CN113927971B - 一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及金属复合材料技术领域,所属IPC分类号B29C70/84,具体涉及一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料及其制备方法。所述复合材料为夹心板材,由蒙皮、芯材、蒙皮从上至下通过胶粘剂粘结。与现有技术相比,本发明提出来了一种全新的Ti6Al4V(Ti64)钛合金粉末制备的点阵夹芯结构,这些结构与泡沫结构相比具有更高的强度、刚度重量比和抗冲击性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及金属复合材料技术领域,所属IPC分类号B29C70/84,具体涉及一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料及其制备方法。
技术背景
飞机行业一直追求飞机机身和机翼结构的低成本和高性能的新型轻量化结构。下一代航空航天材料将采用先进的制造技术,制造具有高强度重量比的多孔材料,并提高在关键载荷情况下的抗冲击性,例如鸟类、轮胎橡胶和跑道碎片的异物冲击。泡沫和蜂窝状材料作为夹层结构的芯材已经使用了很多年。泡沫材料包括聚合材料(如PVC、PMI)、金属(泡沫铝)和碳,类似地,蜂窝结构的材料可以是铝或芳纶。
专利CN102909907B公开了一种多层菱形点阵金属-泡沫铝复合结构夹层板,虽然其能够较好的减轻夹层板的重量,但是泡沫金属的主要限制之一是泡孔结构的不规则性,这种影响会导致设计条件过于保守。
发明内容
本发明的第一个方面提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,所述复合材料为夹心板材,由蒙皮、芯材、蒙皮从上至下通过胶粘剂粘结。
所述胶粘剂为薄膜胶粘剂;所述薄膜胶粘剂包括但不限于Hexcel公司的641。
所述芯材的材质为金属。
所述金属选自Cu-2%Be合金、Ti64钛合金、316L不锈钢、TA15钛合金中的一种。
优选的,所述金属为Ti64钛合金。
所述芯材为几何晶体结构。
所述几何晶体结构选自体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构、面心立方(FCC)型基本几何晶体结构、密排六方(HCP)型基本几何晶体结构中的一种。
优选的,所述几何晶体结构为体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构。
所述体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构的边缘结构为2~3mm;优选的,所述体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构的边缘结构为2.5mm。
所述芯材的厚度为10~30mm;优选的,所述芯材的厚度为20mm。
所述芯材的尺寸可以根据需要进行选择,在一些实施方式中,所述芯材的尺寸为100*100*20mm3。
所述芯材的孔隙率为92~97%;优选的,所述芯材的孔隙率94.5~95.0%。
所述芯材的密度为0.1~1g/cm3;优选的,所述芯材的密度为0.19~0.46g/cm3。
所述蒙皮为平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料。
优选的,平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料从上至下的结构为两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂、钢丝网、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂压合而成。
所述两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂、钢丝网、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂的大小和形状相同。
所述平织玻璃布/环氧树脂是平织玻璃布浸以环氧树脂预浸料得到。
所述环氧树脂预浸料包括环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂混合得到。
所述环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂的重量比为1:0.01:0.001。
所述环氧树脂的来源没有限制,本领域能够常温固化的环氧树脂均适用于本发明体系。
所述固化剂包括但不限于过氧化甲乙酮(MEKP)。
所述加速剂包括但不限于二甲基苯胺。
所述平织玻璃布为二维正交平纹织物,其质量密度为300g/m2。
所述钢丝网为十字型结构,所述钢丝网中钢丝的直径为0.2~0.5mm;优选的,所述钢丝网中钢丝的直径为0.3mm。
所述钢丝网中相邻两根钢丝之间的间距为2~3mm;优选的,所述钢丝网中相邻两根钢丝之间的间距为2.5mm。
本发明的第二个方面提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)芯材的制备:使用选择性激光熔融(SLM)工艺制备得到芯材;
(2)复合材料的制备,使用胶粘剂在芯材上、下表面粘结蒙皮。
选择性激光熔融(SLM)是利用激光作为能量的来源,按照计算机规定好的原始三维模型中的路径在金属粉末与熔化、预沉积、凝固的得到与规定好的原始三维模型相同的固体等效物。
具体的,使用选择性激光熔融(SLM)工艺制备芯材的具体步骤为:
S1:首先设计好芯材的原始三维模型输入计算机中;
S2:使用MCP realizer II装置,设定MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数,在氩气中将一层金属粉末最初沉积在金属基板上,并通过刮片均匀地扩散;
S3:待熔化的颗粒融合并凝固,形成一层组分后建造平台向下移动50μm,形成一个新的粉末层被融合并凝固,重复这个过程,直得到一个于原始三维模型形同的固体等效物为芯材。
