34); the oxidant supply pipe (34) is arranged on the oxidant inlet (13), the outlet end faces to the center of the combustion chamber (1) and is positioned in the range observable by the sight window (11), and the inlet end is communicated with the oxidant tank (31) through a first mechanical valve (32) which is arranged in sequence;
the exhaust system is positioned outside the combustion chamber (1) and is communicated with the inner cavity of the combustion chamber (1);
the temperature control system comprises a heating belt (41) and a temperature regulator (42), the heating belt (41) is wrapped on the outer side wall of the combustion chamber (1), and the temperature regulator (42) is connected with the heating belt (41);
the data acquisition and processing system comprises a high-speed camera (9) and a computer (10); the high-speed camera (9) is used for shooting image data of the fuel emitted from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe (24) and the oxidant emitted from the outlet end of the oxidant supply pipe (34) from entering the combustion chamber (1) to the point that the fuel meets the oxidant and then reaches the ignition process through the view window (11); the computer (10) acquires and processes image data of the high-speed camera (9) to obtain ignition delay time of the self-ignition fuel.
2. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of autoignition-type fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that: the combustion chamber (1) is a cavity structure with openings at two ends, and the openings at two ends are provided with viewing windows (11);
the fuel air inlet (12) and the oxidant air inlet (13) are positioned in the middle of the side wall of the combustion chamber (1), and the fuel air inlet (12) and the oxidant air inlet (13) are uniformly distributed along the same circumferential direction of the combustion chamber (1);
and a pressure gauge (18) is also arranged on the combustion chamber (1).
3. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of autoignition-type fuel according to claim 2, characterized in that: the device also comprises a pressure acquisition system;
the pressure acquisition system comprises a pressure sensor (71), a charge amplifier (72) and a data acquisition system (73); the pressure sensor (71) is arranged on the side wall of the combustion chamber (1) and is connected with the data acquisition system (73) through the charge amplifier (72);
the computer (10) acquires data of the data acquisition system (73) and is used for acquiring pressure change of the combustion chamber (1) in the ignition and combustion processes as a condition for judging whether ignition occurs or not.
4. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the schlieren instrument is arranged on the outer side of the combustion chamber (1);
the schlieren instrument comprises a light source (81), and a slit (82), a first plane mirror (83), a first concave mirror (84), a second concave mirror (85), a second plane mirror (86) and a knife edge (87) which are sequentially arranged along the emergent direction of the light source (81);
the first concave mirror (84) and the second concave mirror (85) are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two viewing windows (11), and the first concave mirror (84) and the second concave mirror (85) are both reflecting mirrors which are convex back to the combustion chamber (1);
the high-speed camera (9) is positioned on the exit light path of the knife edge (87).
5. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel according to claim 4, characterized in that: further comprising an optical fiber (61) and a monochromator (62);
the side wall of the combustion chamber (1) is also provided with a window (15), one end of an optical fiber (61) is abutted against the window (15), the other end of the optical fiber is connected with a monochromator (62) outside the combustion chamber (1), and the computer (10) is connected with the monochromator (62);
the optical fiber (61) collects the emission spectrum of free radicals in the ignition and combustion processes in the combustion chamber (1) through the window (15) and transmits the emission spectrum to the monochromator (62), the monochromator (62) converts an optical signal into a voltage signal and transmits the voltage signal to the computer (10), and the computer (10) judges whether ignition occurs or not according to the voltage signal.
6. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel according to claim 5, characterized in that: an exhaust port (14) is formed in the end part, close to the viewing window (11), of the side wall of the combustion chamber (1);
the exhaust system comprises a second mechanical valve (51), an exhaust valve (52), a vacuum pump (53) and a vacuum gauge (54), the vacuum pump (53) is communicated with the exhaust port (14) through the exhaust valve (52) and the second mechanical valve (51) which are sequentially arranged, and the vacuum gauge (54) is arranged on a pipeline between the second mechanical valve (51) and the exhaust valve (52).
7. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of autoignition-type fuel according to claim 6, characterized in that: the viewing window (11) is made of quartz optical glass.
8. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel according to claim 7, characterized in that: the temperature control system also comprises a temperature display instrument (43) connected with the temperature regulator (42).
9. The experimental apparatus for research on ignition characteristics of an auto-ignition type fuel according to claim 8, characterized in that: the fuel supply pipe (24) is arranged on the fuel inlet (12) in a detachable connection mode;
the oxidant supply pipe (34) is arranged on the oxidant inlet (13) in a detachable connection mode.
10. An experimental method for studying the ignition characteristics of an autoignition type fuel, characterized in that the experimental apparatus for studying the ignition characteristics of an autoignition type fuel according to claim 1 is used, comprising the steps of:
step one, vacuumizing treatment
1.1) horizontally placing a combustion chamber (1), wherein an oxidant inlet (13) is positioned at the bottom, and a fuel inlet (12) is positioned at the top;
1.2) opening an exhaust system to ensure that the vacuum degree of the combustion chamber (1) reaches the required condition of the experiment, and closing the exhaust system;
step two, fuel and oxidant enter a combustion chamber
2.1) opening an opening valve of an oxidant tank (31) and a first mechanical valve (32), and closing the first mechanical valve (32) after oxidant gas inlet is finished;
opening an opening valve and a one-way valve (22) of the fuel tank (21), and adjusting a fuel mass flow meter (23) to enable the fuel in the fuel tank (21) to enter the combustion chamber (1) according to the experimental design flow;
2.2) obtaining the flow rate of the fuel mass flow meter (23) according to the flow of the fuel mass flow meter (23) and the length of the fuel supply pipe (24);
step three, experiment
3.1) starting the computer (10) and the high-speed camera (9);
3.2) calculating the time for the fuel to enter the combustion chamber (1) according to the flow rate of the fuel mass flow meter (23) obtained in the step 2.2) and the length of the fuel supply pipe (24);
3.3) the high-speed camera (9) collects images before the time of the step 3.2) until the fuel sprayed from the outlet end of the fuel supply pipe (24) meets the oxidant in the combustion chamber (1) and is ignited;
and 3.4) the computer (10) analyzes and processes the data collected by the high-speed camera (9), and intercepts the time history of ignition when the two phases meet to obtain the ignition delay time of the self-ignition type fuel.
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| CN118091016A (en) * | 2024-04-19 | 2024-05-28 | 中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天工程大学 | Device and method for testing ignition delay period and combustion condition of two-component propellant |
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| CN103454396A (en) * | 2013-09-06 | 2013-12-18 | 中国科学技术大学 | Test device for high-pressure combustible gas leakage spontaneous combustion and shock wave induction ignition |
| CN105115920A (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2015-12-02 | 西安科技大学 | Experiment system and experiment method for testing ignition delay time of combustible gas |
| CN111272817A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-06-12 | 太原理工大学 | Device for testing explosion characteristic parameters of combustible gas ignited by hot dust under laser irradiation |
| RU2758412C1 (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-10-28 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Unit for gas dynamic testing |
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103454396A (en) * | 2013-09-06 | 2013-12-18 | 中国科学技术大学 | Test device for high-pressure combustible gas leakage spontaneous combustion and shock wave induction ignition |
| CN105115920A (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2015-12-02 | 西安科技大学 | Experiment system and experiment method for testing ignition delay time of combustible gas |
| CN111272817A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-06-12 | 太原理工大学 | Device for testing explosion characteristic parameters of combustible gas ignited by hot dust under laser irradiation |
| RU2758412C1 (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-10-28 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") | Unit for gas dynamic testing |
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| CN118091016A (en) * | 2024-04-19 | 2024-05-28 | 中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天工程大学 | Device and method for testing ignition delay period and combustion condition of two-component propellant |
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