MCP realizer II是一个商业SLM工作站,使用波长为1068~1095nm的200W连续波Ytterbium光纤激光器,其制造的范围是250*250*250mm3。
所述金属粉末的平均粒径小于40μm,在一些实施方式中,所述金属粉末的平均粒径为20~30μm。
所述金属粉末为Cu-2%Be合金粉末、Ti64钛合金粉末、316L不锈钢粉末、TA15钛合金粉末中的一种;优选的,所述金属粉末为Ti64钛合金粉末。
所述Ti64钛合金粉末购自TLS Technik。
所述金属基板为Cu-2%Be合金基板、Ti64钛合金基板、316L不锈钢基板、TA15钛合金基板中的一种;优选的,所述金属粉末为Ti64钛合金基板。
在氩气中进行加工能够有效的防止金属粉末内氧化。
步骤S2中MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数为:曝光时间800~1200μs、功率为150~250W、构建角度为0°;优选的,步骤S2中MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数为:曝光时间1000μs、功率为200W、构建角度为0°。
在一些实施方式中,发明人还研究了使用MCP realizer II装置在曝光时间1000μs、功率为200W、构建角度为0°的条件下制备了Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝,然后使用100ml蒸馏水、100ml HCl和30ml HNO3的溶剂对Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝进行蚀刻后然后使用SEM扫描电镜检查了Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝的细节,Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝的SEM扫描电镜图,如图1所示。通过对制备了Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝的工艺条件进一步说明了本申请中的工艺条件能够产生稳定且接近完全致密的Ti64钛合金晶格线,同时也适用于本发明中制备芯材的制备工艺。
优选的,所述步骤S3后还包括热等静压(HIP)处理,所述热等静压(HIP)处理包括固溶热处理和沉淀热处理步骤,即使用选择性激光熔融(SLM)工艺制备芯材的具体步骤为:
S1:首先设计好芯材的原始三维模型输入计算机中;
S2:使用MCP realizer II装置,设定MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数,在氩气中将一层金属粉末最初沉积在金属基板上,并通过刮片均匀地扩散;
S3:待熔化的颗粒融合并凝固,形成一层组分后建造平台向下移动50μm,形成一个新的粉末层被融合并凝固,重复这个过程,直得到一个于原始三维模型形同的固体等效物;
S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至980~1050℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,得到样品A;
S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至500~550℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温。
步骤S4中的压力为3~5MPa,优选的,步骤S4中体系的压力为4MPa
进一步优选的,使用选择性激光熔融(SLM)工艺制备芯材的具体步骤为:
S1:首先设计好芯材的原始三维模型输入计算机中;
S2:使用MCP realizer II装置,设定MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数,在氩气中将一层金属粉末最初沉积在金属基板上,并通过刮片均匀地扩散;
S3:待熔化的颗粒融合并凝固,形成一层组分后建造平台向下移动50μm,形成一个新的粉末层被融合并凝固,重复这个过程,直得到一个于原始三维模型形同的固体等效物;
S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1000℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;
S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至540℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
在本发明中使用热等静压(HIP)处理金属线微观结构,形成均匀的微观结构,并且不会导致过度的晶粒生长,提高了芯材的强度、韧性和屈服应力。
有益处效果:
1.与现有技术相比,本发明提出来了一种全新的Ti6Al4V(Ti64)钛合金粉末制备的点阵夹芯结构,这些结构与泡沫结构相比具有更高的强度、刚度重量比和抗冲击性能。
2.在本发明中点阵夹芯结构中的核心单元的复杂结构可以使用选择性激光熔化(SLM)工艺生产,SLM是一种分层制造技术,通过SLM这种技术,可以在相对较短的时间内用金属粉末制造出高度复杂的零件,并且在本发明中使用高质量的光纤激光器选择性地熔化粉末颗粒,形成固体材料,
3.在本发明中,粉末材料可以是任何可以通过激光加热熔化的材料,包括不锈钢、钛、镍基高温合金,尤其是Ti6Al4V钛合金粉,当其平均粒径低于40微米,并具有适当的流动特性,通过该点阵夹芯结构制备得到的复合材料具有有意抗冲击性能,并且该复合材料能够很好的用在航空航天等技术领域。
附图说明
图1为一种实施方式中Ti64钛合金晶格线长丝的SEM扫描电镜图;
图2为实施例1中BBC型基本几何晶体结构的概念图;
图3为实施例1中蒙皮的结构示意图;
图4为实施例1中钢丝网的结构示意图;
图5为实施例7中蒙皮的结构示意图;
图6为实施例8中蒙皮的结构示意图;
图7为实施例9中蒙皮的结构示意图;
图8为压缩试验测试时的示意图;
图9为对实施例1~6中芯材时压缩试验测试结果;
图10为低速冲击试验测试时的示意图。
图11为对实施例1中的复合材料进行四点支撑试验图;
图12四角支撑的实施例1中的复合材料塔进行了一系列冲击试验后的CT扫描图;
其中:1、平织玻璃布/环氧树脂;2、钢丝网
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例,并结合附图,对本发明的技术方案作进一步具体的说明。
实施例1
该实施例的第一个方面提供了一种芯材,所述芯材的材质为Ti64钛合金;所述芯材为体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构;所述体心立方(BBC)型基本几何晶体结构的边缘结构为2.5mm,所述芯材的尺寸为100*100*20mm3;所述芯材的孔隙率94.8%;所述芯材的密度为0.315g/cm3。
该实施例的第二个方面提供了上述芯材的制备方法,使用选择性激光熔融(SLM)工艺制备芯材,步骤包括:
S1:首先设计好芯材的原始三维模型输入计算机中;
S2:使用MCP realizer II装置,设定MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数,在氩气中将一层金属粉末最初沉积在金属基板上,并通过刮片均匀地扩散;
S3:待熔化的颗粒融合并凝固,形成一层组分后建造平台向下移动50μm,形成一个新的粉末层被融合并凝固,重复这个过程,直得到一个于原始三维模型形同的固体等效物;
S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1000℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;
S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至540℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
如图2所示,图2中间部分为BBC型基本几何晶体结构的概念图,原始三维模型可以结合图4来进行设计。
该实施例的第三个方面提供了一种蒙皮,如图3所示,所述蒙皮为平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料;平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料从上至下的结构为两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1压合而成;所述两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1的大小和形状相同;所述平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1是平织玻璃布浸以环氧树脂预浸料得到;所述环氧树脂预浸料包括环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂混合得到;所述环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂的重量比为1:0.01:0.001;所述固化剂为过氧化甲乙酮(MEKP);所述加速剂为二甲基苯胺;所述平织玻璃布为二维正交平纹织物,其质量密度为300g/m2;如图4所示,所述钢丝网为十字型结构;所述钢丝网中钢丝的直径为0.3mm;所述钢丝网中相邻两根钢丝之间的间距为2.5mm。
该实施例的第四个方面提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,使用胶粘剂在上述芯材上、下表面粘结相同大小的蒙皮得到用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料;所述胶粘剂为薄膜胶粘剂;所述薄膜胶粘剂为Hexcel公司的641。
实施例2
该实施例提供了一种芯材及其制备方法,其具体实施方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至980℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至450℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
实施例3
该实施例提供了一种芯材及其制备方法,其具体实施方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至980℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至540℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
实施例4
该实施例提供了一种芯材及其制备方法,其具体实施方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1000℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至450℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
实施例5
该实施例提供了一种芯材及其制备方法,其具体实施方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1000℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至500℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
实施例6
该实施例提供了一种芯材及其制备方法,其具体实施方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1050℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,体系的压力为4MPa,得到样品A;S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至550℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温,得到芯材。
实施例7
该实施例提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,其具体方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,如图5所示,平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料上至下的结构为四层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1压合而成。
实施例8
该实施例提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,其具体方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,如图6所示,平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料上至下的结构为一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1压合而成。
实施例9
该实施例提供了一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,其具体方式同实施例1,不同之处在于,如图7所示,平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料上至下的结构为一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1、钢丝网2、一层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂1压合而成。
性能测试
1.如图8所示,参照标准ASTM C365对实施例1~6中芯材进行压缩试验,测试结果如图9所示。
2.如图10所示,参照标准ASTM D7766,重物重量为2kg、掉落高度为350mm、速度为2.59m/s对实施例1、实施例7~9中的复合材料进行低速冲击试验。其中,校准的称重传感器固定在冲击托架和直径为10mm的半球形压头之间,通过调整固定质量的跌落高度来改变冲击能量。测试结果如表1所示,每组测试两次,取平均值,测试结果如表1所示。
3.对四角支撑的实施例1中的复合材料使用落锤塔进行了一系列冲击试验,如图11所示,支撑半球直径10mm,相邻两支撑点相距90mm,冲击速度为4.6m/s,图12四角支撑的实施例1中的复合材料塔进行了一系列冲击试验后的CT扫描图;
表1
Claims (1)
1.一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料,其特征在于,所述复合材料为夹心板材,由蒙皮、芯材、蒙皮从上至下通过胶粘剂粘结;
所述芯材为几何晶体结构;所述蒙皮为平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料;平织玻璃布/环氧树脂复合材料从上至下的结构为两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂、钢丝网、两层平织玻璃布/环氧树脂压合而成;所述平织玻璃布/环氧树脂是平织玻璃布浸以环氧树脂预浸料得到;所述环氧树脂预浸料包括环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂混合得到;所述环氧树脂、固化剂、加速剂的重量比为1:0.01:0.001;所述平织玻璃布为二维正交平纹织物,其质量密度为300g/m2;
所述钢丝网为十字型结构,所述钢丝网中钢丝的直径为0.2~0.5mm;所述钢丝网中相邻两根钢丝之间的间距为2~3mm;
所述芯材的材质为金属;所述金属为Ti64钛合金;
所述几何晶体结构为体心立方型基本几何晶体结构;
所述体心立方型基本几何晶体结构的边缘结构为2~3mm;
所述芯材的孔隙率为92~97%;
所述的一种用于航空的轻质抗冲击复合材料由以下步骤制备:
(1)芯材的制备:使用选择性激光熔融工艺制备得到芯材;
(2)复合材料的制备,使用胶粘剂在芯材上、下表面粘结蒙皮;
所述的选择性激光熔融工艺制备芯材的具体步骤为:
S1:首先设计好芯材的原始三维模型输入计算机中;
S2:使用MCP realizer II装置,设定MCP realizer II装置的SLM工艺参数,在氩气中将一层金属粉末最初沉积在金属基板上,并通过刮片均匀地扩散;
S3:待熔化的颗粒融合并凝固,形成一层组分后建造平台向下移动50μm,形成一个新的粉末层被融合并凝固,重复这个过程,直得到一个于原始三维模型形同的固体等效物;
S4:固溶热处理,将固体等效物在密封的高压容器中加热至1000~1050℃,并在氩气气氛中保持1h,得到样品A;
S5:沉淀热处理,将样品A用水淬灭,再加热至500~550℃,并保持温度4h,然后使用空气冷却至室温;
所述金属粉末的平均粒径小于40μm。
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CN112140647A (zh) * | 2020-09-24 | 2020-12-29 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种具有负泊松比特性的抗冲击、高吸能的点阵夹芯结构 |
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